J qDjjj uu t
^LuuLluJI 4ikuLl]|
,*4j 4 <7l4n l A 4 4?t (T' 9 /«! (l l ,* 4 I i 4 /11 1
hwh; ct 1 -*’ u
«♦ 44
(j-jUasJl
*i: ■.' , ■;
ilg-n i^JLc
,* • ■> •>'.■'<
OJUJaJI 039(^11 uluiljs j*~»J o
VMM MMp r vwpHMMi r
♦♦ H
jj£lC £uAUt (5
J^pLwI
l i * - - 1 1 Jl*^
La pJU-
t_gJii.va.il ^Ua«
t>^dJ (TJ J*r
duySkll
o — o
^LuuLuuJl
H ♦♦
jAl. ^jJaJt <3
4^>jJ
M
9.
^ r JJ l-jj-n-Jt A O, la ;ll ilJL-p} - J.
t .
V v
- jb
. ji
j-
^ t d^L - oIj
JUU ^ I iji j^iS' ^A^U! ^yj jJjJ 1 4 ^wP L ww J 1 4 JLwm-LjJ 1
• bj^ gjy? ^“Lr* iji^j* ~^s -^-i
( ) «■ • o* 352
• cr 1 ^ iM lK A .A i J
ISBN 978-9953-0-2065-5
.*Jl . \ . .2 . £C_J jLj - oL-**Jwi-Jl .1
/jLlajLl ,
101
ejjj^aJb j**i 'if i— ■'b^Jl iJjfc ^ oijIjJl f-ijSfl
U ioyJI i«Jad! IaLjJ oUl^l jp
Sibertin-Blanc, Guillaume
Philosophic politique (XIX* - XX s siecles)
© Presses Universitaires de France, 2008.
. J I j ■,'**» jajjJlj <u ^aII 4^ jx)I
diijAJI
113 - 5996 ! i _ j . PjL 5 ' i(2.^g‘.ll
4 j
L
jbJ _ 1 103 2090 o Jj7i . AjJ»\
(9611) 753032 / (9611) 753024 _ 753031 :^'U
e-mail: info@aot.org.lb - http://www.aot.org.Ib
ILjyJI oL*ljj j$y> : gj y
1 13 _ 6001 ; >— 1 . i o j-aJI ^jLi 4 o^ji) <LLj
jtJ - 2034 2407
(9611) 750086 _ 750085 . 750084 : j y\3
(9611) 750088 ! ( j^Sli / Ojj*^ _
e-mail: info@caus.org.lb - Web Site: http://www.caus.org.lb
2011 (JjJ) oL~J 40 ^ : JjVI ifcJaJI
9
23
4«jUL«
t}*-**
aJjJJI olj j*a \ JjVl A^dil
35 ^till SaL~J! :3JjjJl ^LJ : j/'tfl J-^ill
37 LgJ SjSjj Sjjtll - 1
47 iJi - 2
65 Cfr's
67 ! iljJlJt
£.
o^IpI jJl iJ ^Jl3l - 1
70 l5jj^
S jJIjl!! 1 SJ jjJl ^-9 ^jjLJI j ^jjLJI iJjjJl - 2
82 jJl
86 <ull? <*— jJl - 3
95
97 4**L*«JI 1 aJ^jJI 1 ^LJbJl Ju^laJI
97 <JjJl!I - 1
116
'LwwvJl - a > Jl <r ^ ' jia*J| y* _ 2
131
CT^
JjjJl Ojbta ' ^jUJl a— MJ iJl
137 i-LJIj jUsaVI jgi : JjVl
137 5Jlj-JLJt a! jjJl Jui J
:^,LJI Jl oUJl aJLJI ^oJb" ^ _ 1
141 JI^JUl iijjJlj j>JI ^ ca^U^JI ^
159 JUi^l
a .11 j_wJUl I ®S4_JLis-II A-t-ij-^ww^ Q 1 1 1 ^ 4 .,<<? _ 3
169 ( ^_o'yi J^Jl SJ
178 £-r' y>
181 lULiJbll aijJlilj ILpUss-VI fj*)l : Jls) I J*m)I
<UpLa 1>-VI frljjJJl yj* \ AjLwJLill jl L?“jJ J— Jl - 1
184 L-LJ1 Up Jl
: Jl - 2
w ♦* 1
189 SJjjJl cJ j>- Jl jJ
1 . ^_«_*ji i 1 «L^-ji _ 3
207 <!■*■ jl .A*ll Aj 1^ y>ti\
215 «*•! _/•
217 U^IJj^Jl SljJdl IdJUll J-*ai)l
221 U-LJI ij^Jlj ikLJl &Jy _ 1
227 ^1 ijjjJl : UJall oU JUl j U>l Jjj Jl . 2
_ v^U^-VI oldiJl Jl£jj U>l Jj^Jl 3 >~J1 - 3
234
AwU
LJl
6
244
■
4JjjdJ ijJ&tii clJUJI
249 5_J^JI 5_J jjU! : J I JuoiiJl
252 « jjdl
260 -LJlKJl ^Jl : v >Jlj - 2
268 *Jj4J! :&. Li!l ^^Jlj _ 3
276
279 Ijjl 4 JW J aSj jJI : JliJI L^all
283 U^UI I^jUl J SjjiJlj i! jjJ! _ 1
**
288 s^yJl Ji-b 5Jj jjlj - 2
296 aJjjUJ ^aSJI /J& I Jj-b i.jl _ 3
306 j>*
309 SJ^IyUjtJLSl i jJ>- <. SJjJi)l uli^ ^1 p : JuJU*
315 ^-r 11
«*
323
♦
345 Jl
323
7
lfl4
p
^ ^ ^ ^ A ^ ^ i OwL^j 0 ^ * +* ^ 4mW4o>^ i 1 IwLj^ iwMMA^J
! ioS/ 1 j y V I
y jJJcJu*S\ ^J\ <u^jJU Lj^jbljj UjUl yd I LUaiSi £y (1
iJULilj iJjjiJL yy>Jl ii^U JJl* ti^L-Jl ii^LLJI J^
4- j Jb ji\ (Jj^xJl JwJi^*woj ^3lilj 2jj^-j SjyJtj ‘uJ^ljJLfcj^xJI
.£J1 .. .jJUJl l *iyu ydl i^LJlj ioUaNl Jfc y
LL^Jl oJjfci <j>JL*_<J L^jLd? jp ^yJl (2
NL>t>o oLp ? jj 4-^Lw^Jl JLiJl JJL>- ^ j-o- ~^jh> L< j-Aj
(G. Deleuze) jjJy Jy>- o y! ^Jl!I yj^JL _ ^v-yLLJl
.Uj LgJUl y j _ (F. Guattari) (1) t 5 J UU j
rf f
^Jlp I Jj J-pxj j ty j^-\ *L$ y-° eJyi^ ^JLp Idjfe ^LuLI (3
yUJI jUlj iL*p2-X3^i^ L^>- jJ I
< _ ? xJaJl ‘- r V > J-> Sj_pJtj Pislyj^jl Jl« LUai
p p
y> y^a J yyJl jyi>*3l tdUi ^Jl .^L*Jl jUJL!
Gilles Deleuze et Felix Guattari, Qu’est-ce que la phiiosophie? (Paris: Ed. (1)
de Minuit, 1991), introduction, pp. 7 et suiv.
9
jSjj j*-gj -ai- g I
‘J*?* t J^ s V ‘^r^t ^ J 1 ^' Jsr- <_s^ 4 f4^ o+
4 a^ j)J& (. 3 -i j\ L. O fc J ~y~£ <• jt— t do jS i Oj-yy jL-
^J.-^3 & JjxJ A-ljJLoJt A_J«iJl ^»-l _^ aJI A^S y> U jJ^J .(^jULc^
J y, ai
Ai^Jli-ll Ay> yOS>- {*£■ t aJu-P ^ iwlij-«Jl <J^>~L>zJ jJj
~ *♦
LUjI \jSj*a tl^JL>s-<kj o'VjL^jJIj l^JLaLoJLfclj 4-^L-^Jl
0 0
t (j 4 1 Lg_>- Ua-w>- l ^ i JJ iJjUjl 4-*_SI JJ LaLjLs^LS
^ ^ jSS\ ^L~Jl Jj>- V l
oLc-lj^aJlj IfriSll *j ypj aJj-OI jlaXfl \f. <»_~>*j t^ULj
H
^nil 4 JoLjl*JI^ <Lp ^ jsJLoJi oLlk^Jl 3 LajLWJ 4^J»lJii1
+* *+ p
Cr
.IaoJL/2j C-
Ju^J ^>b5sJl c^jjj c { j^ jk}\ iJu^J
(jiijj ^ l Jj^n j*-»*aJi ijp * j j^g -9 ioLw
IIa jl^l V^l ^yrj
£_£iL-« jtjSJj <la-LJl C^U*>taJ ZJoJs*- (JlSwl <j\Lj\ * j-^s> cJ^ia^Jl
*4
£.
j^Jl I? *-«,/? ^ 4 -c-Uws^^ 4j^c- ^-jJLJ owLj-L^
p
^ Lgjbl>tj jjL'l L«
oLpI j «,& l lj !■■$.. ? ^ > -\j pL-j cr 9 ^
•♦ 1 ••
•*
V-LJl UJuiJl oUJ ^ }\j>\ c^bll ~23l ^ J.JJ
j~**«*> jiUJ !^ 4_>^l ^ ^ 1 ^
^3 1 " j ^jJl j 4 _^lL? jJ! SJjjJi a^jLaJI C-^I jJ jjJl ijjLix>J
**
a^U^-N! aJjJJUj aJj-J Aj^^ili ollj^UJl t— aJjXll Aj y*^>
'■ a* J
**
10
p-
M
<S" jLJ^J « *j^L» >j>vU aJwoL^J! <L-1? 1 >JL»-j jJI o-Jl -
V ■-/ H «t H^/ «* > M
dJ L_p | j 1l <L^-v>J LJ 4 * jI ll t > t— ll 4 _jL^— >■ -
. 4^pL^x>- v y I
** *
JLp oiJ>JI ^5j JOi tdJUdl *-~aJI
<lJlSLSI 4JwQ t -^Jl ^|5wsj j>*Vl jloj , ^LiSsJl iijjJlj iSjjJI
u *3 p* ^ i* ^ A *s* J 1 >j djiSn j+
p. ^
I j-^o ^JLp t ^ jJl*» jj* \^S A.^-la.iV I 6 *La Ow^li , a^-JLlw%JIj <^LaJij
t iij jJl jJ!
p-
tiUSj t^jj>sJl IJL& Lj>-jJj^wLp^ c ii j-Siw-^Jlj iJL/? a)\j i-^j
oL ^>JU A^oL^aJl i^L^vJl iJl ^UL is ^^L*<d I J-v^
.^LJlj ^i5l
jI^jV c-^Li^JL) S^jljJl LL/? fill <^j-9jJl toVI
Alia ?Cii^ n mO i AnV^i li C / ~s>- c <lJLo^*J| a ii JiJl C^J
v « ( w » » + »• f. L,_J *» **• — ^ **^ *»
cUl^iJl J aJUI Lil.y3.aJ' 9e^vw«Jl 1 -La (JUsjj .pjJjjxJl IJlA
aJ jjJl j A_Jsl ^Sj j-wJl aJ jJ-Jl t aJ jjJl c A-jJs jJl A-)j4-^
aJl^JLSl jkya _ 1
jlS J i JasUtJl ^5U!l J ^j^Jl JJA\ Jjj JI^JUJ ^5UJ! a5^w
V*
>>A*S^ 4 ^ jJ I 4j O Jj b * ^
*• ^,1 - y -
0 1 AaJa.l 1
; ^j>-jLl]L> A_w^jj_aJ( Sj jlJt ^jja aJI^-JLJI *f-k& jj> y*-*5j ,OjJaAL>«_oJi
. *l»p jJl» aJL>-. y> jl*j lA-Lii j ^ j'yi aJl>- ^ yjl Ls-^i l*j d-yy>-
11
jLJl j-wJ jl^5LL« tjLWNl \1a ^ jyj
( j_j ^AjLaJ J j*i/l j juLs jj ji L ^~*£3\ j ^ ^ jLx_^jj_S’
wL>Jl floLddaJlNj
«*
(L. de (JU jj ( j~j ji (JliL*l t jJi ij ^iil ^*aaI)JoJ oJJL <>-j
1 ► . ‘
*_<>jl>^<J! olkJL* jb t(E. Burke) JU j-^-slj Bonald)
oJLft 0 ^.^SJ 0^ Aj 4 0 ^ LwMhilkJ i_G ^ t >_ ••-'•• ^ o*X— JL j3j^
••
aS^L*J! aJL5wiI ^jJaJ Lla j * aJj jlSI JjLa oJLjl^wo oLkJL-Jl
^Jlj (iijjJl ikLu) i.LJl 5 ^IjlJI J (2b* >30 i^UJI s ^I aJI
AA^djiJl Li^ ^3 ^ cirri y\jJ\ ^LilJl ^3 kj^Sjja aJL~»
*+ V*
(J J^~J 4*jJU*Jl ajt>*Jl J (__} ^i>eJl .ijJjJl (J j^- C >U^uL^Jl
.4~wuL~Jl ^Jl o LpJJJU oL^Jl LLiii
It ** V H y •* 1*
4 J^- I 'l£JL~. JI^JUl J&A I jUtf c^bJI L.T
J_JL*J alii j jb-J jiJ iJb jiJl oLsa^JUJl ^ jJiJl
iajj tj.ji-'ifl lJL» / ^LS^wd 4 _ S J 4 _JpIjJl<»jJlJI <UOljJl
**
<j\ ^Jlp I 4 a^*L^J! 4-v^L>cJl ijj^xJl ^j-o jj
.il jAJ! ilaJLwu j ilahwil AO^iJl (3j-i>Jl
4 oljL-v>-<Jl ol L^-S" tlo jH\ ^uU-P ^ JL-.LJ! bj*)\ jl bUS
«4
‘j^V 1 - V l^Juajj
++
(aristo-democratie) ^
Benjamin Constant, Ecrits politiques , collection Folio (Paris: Gallimard, (2)
1997).
Alexis de Tocqueville, De la democratic en Amerique (1835-1840), (3)
Flammarion (Paris: Gamier, 1981).
* Aj- u-n. 4j jJUail (4)
12
Lf—lj ( _ S -L^J 4-Jsl kls jAAjJl <U (j-o-v*
^ p p
^JLdUjdJ ^^x-oJ>tJl lA—aJl OV 4 4-*A*A**Jp9
iL-LJl a^p la > «ol^ln^i^i ll^g <j ' Crr^
p.
^jUJj ijjj ^Ll SJj^jJl Jlj— - J-^j fJ-j-^J
.i^jJl iljjJl aJIS^SL ^v> IjU 5 yj olySfl «JLa*
(5)
a-ijii ajjjJi - 2
p
4_a-X-JL]| Lp 02 _Jp^ g Q a ^J_P ^www*> L_^Vl wL^JLpI AJLd
{ jj>~ j_£j o-jLS" oIjLjla! JuLJ (Tiers-etat)
p p
<_5* SjIpN IjLwO.S <U) J 3 ^Jl J . I
J I ^ ^ ^.i, . - * ... 1 1 ^ ^ ■> n.^isJ t i Jils
ii-L, ^1 jJl 4^1 iJUiJl iJ*Vl «J >
•* H
*<y^ ; JL>tJl toLw«j^/l ( 3 jja >- j <l*Pj-JlJIj s^LwwvJl Lg ^ q
t^iS^ 4 l , | Lj 4 I ' - ^ ^ 1 I
** **
p
4 0 j^LU 4 0^3 4 <CLj->-
**
iJUillj l^jLl! iJlSLiVl tiJLiSh i.\l Jl AjLLk^ jUl
• Ajj^JIj SJj>- jJl iiSw^a [v wLs^ ^3 4JtUl * «/?7 ^Jl 40^U
\ «• **
4i w? L>- o jjli ^1 p <uJli 4 <uJj <u^*jJL ^ax-aiJI Sjl>-j3
•*
JSj cpU Jlifl oV tL-L- JJ L» LaUS - ^cUI ^
P
4-^x-^i 0 ^ j 4 oLs^^iaj 4
4j jjJJl i^LJl ( j-« ^jUwo v^-x^io AlS^j N J 4-s^UxJl «Uj jjfc
Wr l 5*^' ^_-»LiSCJl lJu& jiG AllbJl iu^Jl ^uJL£L!l oJLfi Ay yi-l a^ yJI jl (5)
p'sL-Jt AiJs» yj ^jJl jli^Jl AilliJl aaJaJ! J|i curls' ^yJl ^«JLJl a_aLp 4Xia
•■ *♦ '*■’* " 2 T *
13
ililJI
(jLi kiJJjJ .jLojJU jJU Vlj C
oiL-^j jl jjy 4^LjJs»jJI SJL^jJl oJla i j_p ^lijJL i-JLLa-o
£
Ci 4 ^m2jCw^J1 4-w« ^J iJl ^gJ I JLd J jjJi oJlA 4-taJ^L<iwO ol ^
^JJl *{£ i dU^j 1 i .~ * ^ ^ 1 ^ ‘ ^ ^ gj L j
3J jjJl o»jL <jlco L«J l^JLJU^J J^ oJlIjI 5j^>- 4_J| > - - g • ■ <1
v-LJlj vjJUJI WjJI jl^l JIp cuLp ^ i (6) iJ?jJ\
cJ j jJl ^LS Jl*j t jt-^s j-i>J olJJi&j <LJ jl iv^jjoJi oLJl 9 t)VJ
oUljj>*^/l oJJjl tjLU^M IwLa l ^-5j -LjjjjI
** *♦
^cJw* 2 ^Lp| ^3 ^AjujuJIj i JjjJl oJ-^ ^iSl
.oLASVt aijfc. i^jiJI ^waJl ^ j v^>Jl
JjoJl jUwUcJLj Ijla o1 t JUJij
^0 ^ j-p ci**^ 4 ioLulS^ll gI^>cjL> 4^jJs> ^J1
^JJl JiLjLti\ jL^Ji ^ U>Ulyj oULiVl ^ iilL^Jl
<_)1 jtaXj 4 , l.^ H 1 •*) 15 1 ^ »S.«3 l ^ ■)
J _pt^J |t f";» l J-o-*J LfJ^ ^«l ^yip iljjJl J
It-Lft 9* y*0 CP O- JkiZ+s* ^_£jJl Jlj^wvjl^ . 4,lfll.«*» (Jj,
*• '■* «
^ ^JLp ^^xJi ^XaiXj 4
.<uiU jJl 5JjjJl Lj^Ip c^-ol ^jp . Jl 0 jjUco
^J^JI SJjjJl . 3
^ ^ ^ * A ^ _l Lw aJ LawH ) 1 6ALA .- ^1. ^ .- I
Ajil^a ^ Lf *0j£ iJjjJl J y- b~jjp\ tjlifVl ^
•* •* *+
Hannah Arendt, Les origines du totalitarisme (Paris: Fayard, 1982), reed* (6)
(Paris: Seuil, 1997), collection Points.
14
I LLjNI 5 Jo J-p Jj -bai • SjL%JLi ££jL-a
S^p j_«Jl j 5_JlJUl iL<_j'yi UbjUsI ^ JLp- jjJ <^^1 (sittlichkeit)
*> (( UjIjJI . , a t ** jl W >s- 1 ^ ‘LA
♦* +•
L$Jl£] Lb j->- j Ji-b 4-la_)lj-l» *LuMl oJLAj .aJjJJIj
♦*
^jLgjJl J^xJl aJ jjJl j^LKJ <Jl* * >■ t ^J>tJJwL> <LLvwtbwvJO
t* f* V*
[ 4 J 1 + 0 jj LpUj^-MI LioNl jl ) l» f IwL^b) • jI^VWW^nJ
^JjhJ jl 0 oJl^J J\ <JjJlU jlJJl jjjs>cJU a « 5 la « * 55* ^>-
*AiS>^u aJ*>Up UjUpL J caJJ^I SjLiJJ U2>J \^> ^
(J-O-Lj A^Lwwli J-wJ J>“b aJjJLII 4jL^-4 ^ ^ 4 1 J
.iljjJlj a^Uj^N I lijl aJ?LjjI J <>>Ji (*>6-^
*♦ 0 1
jjIaJ oU-jj j* ^rj-i j^f UjLxpL ij^Jl® jJ*> J^-JU
y> •'-$-> (*— *^ ~ 6 j&
aJ'V ^ ija\ jJl j j-v^L>J 1 L$o Jj>rjl ^1 a^j Jj>tJI aiaj^I <Lo*)Lp
rjjj LS^^' : ei^ dj^jj
0 0
jl^l £* IwLol <^jJl j_s^L>Jl j^jjL jJi jjfc (Jj'illi .j^ojJl
jJUJl ^ ^Jas ^ jjl ^jj-Jl® Jl^j <L~b JJl ojjJlj
.aA? jtJlp (jliul ^•AiJl
aJsL>J AjLn^j- 5 ^UJl cr6^ (.(Zeitgeist) <yjl ^jj U
j-Aj <• JL)Jj>- ^Lo AO Jj ^jL*-* 3 JJLLw*w 4 Jl (JLaIjI
ojjU A^jb c ojLla| (^jJl ^jJuJl
t* ** *•
Ai^A-U ljlla| jZju+j* C (JlSCft .aJjJLUj J>“b
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Principes de la philosophie de droit (7)
/
(Paris: PUF, 1998).
15
o*
'•<J*J 5~-4-l oUi>J
^Ual» L» j! J»«*Jl 4]a*n \ jj il 0>lj5y-l>- aJ*>cJ _
.o>L?-UJI
♦* 4
^ Jiwjlj j»UaJl IJla Ji>-b j^-s^uJl 5^1 jN I J 4jy*Jl Jl*3 -
d la 1 . .. It ^ <_As A^JflJwC iiaJL ju jJuAflj t 0^ <u£JUl 4 jLqs>-
.ijSLiiJl
,<LoL*J| 1 - ^aHi ^JL^Jl JisLjji -
^1 4 ^Lp jJfc La 4ji?L*^jJ A^?L>*J1 4 j>c_ 1 I 4,(g >eJL^ dD^i-Jj
jJNl oLj^L>J * $ 11 jj «/? « 1 1 Ijla jl jL-JI ^j-p ^^lpj
** *•
tiJjjjL ^JLoJl 43 *>Lpj ^j-SLSl jl ^»L^J Lj ^j^bLJi 43 *>L*Jj
(K. ^^jlo JjLSll ioL^-is^ tj J^***-^ ^*U1
t <lJL*^JI ^J->tJl ^jL^J>a1 oJju t 1 j_a j^jlpI fc-iis * Marx)
**
<u j^J t Lo. S" iljjJl <,, <? ,/?j aJj-SCJ *A^-Ijj l)I
.iJ jjJl 4 *j&Lo JtSLxu j*j 15 j-& Lo oL
k^\ji\ olpl ^aJJ J!>Up Jjs- ^ SjLp o« „J 5JjjJLi
*4 ♦•
Jj c (biirgerliche Gesellschaft) (j}\y>-jjJ\ Ji^b
. £^>Jw>5_<kJ I lUjfc Ji-b ^A>tJ 4-JL*o 4^-taL^j
U i*V I J ^lJLLoJI 4^JU*jJl oJUb r^ja JUL-ll jj j->i_j d-UJJ
olJl ^ j al t JS-b L^Lvi$UJ j j**JI olS^lxJl
^^.fcS'jL^ ^ ^ ^ IwL^jj * L^_) L^L^o 4»v^iA^31j aJ / 3.L < os^J I
Karl Marx, Critique du droit politique hegelien (1843) (Paris: Editions (8)
sociales, 1975).
16
L^i i j ^> j aJ jjJU «a»L*J( I i)UJJ» c5 li^gJ
t <L>L*Jl A>eJ *,<g X* 1 1 A_Jj
CH— J l_J^_ <>-£-•>«— a-Jl *— jl— 4-Sl La^-Vl ^ ^
«J jjUU oiLJl LjJI ^ J-^UJI JJ-IjlJI US$^ LJl^JUl
. JUJ ^1 Ji-b ijiJall oUStdl j
j-SvaJI 5jujl>- ^.aLLo jjj-^j -ULJi ^
A-JuO L/alJ I 4j jj^as>l}\j A*pL$*X>-^l1 aJjJJI t A***4 j
CS® j .^J • ^ V ^ J.
5jLp Jh (_s^'j (solidarite) o-jysi tjLUVl I A*
** ♦* I
<U-S*t j^St\j Jl ^JUl A-ut.5 jk ^J-^J La aJ| j-^-J - A-^L>JL>“I aJ^Lw-« ^j-P
0'^ Lj*-«LsAj aJ^jJI *n ^ * L (j| c aJ| A^wJ^SLi . aJ jjJI
L^JIp L^-S* t jiVl ^5 lwj ^-p Sj^L^aJl A-pjj-JL«*>Ul oljjL>e_i]l
UJlS* dj V l l g a uiLJu All* ol t a^*-oJL 1I LgJuiJ^^
(. (Jl ^>-*^1 .L* j~->e-o i ^-fl-Sl <jLS" La-L? I <Lijjs iJjjJl O-iLS"
j_p UL^I ^>jUI (an|OTiie) j jJliJl ^-jLi-j j-aJl -kw?
^ ^ L/p" l l aJL>-p ^p N ^iU^j t L*»* a^L-~J1 j aj^L^I3^I a-J1 jp~JJ1
p, p
A»a_p I aj ^ ^ i ^Lv£> j^LS A_v^Li- aJ^jJI L^-j
to jJaJ tiiLjfc tliJi-jj ^i^Li A-JjJUJij a-jJ^L^-^Ij
isPU^-Nl oLp j^^JI -Uii Jj o jl^\j aJ jjJl
^1) aJjJlU aL : ^ j\\ qLl^JI j (oLLiJl j oL-*-^>tJlj aJLL«JI J^- 4 *)
aJ.pJJ JjU jJ*J t(iwa^jJl C-jLoJjiJl
*
L^jUsJLuM ^JwJ->tJ_4 aJ^aJwU jkj-y^ I Aj jlioJl (j| t
Emile Durkheim, Lefons de sociologies quadrige, 4e edition (Paris: PUF, (9)
~ ., f
2003).
17
LgJbLilj
•* **
^Aj L$j Aia-J^Jl j-*l^iaJi (.S^l
(Max j~J j^LaJMl L# j>-jJj- r ^j_~Jt JL»_p 1 c^jkL Jiij
^ ** **
2\.~i~. cS yhtikJl a JLgJ o^ikj SJLc UU Weber)
%*
AjiL^JNl i/LLl^w*Jl UoLujI
*•
pUj t o jj j-sSLiiU
<* w **
4^pL^->*'y \j 4-jjjjij j <lj jjtsjij oh ^ I|A| I p-&i
U5 k<lJ? 1 4jJliL*Jb £t^*5L» Lo / ^<LJLiSJ!j iLolwaXi^lj
boJl>-
4_J?I iJ Jj 1) - 4
iJjjJI ol^>U ^ tr* ^ ,rA ^=-'
tf* (S*
jl ip j jJLiJI * 1*1" ^1 *■ * J *v |1*|H*.| ) i n 1^11 l * l t 1
JLSLii j^wo IJla JJ»-b
9j.Ji~*J\ tJ _Lp i*jliJl (charismatique) iJlajjjlSCJl A i? 'i j 3 I
. ^^>e-JLiJ ^3 jiu j L*J
jUliJl ^y> jJl ^UipVI j^^JLp o^Ja^-Jl -
M
^-^-"-la.l.^ l) ^-w^jL<kJ ^jjUl l)^ j OxJL-^aJl
.L^JlP bU^pl
Ls-j iUxs-Vl Lf i^ jl ijPj-iil Ojia^Jl _
“A ^ Lj 1 * i*j 0 ;AJ1 L^-JJ 5 J^r^'j A'A'
.LftJLiJ ^JLp jg c^L^vLcJl jlwU^?| ^3 t JuL^jJI
** ^
Max Weber, Economic et societe (Paris: Plon, 1977), reed* (Paris: (10)
Presses Pocket, 1995).
18
pJiJl Ifci j 5J jjJL 3-P j-iJt 6 JhZ~Ji\ j j&i J
jl bJJS A - ~ ■ g 1 I <J 4 . «,<g Pr_Ju 'y Ajt^a y . j I Jl
*•
jJjC ^LoJuVl (j j^^Lj V *u~vL-wJl ipU>Jl f-L,^ pI
i^-j^JJ 4i^.j J*>b- J-*-^ Jh ^
cSj'- 5 ^ ‘— , ^ a-z&j^S
♦. **
^ 0 0
|jLS*Jpo c aL>JL>sJ| aJj-LU U L®jb*plj
, l j^A>s ^ Jl *VjJl OlS^Ap J^S i jJi A^Jut^a AJL^gJl oJl> (jl ^^JLp
♦*
<Lws4u>s^»J! o^LS^aJI plJ (JL^jjjI
<> b <1 *. /^ . g /Y ll <Lj^JL*J| \s o ) tJLv^jJj'yi 1_LA ^ pS J
c<L_JLJlj A^Jb'bl! <_Jt)LL>Jl Ja_*J 4_i 1 , ./> 5 /. llj t<JL)JL>Jl <LljjJl
iw?L >-j jUSJ^M 4 ->-j3j 4^>Lii jJl OLpLjJI jLa» jjij 4» lar..<Jl
.3 1 *,<?,. I ^3 to»L$L?-V i Jl 5 ^JbVl JuL*Jli
jLS’ bb ; aJ jJL> <up ^^p U jJ&j .(jtA^-Vlj Sijj^Jlj <LwL-~Jl j
^ip j ^1 p j»Lp JlSLL> ^_i-5 jJo ioL^is^f \ jjiaJ
ji jJ ^Jl oblJocL^V lj olSsJUJl ^Jlp Uijl yj <u li
**
^Uwi oLS* j-LwJl JpL*J jL^ > -l j-*_> 4 ob^JNl L^-J-p
C^flUl JL5 <UoJL>cjl 4-J^ljij^Jl 0 jbNl bl t I JLfe / ^a_JL*_*JI
SjJJiil j iaJa^Jl oLLp Aj^L^sVI yu Jl JlpUJj *UtJl Xp
21^^' S?^ ^4^' oljJaiJl ^Uj (j^
^3 4 4^P LaJL>“ I eLw>tJl ^j!j3 AjJULkJI jLiJjLj Lo
Ails' J* aJLjNI ilaJLiSn ^1 tojbVlj OjSliJlj iL^iNl
-*• **
. 4-P I ob>tJl ^_5^'^ wa
Max Weber, L’ethique protestante et I'esprit du caphalisme (Paris: Plon, (11)
1969), pp. 20-21.
19
“J-f=r^' -la-jj J -®-»»j ijJ!>lijJl oJl£ lil l« ii jj«-«
(jJ ^ yj-ftNfl JaJwaJl CjLpL*^>- t*5\jL«) ^*»- 1 ■* * 1l C^jLpL*J»«_> 4__ul__Jl
»♦
.(JUlj
L-<jL>^J! 'y! : iJLJI ((^j^JL«JI>> aJLl^VI J-^LxJ Laj
l ,J>JI SJ jj jjjhjJ <L«!>Ip t i! j-Ul! iii5C<JI iJsl y
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -1.1' | I 1 — ,— 1
Ji. jl cjyjl ^1 ?4JUiJlj v- 1 ^ 1 ->j'
( _ s JLp Lp-^JLlI <_$ j^aiJ! ij ,*--'*'. ^ .-» IJub
?oL^>JJ lJL«jt) t ^JlxlL 4 J ^<»^iJI <J jjJI
JU jJ Jl _ 5
AjjikJL 1 <LJ ^4_>iJI <JjjJL ‘uLLci^J! 4MwL^*yi oL>-j jJ^^fl o
^ jiJSj (Carl Schmitt) o~^-j JjL£ ^LJ^I l/kj^L ^1
H ^ «
/ 12) JbJb*sJl a^-j J* j>Jl iJI^JUl ^joJU jU*l
*Li ^^Jl p j 5J jJlJ! »JLjJ 4_J?I jij^Jl <L-p»L>Jl ^^JLp JiSi J_2i
jt» tjUsVl Ij-fc i ^s ^jlp \j Sj-SJI ^Ip Laj j) lo * a
•* ~
p
<J* lK jA jLj ^UaJJ CuliJl iJjjJl
p ^ ^
4jj-g-oj>eJl jl <^*-JLl!j ljLj->- L^jL^pjj 5jjjJl 4yL^aJ( Jajj
p
i yai * T ^d * 1 ":" 1 ^ -? • c r“~ fl
f Li)l
■ V> . <)|^>
Lw^jLw^j 1^j>- j-> 4 <LoL**> aL 1 ^ *Ljj ^Jj-^-U
^
Carl Schmitt, Etat, mouvement, peuple, V organisation triadique de Vunite (12)
politique (Paris: Kime, 1997),
20
I* »»
j ♦ oJLjL>t^o ^Lp Lfcjl «/g7»l Jj-J t L-L*-9 LJ
<LL?lyUjjJl ^ IAjJu UjLipL A^lyUjJl!
.^I^jJLJI ^^uL-wJi A_^- ^jJl d*>!i tjljJ-Jl ^y3 Lg-> J 4 ^jL«Jj-J|
V* ■*
^L*jSjb-**L» ^yJst>fcJ ^ <J jjJl J o! ctl-ta
^' r
<1>T AJlLJLJ J Mj ^(Sj(*L*J0 1
^yli>ej CUxJl 0 ji ^yl-P OjJslwwO /^5\J j*j U t jJXO
P P
l (JjjLw%Jl I^jIiS ^yS C l»-L& <*2->*L>ji A^J>- »-L£^
£, p"
ol L-fl jl£ l* i(Staline) ^b - j (Hitler) ^Jb* ij l ^
^Ju=-Ijl5I aj>-^ ^-® 1%-Lqw s^2-j otj <JaJL^J 1 ^ Uibj
•Ubi (^ybj i _ f J>J ^yU U^Sb) jJ jJ tbr-jUJlj
^yd a^UKJI aJjjJIj <w^>cJi aajLSJI I a^wLo»p tjl c j
AjUSJt iljjJl I f-POl^ ^yJl ^ Jyu U jU*l
j ^>! jjJjjjL** ,^<iJL>t-<Jl ^Lp ^J-^LJwJl 1,^,"* *» « ft
t( jJjLfc) KjjUiJl® ^yd a1U~* A-ajU^J| oL>*_jIj <2,
^djbJI ^^-jJjjJjI *_i ji? c-^j>-j otalbN! jbj bUSj
aiS ^>J|)) e->b>- ^^Iip ciljjJJ jS\ bojfcl a>Cj» ^s- t <»J | *^Jb-l_^aj
p p p
jLipL to N I oJl& A^o-ftL ji! Cww<^ jji t4jLJL>tJi ^yij . Lg-^&j
LfipjjJ cil 5 j^-o Iju&j .^IjiJl JS ^ cjJai^Jl LgJjJli
I^jUL^joj ^bfcLft->e_!l (— Aiad^ c^i O.* ^yjJl A-^j
••
c^jUUj j^3jj J5 bl <uil U yaj .iJljjJl Lf.j^
ajjb JLb . j-?*~ aJ I 4-Alo.i 4 jjLl!I 4_S ^>cJl I ^JLP'I
jU^" o^*— j ■A'^v! Cr* J^’ 1 ur!
iwJUa-^Jl ^o j ^jj3j''CSj ; la 5a JCtU ^cJL»^? aJjJlU
Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, mille plateaux (Paris: Ed. de Minuit, (13)
1980).
21
jM j C ^ H Pr >Lg Sj jJl!l ^JIp JiljJ^eJl jJfejf
t* ^taF'
A^a»Lw^a>^ jl s* 3 X3 1 oV i 4-LflL^t 4^o 4^*Lc»«P ojL^P 4 -jL 1£J| 5J jjJl
p
^Jj A^**jJb V t lUjAjjI J jJU La^S" (, ^>01
^..s^]g2j>gJ jl t$jjj ^>.*>> L w»j 1 ^j-JLoLp ajLoL^JI 11 <5* ^>-
J^Vt ^L>JI /iJI UjLit S y£JL> ^jULJI \1a
c (C. C 3 .stori 3 .dis) ^**j^L*j jjL^oLS r j 4 -w»^jl>bJ!
“ ♦*
4jl_^Vl ijy 1^4 Ul Lfr»^ (_s^' 01 L^oOLoj
** •*
bjjjl <jr^ (j j-LlI Lgi j-p OJJj U ^J\j
A^l^i-g^jJl j aJ J-«L<J| I ^ « *,/?, 1 1 j <L*3 j_JLJl
1 d,Q»*.^£ ojjlll ^ j j^Ljo ^iJl 4^p L<v-i>“ V I IS .0 ^laXXxwil
( j-a OlS ^>J| oJ-A jLvwO Of-I jB !blp| j_A (w-J jJJa^Jl OU I J^Jj
•° 4) <i >' i3^ J»-t
p
4*P jJJL^Jl oL>l LpJl jfr Ob tS ^^Jljl o^La 9- j-sP
a^lp S^Lo bJ j»JJL) twjLiSC! IJ-A ^b L*S caJjjJI J y>~
^ l-JjJJI L$i j-p 5-jj-SOiJlj A^L^JIj cj15jj>J!
p
JjabJl (. LgJ-o jJLC- j-2Jl
<JliT ol jL^j> I j ^^LwJlj ( _ 5 ^Ui>-'yi L^ilj
•* w
p p
l? a^sJo x ^aaaj 0 ^ (^jJi 1
'**' ** *•
j! b'irJl ^jjJl JP
r
Michel Lallement, Cornelius Castoriadis, «De Timaginaire au (14)
politique ? » dans: Philosophie de notre temps , collectif (Paris: Ed. sciences
humaines, 2000), p. 165.
22
I ^JU-JI ^j/2 L*-t C ^U£Jl Ula ^jJLaj
<iJU^ ^ ^jjj.JLaJlj j. JLp *-^UJl jjLU j^jjJl ^3
^ *- a ** *+
JU>wJi U to ^J__>e_> 4 [ ^0 i l!J*>USs d O-L-P j(j— jI j— • — P
p
ouJ? ^-to U j V 4^L~ J 1 a^Ju J I |» * ^ 7 ^Us .<jL
t L*J^ ^a U^ jl
**
e-LgJ (univoque) ^pb*-! J Jg--..--' i_4 jj> *Lk_pj j-SLa-j
i ‘da^J jA cJlj Laj o Jua JL-a C-JJs eJ lA jl 'hM $4JjL-i»*b/l
*4
^ I 4j^Lw*pJI aJsJla-JI o^jfeLii ^-aj w • la p 4-^>e-jjIj i-oljj t L^-LpI
.ijjjjl
jiJi ^-Lp c J^j>^S' 4J^*xJt ^L>tjl
6^ 4«4*-JL&Jl ^3 4jJl5jJ| 4 Lj g Jl ^_pl Jl^JLj «iJj>cj t o.Aj J*P 4*^>s»£JwO
i? j^j V| 41*PJjhJLo jLx>-^l li-A (jU t JjuaJLj
4j jJi> j 4 x>wjLj oUj'b/i A-o^j jii> AjLp A> voU^j ^jJ^j
♦ ^JL» US' La^j^j 4 4j JL2j^
**
V t _ r jj t(-HJJLS’ LajLipLj i Lf-UjL>-l e^blis ^Jb UjJlJl jl (I
** *4
oLa-^/I l-JU- l-jj— lJI (anhistoricite) j __ J >rjjlJ*>Ul *_>UaJl) y?*£
23
5 -J C ciJLli V LjJ^J .i^-^JaJl jJfeljJi
*
UUj LgJt^J oU^x^Jl <jua*J .oljUz^Jl ^ (universalite)
i - **
P P
^JIxUjj jl jj^sjiS IJl^-j j^sj l)1 0j5 t 4 -ULw^u Ji5njj
p y p y p ^
^Jl <^v*jJU Ul .LiLai jl L>- j} jjj jjoi 1x^13 N
~ 4»
Lo^- 9 N t^JLj Lo ^Jlp ^-g_3 i Lgj dJl J Loj Lg-is jS ^xJl
p p
»0^^XA^w0t_Si l L^-) L^- o^ aJ^*xJ 1 Jl5wl ^ ^ ^ ^ *
oLiji^> SjLp
** •♦ **
jJaj j A^wO ikJL^U A_P ^JJLa Ajjtaj
' y^S* oJJ^a sljxXj>-l p « po*J ' y& Q ^ A_J**JL<jJl 1! $ A^oLjJl CjLvvwv^ a^JJ
4*^o L*v^-aJ 1^ \^ 1^ 4 >. ^ i ^ ■ /? M ^ 4»o^^jLj3_!i c—J Ljw*hc»j
^ p
(concentration) j_«5 yu ip j_u_* oL^ji ^ Ij-J--! j ‘LoLajJlj
oLjL 5 JajjJ ( _ y xJl ii_L^<Jl oLJVl ajuk (centralisation) oji - ^ j
*♦
^jJJo ^JJl JJLpxJLj aJ^LjloJI JL*3^\J Ijl>- AS* j-L1a
4j3-Ll>t^Jl 0 J^J JajI ^LoJl j J «/?>Jl tjl J jJiJ! (_5^^d .OjU^I
(^xJ| , . . j 4-jtl oj^-l jJli to ojbi)
& if 4 p,
|j*ft tl)| ^ aJUL^j UL>- aJjjJI ^Lp jaXj ^ c Lai>w3 0^5 sj ijt
**
oU ^ lg z ^ M ( j r o ^ j-fe
Jb-jjj a^L^^JI oj^ (j jS j^_p jJLij ^ljjLJI
jli tJili j-p !)L^ij ‘ J5^1 j i~ — I JJaJ L^Jl VI cJ-L»Jl
o jjfclii i^jLs^JJ IwAj jJtJ C L^-3 jJ? j j^> A->- A^jLaJI A - ^JL)'
k jl JLfiJ Jifll ^i-Pj ,5 -%pxjjLJI ^uU^Jl oJ-& jj V ^ AjLa AJjjJl
4*
c 4,!a . >J I ^liol ^j^maIaII j^5lax]l (_pP o' 9 j^p^/l IAa ijls
(^1 t, (essentialisation) ((^jj&LJl JUJj»cJ|)> J iljjJl Syhlii c-UAi^l
u^J -^i^j -V^JJ J^'- 5 (reifier) ^ J^*JI
ijjLJl (substantif) »-ij-^j_<Jl >^1 oLa tjjJaJ^Jl IJla
p ^
24
* f> f*
^ jJlc- LfUj jl jJ> s 15L-L— > LLJli Ua y> (essentialisme)
J-9 4 4-i — UJI jLSoSfl ^>jL t ( _ ;r L>Ljl
4 .ijL jl (jL-«Jl IJl* 4 C.- <y ft l— I <L>jJajJlj A_w>5_) jLxJ|
** **
£,
L* .4j 4-^L^-P 4— > j_La_> 4-^ t 4jli J*>4 -L>b-^JI
4^LwvJLiil (»_ -jMjlJI c 4^>tjjLj 4jjli^j fLiil
<uJ , !>Lp JJUij ^ajLUl Ojj-Lj <jgJUl <jpL>Jl
\ 4 a } jjjl o'V jj»tii
jl) j Aj^L^Jl aJj jJl fl ^ 4 |\ m ^^T b l
oLp! j^ai\j LgJ £*/>:> eJ ^oL*^Jl Ja*ojj ( , — .g.j ^J| L^, iS^w>iyO
Juij o| a >■ L > j ^ L^3w\ ^ ^ ^3 4^-jLtfJi
lg jLlj
4 j^vJLtfil ^JLp j^jCj 4j*l5 c 4 j2^«J-a]L 4jLL*JL^ 4^*L%*aJ| (c**
^_JLia-^Jl I Jjfc V 4 >^dJ .^UJl Lg->lk?- Jsjj-L <_^ ij^-L^Jl
«
£. *j(
^JlP laJj.3 j-*/3 Z^JLi l_) C 4*J)L*_P^i iZ* *** * 4-J^JL> 4-a^-s^^J 1
(ki_A ^_9 j]p ^a J5 LLaJ L>
p-
I^Jlp Aj JL— A-iiL jl (theoricien)
4^L» J l 4 X**Jj 3-)I LLj->- l 4 _**j3j C J jJ I Ly? m ^L^JJbNl
iu^jliSO *w3jUwJJ jl C-^Lllaitj 4jli"5»ipj 4 Igjta
ikJ^Jl y^i (aJ*j jUIj ^pU^tNIj v^^'j
i. Lul^ l ^ IP OwXj^L^Jl 4^ ^JL«tw«Jl ol— >JL)
jl o-Lgj ^j2j ^]| <upLmJ! o^LLIi^JL
IJLa ^oL^a j JLpI ^ 3 ioliL jl 5 0 J-A ^3 Ul^p
^ jAJD j ^SJi g» ^JajL-vJ N LjU c l J lS^a
^ 3 o>Ji Aj— kAj Lj ^.1 C 4. i ^T L— L<L qi») ( !» iAAw^Ofc.1 1
<_#* J <uLapj ^ ^ ^^SLiJl aIajU?} ^ L^-jJ^i!l
25
.(j^UJO ^ j — 5! ^JaLJl
L«jj ^1 jJis- ^iLJl j ji}\ {j* 4aL-L>JI 5jLJLiJl jl Ui -
*y (. io^jLi i! jjJ! i*y I ^a jj»\^Jl cj.-g-L^> ^xJlj
^ 44
P
o-j L ^ «..*j I 4_o ^jLdJi 4j ^. jJI jjjill ^|_aL>cJo <1)1 l, ^ ^ ^ ^
JuS^aJl ^UajJl Ju^3 ^-s^JLqJI iia-L^Jl p-j-pjJj iyS jA ^ 4 a^jLaaJI
4 L^J I ^-v— U^u j * 4 ^p LJsl$ I L I smLaimhU
p
t+ g $j Jj J j>tj j^-P lx^&L>» 4 43 j^»JJ
4jLw*JliJl iJ^-Lwo Jljjj>xJ t SJjjJl
( y>^j . (notionnels) j~a j^iJl J laJIj ojbcu^V! iyJ ^^Ip ^Lip^L
**
,v> c (formations) ^iJu5wiJl ^Lf; JL^aiJ
*4
Lk^3 «<2JC J^Uj>*I ^1 jloj^ ^^Lx>*Nl j! (^
4 <Lwv?L>J! 0wLa ^JL>cjo ol c <j jJL <jL^-LL! 1 ol
*•
/ p
•W p >" < *J- # VA t'U^aj CU9jJl U^jIj l^UJjJaj jiy VI
4*
^jjLwJI ij jj> bJL9 .4j jJojj <^->c-j jLj dU^j <— «***,<a ll
4 w— ^ 4jLwOk^Jl 4 4 »a^*j I
o j->L*_Jl J j} la j ^j_P ^ j-3J(
~ **
(iJLJlj i-^Lw^Jlj ^ j-iJl j) (transnationales)
*4
P p
j ( ^1 4 4-fl_ljw*e_4 Cw^Ltf 4^
4 - > 1 - ^*^4 «A4jL^J| 0 ^ ^3 4P-U^3L^Jt 4 -^jL^-oJI^ 4-^-^LgJt
♦♦
^jA Oj*Xj*L& Oj j£jL* 4 ^jJgLlil ^ 4^>!
^j-O AP jAA 4jJL>tS' jJ^J <1)1 vi-^l ^
dUJbj J^l>“ {jA oA?-|j \ 4 <i-y^Lillj iljjJ!
^3 iJjjJl C^JL >"JJ 4 iJjjJi ^3 I j*£jL) ^uL^-LJl
26
p f.
Aa>- V. ,* lla.j s-l .A^P ^2iJl jLwsiJ^ j aJLw»_j 4 jiu*Jldj)
(presupposes) cjUL^iSNI y> jy^-* fji** JuJ i>*J S:>IpI
aJ jjJJ ^jL— ^ j^jUjJl j^\}j oiL^«Jl 1 a^JL yd Llw«J I
(M. jS jJ JLi_wa t_wUsLj jl ^(l’etat -nation) i_jJa Jl
Sj^sjujI aIsJLJI oJijJl>- <olj.il ojjJj Foucault)
jJ_!l» oli (postulats substantialistes) <-> yt, j_>«Jl oLJL^aJl
t t_. 1 \a~> jl i aJj JjU 4_jSLLa jl A_w^L>tS' y~*-i A la 1 ... 1 «AjJ ^Jl
“* p,
LgjLJp ^5 ^ ^ S JU o c-Lj jjJj^ (j-° Ls^jI
^^2-A L'Lo . ) l ]| LwvvwiiJl J->tj LjU ^ iJjjJl
^ p.
J j aJjJjI o jjjJf J j£jcS\ ytj l (antiteleologique) aJUJJ
P £
La j_A J ‘ 1$.
** 4 I tfc-ijJjs- J J C 5 jjj ./3 ll oJLfc <U_9
« ►» •*
Jl
jo j c y> cJwj ( __ s xil (categories) oN jjLali AiSCa^Jl ajIJI
Jl ob^iJ lJLJI lj SL>Jl c oJLo
*L<y g k A ^Jl 4«A_a| jJl d-J V jl_>c_^Jl j ^ Ita)— ^
IjojJLp- iJjwOl] Sj^LscJl (conceptualiser)
**
. (J ^L >c -a»-a ^? ^ Lj Jj lA g * U J ^J^/Susj\ 4 jgni-^U ( _ # ^JL cLllij
J jJaJl 5 jIpI (jl (.aJjJJIj L-LaJI (-^J^Aa Jj-b" ojjw^ U-)jJj
«• ** »*
tJj->- to'bfl A->- cj-Up (^5^^ 4 -i^J-iJl {jL>t>i
•#
,<Jj jJi ioLw** i jjfcUp
jJu*^J-«axU c ^L^S/I ^Uaj ol
c (problematisation) O.UJI JaJaiJl ^ <■ J»jJl
JbL>- LjIaaAI jJj C oJu Jl>- Ayb^a'y 6 yt J” J Ala-s^uJl
» ^ P- ^
1 g */ > y> S«XjJj>- ol^>-jj LsAIjIj ^ jjAAPjliCUj L LjJiUi ^jJpLx*
27
ji i. 1 g j g 4_)_Ua_> o>L ^ la i
wiJj-oJJ j5Ui JJ&a .v-L-Jlj V^' ^
£
*: aJb-L?- ^o*>L*_> a-Li-Lf- ol jA j g taj jl 4-— i)
jU^Vl ^ ‘«d 4iot«Jl ilS^LaJl ^Lol <1)1
<**»
<L^_3^ oblf-L^-L jLl! b 5_> jJajJl ^LLp)
^ j-gjLo jl twijj-o OliL^/ C-iJjL>5^ ^_Lp eJ jajcJLt ^y) j-j-ilJl
^>-1 ^gJl la.^^.j t Jw^23 AjL^j wU-P ^>-1 j^aJl ^ r 5^jwwJ U5 t Lo
t^jLiU olj-P^ ; Lg. ^-wOJ^- oJufcj >L5Jl C^jl jJI
t* **
c-^L^Jl I jj& oLSboL oLi c La_Jp .^>-1 j-oJt o j_* Sf-I j£ ^ L*.*/? >^s>
&
\$£- *)\jJL| jJ <u£i t^iUi ^9 <CjlpL«»
28
V
* *
(raison Vjl *yrj jij?
L
bo
dJJj-^ ^yrj ^1 V U- 1 II J! suffisante)
#■ ^ p
Jjlaj <uU bj>3 d)l jjCj U ^1 iJj-Jl oIa iyrj £b rjl LolA y>j
s f. p.
i ^ j+A L^-L^>«-j ^jJI Si ^Jjj t
£r
wL>tJ La diJ^Xj ^ l jl 4^*)LJL*Jl Lg. ^ j'yi
jS Lo jl aJlc- ^ Lo ^1 b-^JL Jbti; jl Lg *^Lq>j ^1 LgJLw^LftwO
. (perenne) bjl j (viable) eL>JJ iLli lgLe*o L»j <eJl ^waj
1 g iv^a.1* ^S^tXJi ^SLmwO K_y^ ^ A3X«/Z)I ^yA 4 Lj ^
JlLa k^j-soJL Jl oLI^Jow^^l j-o Jt>L>- t c5 jL~J-iJl j_SLi Jl ^^Lp
0
j-^p ^bJ' b^-SJl ♦ 0 ^ ^JLJI^ <LwL-aV1 t_ J^->t-Jl
0
p
* , ^wvuLi^ 1 g ^ ^3 jLj^j c-«.* J<Xj1 c ^ *i/ 3 m ) ^Jtais^Lflj^
0 j-x>^jLw^qJI <J^LSjl^I Jl^-I ^ j^LJ ~bs g ^.xJ' wiij
^jA Lkjj Jl>- O JUdJL^wli 4 «Ljl*)! La! . 5jj j\? oX* XJL$*
Sjj-^Jl ^^^LoJI ^UixJ! S^Lwu (J^L>- y^J! ^^>b-aJI jj Jaj
^1 <J*\ yc^jW Ljl^r-jjJ! UJJi
* **
^^lj^Lj Ls^sLp) 1 LgJ > <u £ LJ I 5kLJl 'J$ y^ \^A^J>\
i LgJ y>-j Lg.^ j^5\jiiU olj^! t X>tx>- V 1 ^jL*J <J^L>~ ji 4XXa
31
p,
^Lk; Jp-ta *-yryj L&j Jp-I y
p»
kjX* ®o jyj\ (»UJJ * J^J • j^j -^-^t j ^U^-l
' t* M
^LkjJJ jl jJLl^VI 3 jJb- ^1 4 ^uU( 6 ^JLo
• I 1 c . k * * 4 JLP l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
C A^*uL oSf! ^3 Aj jJa -> j 4^wL^_P *u<*-£a A^LLc^j jU^iJ! Ijjb j-JJo
**
«-ij JlS'LlJI ^p J\ ji!l i _y& ip- j^j^Jl i«^-<Jl 4Jl$i
1 0 H
L> j-k_> 4«J j£jla j-A Lo LoJLLP ; ojjJtJl ^L_5 aJs^J LgJL^j>-lj^d
Aj J J ^JL>cJ clU J~v 2 jbj i 0 J^o cJj^y AJ^P V I jA I 4 Ja ^
i-X.— ^-3 ■ ^■■■o * «*» I i 6 ^Lw-*^ , Aj ^/^ j) ^ *v aJ A^Ja I ^
4aJLLijV 1 (humanisme civique) aJjuJI jJJi:
(citoyennete) AJLkl wLw^ a^jj) ^ *> >Jl o j-^-® o jl\
A^UaJ ^tiJl OjjLS-U LJL*Jl ila-L^Jl ! Lq^j>
£
\j j-s^l aJo!^ L fc3 L*j t<W?L>- aJs-L^ Jl? kk
1>* (H-
p.
^ /^jJs-I ^J l Jp- j H (principe de legalite) Lp ^J jl ijlp j> IJu j)
*•
Aj>J. yg ><>■ ll ^j^y**& ’ i ^ 6 - ; oLJl j-uJj ^3 aS'^LJL^JI
^->cJl 1-LwO y^y ) (res publica) ^ j IS jj-* *^lj
♦* *♦
— * p.
j\ j>[ y OIJl*JI jlJi* S^}t <l)i fjS-yj .((droit politique) ^LJl
*
aj£JL <La jL^Liwo 0 Ol j & g 3 C !Jl>- A-PjJ J*a A_o Lvv<_wo^>) oU(
^ p
ijy^j oL>lj p-k^J ^*'daJ j\ j^k^Jl)
jp>jJt tl)^ t .A^wO^o^Jl ^^Jskl^oJi
^ j k * 1 1 wLs^j^ c LajLi^pL o Lw^l! aLJLJI £$Ijj o ^ ^
aJUJI Lg-iLp ^ 1 i Lg-^»LlaJ o\£ ^ L^-^>L^f
" ^ ,,
V j-^3 .o^L-wJL c ^^k-^ j j-2J ! yts*>U! JlJLoxJI Jl»
*• t* ^ u
AjiL-^Jl 0 Jjdlj Aj jA jPxJl aJ^JL twJlkj Jhi < A^P jS Jl ljlw» Aj jJjLi jJL
32
^JUl o jjLSJl q/ 7 & > j^St o jjLaJI Lgjw«
** »* +*
Lx,.^L>- <jL> JaJLs ^wJliaj ^ ji\
S^JLll 4 -L~JI l! JuiL> d)lj L^2 jI ^ ^>cJi J-pIj^aJ
J^-P .Lg-S J-^ 3 AS* yA t ^-Lp l) ijlj <LoL^-*Jl
^ * ff- , ^ ,
Ll^*j ^joo ^£dJi *._ ■> * S I *y 1 c o^JiJI oJ^J Lqw^| ^Jsr^j y$-& ^ kiita
UfclpO ^xJl jILJL q JI 4j| ^ 4^pL<&_>- y£>
•*
♦ (volonte generate) «i*UJl oIjNU-; (Rousseau) y^jj
Lfc^Lptjl 4jj^xJl ^jJJ)$ A ^ 4P^-Jl jJ I ^A l*.1 1 >
jJLoj*aJ| i,* ILrfJl ^!j,}j °^-A *T o^AjwLP eL-jljL^lp'y
if p.
\s l'3L«.*d 1 ) I « (Jp )^- ^ ^ ■?“ “ t ^ ^»3 ^Llsj
{ ja JL»JL*Jl jJaJ ^3 yy^i c5^^J t 4.^.^.„^Jl oJjb jL>&j[ ^3
a^pU-^-I obilkd IjJw 2-4 tLjjjj^ J^ - ^ Lf^jjj s jj^'
**
• ^OvVW^ ^ ^J 1 \*m*+m**A> yA J Jc ^ ! ^ Jl*J Lv- J 1^3 O j^>- oL>- j^JaJ j
(1) j-iJl ^^J-p ^ O-LgJ ^jJI t ^3 j-*j
t IjL^-A .L^l4 ^JJJ^ (_5^ 5JbJuJ( twJLU^Jl t jJLfr
4-J-vJLi]l oLvo%<Ji te^llSsJI yA Jj Vl ^ .««JL ) 1
p
4 - , ^ j \ : : ^ 11 j] (contrastees) OjL-^JI JL*J>I
p
IJu ^ “i/? !*■ i ^. 1 Lla J-L»Co *ojjjJl ob>o c (contradictoires)
Jl 3-L iwJl-lfl-4 4-wwyLs^Jl jlSsJ^yi ^JJP°
j---*ji tjLjLpNi jh^y
*
^bJJo la^.^J ij 4 L^jli 4 j5-IaX^>J1
^ — d-^ Loli C * > 1 y>c-i jy*^\ 0^ J .C^LaJ-2^ QjJu 1^3 V 1^—1
P
wl^>tj /^o jj>«j t AjI^^-rJI ^ frN Ij 4j ji I l)1
Lmo j-aj c o^LjwJ 1 o^y ^>cj oi u.a^s'j ou j la 1
^dJ^l tjj* S jZ j ■** (J ^
33
<Jj5 ^ j}\ J jjld\ AjLgJ i J^>- Jc^s^j to jZal\
t L* 4 -j j-A_>- j»J O jJaJl I Ju*> o \ 5 jJlk}\
(jLi <JL> J->- j^JLpLiJl jJLlp! \~*S
4jg ,«. *> 1 t o j^iJJ LaA^jlpI 4JLj-U
«4
p
*w~~xxJ (.iJjjJI Jbrjj ^^J^jj^Jlj jjJUJI *LfJLsj
t_s4-* ljj-^-1 y t<uL«> 4_A-w*_*Ji ‘UjS/l <L*-s aj JiSfl
S j jpLU oLa^j Ajjjj ) a_lj-L>- 4 jJL4j <Zj\j» •/> >j 4_j jJa_i JuJULi i>_a <t« ,$~
y OjJLpUJIj lp»
P P P
oLJU-p j 2J jjJI *CwLp (Jj^j oi ^5“*-^ j'
V*
* p
yj JutiJlj (JL>*_<»Jl idubd (schemes) <u jj-m»
+> W
jl LfU^ j Lfcjjj-j-J J3 -jjJJ ^iL*j tjLj>-Vl ^-Jl^
.IgjUoil
34
($jh) <j oil)
im\
jjljaJl ^UcaJJlj SjL-xuJI
Jc>-( { yjo 4-ww*J j_aJ| SjjJLlI jJUli oLj^ *&.i\
^j >- jj ^ 4 \Xa )pj j^i cJ j->- ^ j-^ LJ *Ljj 1
Ljj>c^a J-*-Jl iJlft Oj-^ jJL t ti^JL>eJJ ^jJb-ljJl JJL*lji ^Jj la A3
<L j la « 1 1 ^JUcU 4 JL^Jl oLjljjJl jjS* L,^jI j^-*J ^ cJL>«Jl 4^*, * *ia , >
f,
4^>-Ul oLuJl L^iSI y Oil (jJl 4 j jjj-JI (dispositifs theoriques)
^ISLiNl Laj( yc*J\ ^Up- ^ili; (_yJ J ojj^JI JJ» ^ oLfs>-ljjJl
o J l?-I j oJlp -Up ,-*? j_s^JxJL <-Ji jjuJ . (instability problematique)
apjJI l$Jlp ujj ^xj! 5j^S" j^Jt o>_^a<JI s-LuJl j! tiJUi .l^u«-a>l IgJ
♦4
(^Lww^-Jl 0^«^L9 4 LwWvJ 1 1| ^ ^
44
p p
JjlU-flJl 5 ^io J -sA-LoJ c <3-»' j-ti-*-*-! J' (pacte social)
t jL^eJl^ ♦ (droits naturcls) JaJl (J jJbJU) 0 ^pL>j^V I
^ c
k /^JlL L>t-0 i-L>" ^j-P OIj^^Ls^ ^j-o ^ aJI l)I
p
4-j * ^.,j l a g q * \ ^^JLp c 0 j-j* cJ^^f (T. Hobbes) a
j^hJI 5 ^^jLi XLg-JL La j 133 ^ypj 20 _ 18 ^ t2001 t(Terrel)
f t ^ ^C-Si 0^*3 i t ^JihL 3 f ^LA^^Vw-oJ I 1
\ *4 I 44 44
35
_Lv^ ^j£* o^L*P 4 ^Ss-LoJl
l 5 4-ol ,»,«,*.) V 1 *L* * « la ll Cj~** * 1 CJjit JLii .^-Jjj^-SvJl
._>-)) 4 ( h fAJAS' o )LjlpL> ^ ,-jjJl <\_>wL>3 4 4^^ Lww«j!
S,p/ *» ♦* M * M ^y « 4 ** +*
JjtLj^Jl « j g a * j-r-*^.j .L*jLiJ| ^ j (inalienables) Lg-J Jaj^-iiJl
— _£o c joL-JLS JlS* Ju^» 4 _o j_>- iJl ajLi^j ^p I
C*3j» ^1 4JujJl k-j j j>*Jl oJ ^jja <UP jJLll J j^>- j-^1 ojJL^-a
h h-
P £
<1)1 4 Jl>Jl j .jJLp ^L-Jlj jJlp ^U! J^Ai- UjjjI
4 (contrat social) JuLwJl aj^ la : I j—jj (radicalisation)
P
4 <L^-**JLlJ iLb ^-^P 4 -oLp olj| oLwww-li Lj ^3 ^Jco>jo
L« j^j ^ 4-oo-JsaJl ^ g § ^a>- ^p ^i>ti]l ^1 p > s\
^ (J^- (jr^i 4 Sj ^SJI oJI d • ^ a ^ '' oJjJl j j-LaJwo <y ‘IP>-
(, cij'J- ^ rJJ-! ), ^1 jj j~*^j i^-L^ 4J y~£j
P
JjjUII jL-Jl j-A L<^j ^ <1^*^ CftiJ *
oLpIj- UL Jlj ol^JjjJL Jplj J-i*- ^JLAJo 4 I
0 Lp^ ^ i O 4 ^ ^Jj ^L^oLaJI 4 • 0 li J !
p p
oL — >yj L i ^ 1 oljl j\ (.(SjU! j\ ^yij y& 4 J-I«j)
C»JwA 4_i^^Lf4w40 ^l^aO ^ t 4 flw Lp I
fr fr
Li^MI-I r^M 1*1 1 L«j jjJila-oJl Lg_JL>- ^9 ^L^JI i
ios j&>- ^Lh) ilaJLJL iiJLco> oLjj (institutionnalisation)
./S.flJl j 4-^J 4iaLwJl C^Lo 4 4j aJoLvJJ
4 ^ ^ - - 1 Lo^- 3 4j^_>i Loj aJL^2JL>o oJjfc 4-3 0^-^-J (^-i-ll
i Ju^Px-> <l)jl |j-fe J^i .L<o^ <l)jl yi
*♦
JuLtdl i—S Jiff "ya ^yff j ^ ./* ■> '' t ^9«J| 4_^jJ <LoL»— » « ^JL*Jl
duals’ iiPj-lJI ^jlp ^ 5 -* j 4 a^L-JI ^jJL>*jVI
36
LfUj O J* U->112 .Lk^ J 1 (J ^Afc-Uj ( J-d^liJ
*+
^JJ-*-*-?^' IPU* t>HJ - (*^- PJJ J MLr*
-»_ij jl Loli V^-Jslj-S^-jjJl j\ (republicanisme radical) LJL£_ol jJI
p p
l ^ .a « < <J ^jl> ol ^°L? t <uoLJI p—^L) ^j^xbj
p
4-«-P Cx^ J H *LU) O^Lpj^ 5 -AJ^Aj 8 LgJL^>eJ L <L-J
jjl j\Jl ^*Lla>a jl .jip^Jl iJ < up <»U ajj <LoL«Jl ‘da.LJ!
Ji»b cj^j ^1 4 «j^' Vj V*L~« ‘I Wi -I ^ i <ul*
p
tjl U5 . jJl& jJLp j^olill j-SJl -Up tSjjiJl (-1 jJj>-
V^L^J! oLvJOJ! <y> ojjj^JI LJL*Jl iu^tkJl oUOUJl *1*
C-9 j-i? ^j-a ^iwi ^xJl *• *iL^J I
p p
La jl KojjJLJI 7 "jj^ C oJb J-P oLg-~>- />-« 4 j*jLJ| 4j-L 5-J| (JL*3^ll
oJL^J ^4-M^Lwwvwli Lij^-^&Llv^JI ^ 1790 ‘C-wu -LUo oj^-^Ji jj ftLuo oIpo
.0
l^J 4^»felUftJl cHa^VI 2j$jj Sj^iJl — 1
i j r j> Ju-L*Jl j j-> <, jJl}\ oj jJlU <lu>-L-J 1 JulJL>-'y! J*>L>-
«^Jai U^JI» j\ r*jy JU L^J jjJUI
(F. de oL^yLi I j~J yj JL^j jj ^jJ J^- 0 <■ (conservateurs)
i L^J jJ ^ (J. de Maistre) j j Chateaubriand)
r*-
*ljj Lo-J L»l .LuUJL (K. L. von Haller) ^JIa j ji jJ JjlSj
rJujljS jjJbU y>Ls& jj- ! i (outre- Manche) ^jUUJ! yru
0
(E. Burke) li^-o JLi L m? j (S. Taylor Coleridge)
Jail £». i^—ll frlijJl v_iJj_«j 1 yJl>ijL 4JiiL>x_4jl
p
j- s 0 *^A al j j (1756) ( Defence de la societe naturelle )
**
jLjJI Ula ia_>tj *Jj .(1790) ( Reflexions sur la revolution) ij ^Lll
1 .La.i i Aj(^^ ^3 uI^haj ^ a.^.^,i |%! j ^ ^ .xj 1 9 ■» ** 1 i £ j la « 1 1
37
<iil jj> c-JLS - j t l j UO^' ^
LgJ Oj^w* <• oU-j jJp! ji j^_9 . ( j^o ^iS"^
^^axLo ^la^u^ji jiso^yi
LUJl JlJJ A^^v^vfewQtJ I p J^i*“ (2r^ (j ^JLl! ajIju
&
Lj>c_s^3 I Cj~^ l)^-* ^ 1 ^-*-d— 5! ^jU*jl^oI t jl ^ jl! I i g -L<>-j>c_j ol^ ^Jl
IjjIS C t ^yJgSj-d.^jJl ^UfljJl JJjjJ ^j>B->tJl ^jjs JuJL*Jl tJidL>t^Ji
sjr^ ^ ^ t 4 ^s^ j . . /? . -> - ( j-wa J-U>
o*La <Ji>J JjLji jLjJI IJla oli tl^.
Lgj c^v-^L> ^iJ! a^uL^JI d* «>- 1 4-^LiJL>-^fl ^jJl*Jl L^jJLjj>-
j .^JjJl ^UajJl
^L~Jl ySdaJl oljLJ Lp- j-owJ 1
^ jliil ^Ip- l^j^ww>o <jV t ^Sw^^5sJI j ./->*\\
tjS* <LJjl Aj>e-<J KjSfl j*JUjj / 3 ^4 ^JjJJ| OjjjJl J ^hJij
^wa^Li^Jl <t^»Lw«^[! ol>j >VI
(droit divin) ^^^1 J^Jl ijjJjL Ijjil .SjjJJU
Jji*Jlj ^^x^JaJl ^Jj>Jl oL) ^iij ( ^ 5 1 p t jJilil s jjjJI
•* **
y p
IjU-m2_>3 oj^^^-ipI^ oljL-w-aJl <J^^" ^ Ijl^JI I j\s*j
**
j^>Jl c-jI jli^>)J j 5i ytiU ^bJLj IjbL^oMJl LuUjLJJ j i^jJ^Jl!
t^-^LoJl ^j-p ajjjj^JI a^j! jjJI 4_j^jk| jjj jlS^-o t ( _p'L«j^-'y!
L*jLjlpIj tobUJl j JLj>-V1 <L^u*I *-?■} J^LLtj
IJl^JI I U5 . I j>LlajJJ <LJut-a.ll j o-L^?- jJl <lL«LvaJI
J y- t(lumieres) jl jJ ill [j-mslp ^ ^i>»] o ji» j-o «>L*-<Jl
vUVlj fl^Vl /»J-p Sil^- J, ojLjlpIj OILLJI
jLill L» I
.V
^a ^ # SjLiL l^Jl
*1 t I t !Jjfc ^jA ^-**uaJS jJajI (l)
38
l ^ C ^ Llfl 1 H** l l ^L*-^-j2l> Lj JkmA t ^A^\ ^
jjJJs-iJl ^-Lp o1^L2jl»^1 o A_a ^^j>tjj .^cjjLJi Lg-J-^ J g *~*i ^yJl
oJL*L>tj ^yJl c ft j\ jj*)I\^—>j Ao^JL*JL^ 4 j jJajJl <Lul^ yJL
*♦
(Jj_JL>tJ ( Jj^l (It* A-pL*^-^ I L^J j J j-m 2> J CjLjljJli oljL~I**b/l A~o_*i
t U5U r^S) ijJLlaJl Jajlj^l JJ-b jl yfc-Nlj *UiJl
^1 ^31 ^ ^j33 . ( cHj Ij AJj t 4-J^yO OjliL>oi
.jljiJl UysA> Ol JJ tjt-g^oUiJj ^fJi
t 4.A >- jmt± 11 d*>Ljl j la 1 J^b y«-AA^Jl
A^Jai.ilj JuJUjJL -kii (jAiSA (retrogrades) j-^ )} *^3^
'j-.'-s (J-J iSjjJiJl ly jJI I ij j_-o jJl j 4 ^jLu ^
•*
h Lg_>«-jlXjj l. g y? \ j & I <L*JaJjJl c J la d-J L^Ji yJ I A-^xjjllJl oLfcL>*J^J
f*
Ai-b l *^>p Ifcjj J l>- JjLckJ <yL*JL*J!^ A>ji^j-iJi oL^L>ol
M *•
■■bi® (_§»iJl jj> « ■» )1 l«i-& ,. g i ,^*_jJJtJl ^UajJl
jl tA3jbL«J A3 y~ o AiiiL>fcfl Apjj 0 j jAj tf’ijjJl ^1 Oij^Jl
jLJ (heureux oxymora) ywJlj i_-> jliJl yJ> ^1 JjlJaJl
^j-JiLa) «Jl_iJ_>- jl,J_aJ)) j_L>- _Jl t(P. Macherey) (_$ *_JiL»
p.
A^l J}U- y 4Ayu-^ b> yj .(30 - 3 y 1 1987 t (Macherey)
iJljJl oL^aLwvw<JI iJ A jj^o| 4j JLvii j tjLcJl lAfc
■ A) 1 9
.LjjjjI yl^Lwo ^v> JjJl*J| o y i^l AaJ
cT J>s -‘J ^ J^J 2 A<V ^ ^cSy'’ (.yj
(JljJj J 1 ^ 0 ^Jbdt 4 A^-L>cj ^ Ay olS* ^>*-j
.(1790 t (Burke) li ^)
{Reflections Sj^ill J o^Li i_jiJj_o ^y. iikJLo aJ ji<Jl oJla j
**
AjIJb ^ (1797-1729) JDj-o! Ay^ (^iJl o« ?/ze Revolution )
**
39
O* j ^ j-U^ j 1790
** ^ *4
fr ^ p
Lfe ^ wo L j ^ *l^o— a! l h*j LJ I o*J«^ ^ - 1 ^ ^ j
— •*
^1 40 ^) j| » li l . * v*? a L^^J 1 f ^ a 3 i ^Lp L* aJ 1
*i j-o ^ <u~iJ tl^t-j-j ^JJ! ^Ij^Jlll ^laJl J^JU ^^Lc- jJpL^JI
*&r o* S^jIaJIj 4#>- y> I ^ 4-k^.j
.(^>1
ijjiJl jl&Vl jLiil y> J^li ^J>J| OJL^JI jl? JLflj
Ojjlll ^J*J ^Asluli j\ jj\ C^IoLoJl ^>tJ frljj
£.
o* 5jLp ^ .^J^ajI SjjiJlj (glorious revolution)
$• tf-
(l)j«5 <! Uk^>- j^JLxj 4»* « « la U KJJjSjN jJb ^>-VL) J I JlLjwj
£, P
L)Uk-^ ^-Lp ojjJiJl oJlA il* 1 o> P JSj ^ X$\J tJuoLj
fir
^-Lp ciJ-LoJl 4«*-P pLp^i i)j5 ^ jbA>-
^pJj ^Uaj ^ 'J j] ^LL> 5 jJ>e-a (^6^ t^LjljJl Lol S^l jl
:>L* ^JJl pjJwJl (droit coutumier) o ^JLSJI» *UJ!
C-jlJbjj>tj ^Lp laae ^3 Jl oL^u^AJ ^*-w_L> (^jJL>- ^ (J j oJLp
v
cj -
'^Jj c*-^ 1 «-
— 1 ^ * 1 1 p *l^ r ,0
(pairie)
p,
<_M ^ • “p-f’kr^ ^Ip-UpIj p-§JljL^I oIOa-^1 js-
JjApxlJl ^-jj 4_^P «L> jjjJl <^Ja^JI o j^3 JuS*
p
IJlA . ((oijJLpx^* 4j j ji j 4 ^*jL) ^LIj ^Lp
(philosophic «iliU^JI iLJii>> wJbuJ j! <j jjJl < _ 5 Jlp t J'>La!1
«j >- y (superstition antiquaire) iil ( _ r J j de 1’analogie)
<uLm%1a)I oUA .kiuj^ ojL^XpLj ^^LJl i J l \ (J _^Ajco
^UajJl Lf^ ^lvLw»l LS ^a^\ _ r >-^JJ iJL^Jl
40
+/0L> 4-wJ>c*Jl ixkSC>Jl 0*A-fe Jla^2 JIa3^
“ **
& & f,
L> j-A C Iw\jI (J^^J t yJLJl ^(iaLiJl
j^-p t^ljjJl (jF JLp aJIJl! *>\jL^s JJi^ Ju t ^Lj.? Vj LjLi
4^2^jJlj i? jJL^Jlj J^Ua^o^U o^Jj>tlx>Ji oLAiJt
ijSj *L-J*Vl Lg^3 Ju^z>o ^Jl iljjJl oJla jUal 1 1 j^La
J uolSsJU oJbJU>- 4JjL<coJl 0 j-5o ^)J i 4-».*-Ja, H jL~o
t £S j-^) ^L«Laj ojjL>5Jwo L^_j <=.|j-?-S/l Vj UjI
.( 44-42 <. 1790
1 jJLxJJ 4 « *« L? ./3-oJl i^>[jj]a^}\ ^Lp
** ♦*
4 4-PjjJl oU»A tjb t (J j-*JLoj C?^ J ^ ^Lp 4,SL^ )1
^iJLj c j^ljJiJt l*J ^1 (naturalisme)
l^il .^»JJiJlj CJ pL»Jj>-'yi jjJaJl Mj AjjPnJt
p
iiL^o ^^JLp ijtiljJl J^-b lUJS Jl5 ju*J
4 5 1 jfl oJl 4_tjj>tJlj JlSGl 0^>L*PxJ 4 jjLv*JL*
t-\jwL>- j *bLi| (Jj^>- t <Ls^-A^Jl
. C-oU ^Uaj
p p
<JT^ Ij-a 46 _p-jJl <>-J (jL ( _ f i]j
tt ' ** **
l I ** ~ I . ^ T I >*M( -
Uj,mO^ a-A
J) Oj}
* -* —✓ T ^
La ^Lp ^JLo L^-i.$\J c ^^LwwJlS"^ I 4j^^-
*(42 ^ 1 1790
C oU*>L 0 l ^3 1 J^-ZLA ii J_^ jJ-u aJLgJ
*+
^jjiU ((^x^Jl)) j^jJl JjUj ‘(absolus) oliikJL! Ui*La
♦*
4 ^s^rtiij C ! 4 ^ww*> 1 ^*.mJ I ^JaJLJI j jjJUJi ^JLp pjUJlj
41
* f,
t <djl*Jl ^JlP V jl ^^Jwj t A I? JLJ I oli*>UJ
j^IaJ 4_5LLJI A^yg.^JLll ^a Lg_Cc>_9 ^L_J ipU^Jl
Ljfc JjjUalj N J j-dJli L AjJ-xjj t > JlS^j t Lg-j J^ a “' wUJ
^a JL>CL» Ju C *L^L>- 4-*pLaJl>-l 4JL-A Lj_» 1? 4**3^jJ 4 la 1 ^a
LlJ U>L.jJ1 Jlp iuJliJl iUJLJJ A^^UJl ijcJaJl
^JJl I /*UajJU Llsjl>t-a ^Aa\l IwL-^-S” L^jlJLoj
4^2_l j}-4 ^3 JL oLCo J j) yg « S I j}Jb Sd-Aj) . ^-L$\-^a>
» **
4,«.JLo,.ll t JLoJl ^3 4_C*jjJl^ 4 _w<->j L-^J 1 4 la 1 S' 4 j jJflJ »
I* ^ r *4
Oli^-p jJLJ cJU^j Jl v^JLj .(1796) i^jlxJlj jU^JL
^Jwal^-P 4_>liLoJ t S. g 1 C, <UJ>-Ul CIjLpI \j o!^ L^. (JjZ)\
oJlA \y ^ J iJjjJl JlJU Nj .4Jl^^a 4 ta JLal^Jj 4*^5 y
\ Ia^sS JL>«J LjO La oJLpUJi
^liljj ^JLs^Jl JuULj 4jLa oLwj^ jjJl 4 -^aJ (. . . )^
U5 ^LJl jJLJI jlJjj ^ill tJ*AJl ijjjj J^iJS
^jiJl J5 ^ ^U1 ^JbJl J
t 4 jLa ^JLasJI oIpI j «,/3 9 .5 jjln^Jl
1 Ij 4jli^ (L-^j^i
f< «»
^ oljl^l J5 j-* L5Ij 1>*-l>-
y>\y J~k J J5 £*a>Jj LA~~I 5 JJ^r4
-i la'"'! I g ■*> jA-tj i /^o J I Alp'll ^o,»iia<ji (_5AJl
yj L^l-9 <.SjJj\j S-Vj-* CjIjjL_o
*A
Jjh~ Nj Jl JS- 4j?xjLJ|
S^ >Lol
^1 SLjtiaJl 4 la 1 +* Cl— *1^ fri y*jj l a^.U l .:c I liaJL^
.(45- 44 ^ 1 1790
42
(O A^JlA[La jU^j ^5 l! j^i t
p ^
<Lo^iljJl I ^^JLp /h 0 -L^LJl ^Jl ihj>J\j SljLwv^-oJJ
4 .*Jsj \ jJt 4*jL*_*Jl US^>Jl j <w- 9 jJalJl J q^Jp oUN j j jbcJl j J*l£d!
I*
•0^ Jl! j^J( ^*^1 j-iU^ (J 1 ujlp ji ^ 4P j.-M^w<>Ji 0-4^1
** f* £,
1*J— (3-J t l *,<3 jl ^ ^*^LwcvJ f yP L'pww^" ' (^jL^wOi— LJ Aw n/3 a
Jj j*J-*J I j J .,^7j ^P LoJL>- N I JlSaJIj J^>Jl ^
jV^ LLi® <tajLi!l iitAjJl t /jjJutJl Jl* ( JtJu jip -L>o Lil t JL>J! j
.U l^J ju 4 yJl S^LJI ^UJI jm'i
ypl ^yJl j-LJj 4 »o*AaxJ JjLi y .j!
V-LJI aaJUJI j! Uili. yJl SJu^Jl ^*>UJ! >. J! iL«J U-LS
^ ^ W H * \s 1 1 I ^ ^ — *> ■ ^ ^ ^1. I -*- *■ 9 ^ ,A feAa^ i
M
P
^yU^J <jpt L* jj>j t ( _ ? pU»i>-'yi (jliyjl ^jjJajj
,( 4jrVrr^ <Jp^'*-J ^ ^
yJI oljLiol JS» Jj t (pre-politique) JJ Ajy jl ikL-
jL«J yo SiLi^ti'yi ^JiLa) ® < _ # pL«-x>-'yi ^»»>tJl $ j^>t<o j ij jjt^Jl Lg^ti^J
.(.^J! .. .f-ljJiJl ,j» ^ISC?-S/I AjjiJl J-o-*Jl
( j-d I Jj^JLsavwO C 4*irtlaJl <]l>- ^Jl O J 1 ^ 0^*^dJ
'blj ^jp-w^-Vl I^A— ft 5j->-j j-*^ cLL!^ (1)N ^ ^_-o^JLj>xwoJ i
vi
0 p P p
t Lg-S**)\jLal ^pJj <J 1 Vj ^JaL^ ^1 (jl IAa ^Jalvvo
^^-wJaJl jLwwo^/l Jj-^j ji ^3 (JJLjo
* 1 * 91 - p fr
AiamjS.iO Cr* J 1 ^)Aj 2 j ( 1)1 j*5b-»
Lg-^a3j^ ^jJ ^iJl sjlpUJI oJ-A oL> j— > 4y^>-
4Pj|-^>x-a 4-^wJaJl (3 ^Jl>*j iolpj cy
oLx-fc*i_^Jl ((ij ^-J>tJl 4 B ak.M s A^J yo-ll® a J_* l-^ i>- '■ lZjJl>-j ^yj I
43
.1 jSy I ikJL- jLj^I iSjjj-Ji Jl ^j-A 4ji J_A t
(>• J-> tjL^oLS' jI^S/I y*
ol jibU ^LoliJi Jj jJb*JU ^oJ>wJl ^y£_!»
J J-* ^ V-^J
ioljNl o J-A ^JlP SjJa-w^Jlj t ppL^tSj 4-pl^>t5 ,
ikJLwvJl oU c Ijl^Jj jL*uL!^l lJu&
oJuA C d-JjfcJu 4 -L^Lwm.o l)
L^auj^J L*~Hj ^ oV LiUij obljNl
t>* Uy>- ^LaI^S'^/1 jU j
c iij-o) <(oLj->«Ji JJLo dJLta L^JlLo cjL^JNl {j jJL>-
.(76 ^ c 1790
Jp-#j K^x^JiaJl JpJU ,^a j^jLa JLq*a^I <jL t llA jJCsiJ
JbJu>tJ J*A>- jpj * fr t _^ J^S" ^p^j! j^*\ JL>w?cu*>l jj* c^jL^jNl
t4 M
drriJ j^r^' ^ Jj ^'
>*“ 4 ^3 dUj ?y*j+ J&i L»J (ij^Jl
*♦ ^ >i J
j^Liu Lo o^Ip ^>tid t J^osJLj ,^JLoj<JI Ls^j-s^>~ j jJiJl L^jb jL/?gl
^ ** **
, ^ P>ijJ t Aj L^wO— ) 4»0 wl^oJ 1 I 0 J-A
t*
I Jla ^^JLp L p> ±S j5CJ .L^a U^UaJI c^pLiJ ipL-^Jl 0 jjJJi
4jl jJL>-l t \ j^A lpL«-Jki l)Lj IwL i I
tf- p
^pxjjUl jl2jcl!I a& jJjl« JIS1j:L c ^ Ja-^p!
£
<J (V° _jJLj cJJUjJ . L*-aJl>c-«JJ j ^ypL«J^>- jlj
LgiULo y* Li iJLj* jlS’j* IjJlp «-Ui1
.^4^>c^JJ ‘U^lL^vJl OjbVl
44
t; ^ * l-,** **Jl IwLgJ^^
f-
4X^P 43 j*J* ^/3" j" ^^3 • j^° oJjL*>ij 4~*^tf? aJL^w*
*4 44 ^
JVq j' r-*ri ^ J^iJ p-fr’k-^j ^r*^' <u ^ a i
^Jl 4 -oJL>JI 4-Jl ^_a^2_> ^xJ! ^L^Li<Ji c. 4 1 ^> c^q
K " ¥>
jJl^j l+Iy ^JL, U Jl i^U ^ *J.,jJU
t^jjL>Jl ^jj» oJlSLjJI Lo *LgJb>-lJj <LskjLSJl oLI j la «/?^l 1
ijlljJlj LiJJ»jJ| A^-\j J-S" J^>- J-P- 3j^-* J-X-Lj
$jj *~ 1 1 ^ - 5~ <Li _s ' g " ^ j ■ iJL-Jlj ? Or .,c? i
.(77 ^ <. 1790 tlJjri) «^j/^l ^.1 j'Jcj UiSj fUkJl
^0 Lp Ajjjill ^Jf jjl *— *L>E-S^l 0wL>-|^fl C
^ ^<3 l^SpNr^ ^ 4»P l M *p ^? ’ C J^- 5
^i-T .ojLijo^f j-^jN I J^j jp*tJ! Jug_>tj c 4jtS ^L^Jl J^LtjJJ
•* *♦
c 4 _L?Lvwo JjJLg-^xj o3JU>«j! JjJLaJI ^L>c-s^l jli c cJl la o 11
^,L^I Lq-&.-L*->^ t LgJ ^dLUbJl 43 4-^jLtiwoJl
p
*ULJl oJLo J jj la ' j»UjJb| ^1 IjJ^j pJ j*— Lo-^Jw^jj
ojJ-5j! ^_g_jLp^l ^Ll> 1 c ^Lp wL^L^JI ^ g ?LlJ
. LaJjJjhj^ 5JjaJI ^LysJl ^Lcxu-mNI ^J-p
(science ^L^jlS^ p*>Ul ^jJL> ' jJLrf p-g->l
^ c-
^jJLp- ^jUtdU iJbL« k*£\ y> j!>U- ja i*_SoJU ^L-15 pratique)
Usb ^Ja; N ^L-SU « 5 lsJli» : JL^-Sll
._jr V ** ^ 4 4* 4* 1 • I*
P ^ P P
*^L+j H^ja ^ \jjtA jJ-j jl jZUj L> oM ‘■(jjy
fr (.
Ll y, j < _ 5 ic- i*Slj ^ ji — j o'
il)Li® cl .«oIJlJ| ^_9 4 ,1a jl j-^Vl ^JLjJI oJ-A
oLULjlj^^ l j ^jLJI I j ^_5jl?-I c o^^a_>ic— J ^JL*Jl oJl& c^L5-c-v?I
p
(_J <!***>- C ^-*^-s^l jLjej'y 4 j 4 ei_^Jl>*ja^U!
45
o jjJ j»JLa ^jJIp (a fortiori)
£,
^ ll I J-& f-LL) j\ , ^oJw>c-<>-LJ djLLkJJ i J j.^J L q
.1790 .4*) (OfJUi ^ cJLt
.(78-77 ^
JJL*Jl o LgJuj>tj (1)1 ^^xJl ilNjJl 1^1 U
*+ ** «
IJLo 4 ^ ^ 4.J i^xJ 1 o*rX^ ^m ^*^ 1 ***^ jl ?(3L*Jl IJla ^
* 11 - 4 *
JL>*_« ^1 dUi JL*j JJLuiJ (reduction critique) ^JlaJI <Jl^ii>-Vlj
L*iJ- L) 0^*i ^ J^i J> ' Jb,A d J ^ J J^*d
t gip ^ -s*) C I.AJL> [ c*^ ^ JjVl j 1 t ^L*-£ • 1
4_^3 ^Jb c oJbJLP C-jL*-j j^J CjL>jL-J13^I 1) ^JLl!
ojL^pL) c JJL*Jl ^ 4_^ j^L&l j j^as ] Lj
jj fr ^ ^
(corpuscules) o l-e>wA^sAA^*~ ^1 iwJ I i-XS* 1 odV^' u^' ^ya 4P^-4J>«-d
Oj ^V'j u— "j J-*- jJlj jt^JLjcJlj jJl ^ygJl >■ /^o i^jJJwo
^Jl 4 jj jjJl ^ jjJl (jl t-jLS" ( jJ>oj . 4j ^J aJl jl 4 JoJ-^JIj
*♦ +* ■
Ujli?j ^JL=hJj ^xJI oli^Jt j^JvWJ
^ (, r r t a
^ | jA I L^j ^| l *. +i t L^^rviJ 1^ A^£ , ‘ 1 ^ 1
n n P
C 0| ^ ^J—O 4*^* ^ ^-1 1 flwL-fc
p. f.
^ ^ ^ P* 1,'QwS^^' 1 1 O 1 • A_r^M^^tLr^tarL3 {_Y^ ^*****^ 1^*
^jl j\ JJlhS o VI t^ujl iL^jJLi .JJLlJl iJlfc J^O Li^UaJl
i a « ■ (U^l I/ 0 * ^ijL«So eJ^L*^*J a^
^-5j i (JL^b-tJIj J^Lj^VI jl 4 jj) la 1 **. ll
♦♦
N t <J j-^2-* ojLlpl c^>tj Jlj ^ lLU Jj OjjLSJI
J-» 4 ^ ^ ( )^J^Jl
VwUlj v^V 1 ^a^V' J5 L4 J J-Jl^“ i*U <£L-*J t^JUJl
c A-d j«o^(Jlj 4-J j^Jl U)LjjJ^t^»Jl^ u>l^«VI_j pLw^Vl j
46
Jo 2 jJu jLi ( jji j j *,az) \ 1j_a JlLo J 1 -^*
<A-wJ^ ^\ ^J-P jJLsAJ ^ ^1 oU-^ j\ jjL) t ii ^jJ
4 SJts*- ^JLp J L ^ J «aJL*JI® o i I . K 4 JL$Ij^ ioli
-t- ^ *- j-v^jjj * ft jJL>Jl ^yljJl JUL*J( Ji»-I.i ^
iJ j (arbitraire) iJ^Lxpl S^IjN jj jsl^S/l u^i nullaJ
jJUJIj LaLwL ^JLlall ^^1 Jaj^j ^Lp ^UajJ» Jo t (contingente)
t Aj^LgJol ^ J^-P o j-^l do U 4 <_?V S ^'-! cAr*^'
*4 *4
j -s**- * il jlSUl (_y9 j 4_oL>Jl ^LJaJl frLijL
(inanite) L*Laj" j^_J L ^>j .(123-122 ^ il790 tii^) . «l*J
^ f . , f
O-olP ^J*P 4 j^»-\Jl iw-wL? 0 4 jj^L!I tw^ldoJ!
^ e.
;(un tout) *^5 UjLipLj L^« ^JloLcj» S^U) J^l ^y>
♦4 “
J^d d dd ^ -y~ 4 *.r? yr”
0!>UJ1 aJLp J^jJLvJl jji tL^ LfJ^p jid y-y^
d- ^ y^j^b
4 jjJJl Sjb^l <J_>- /^o ^ <Lo*-LJl
t LgJ j-L>o Lo.-S* d! j! j_iJi SL>tJl t^JuoLiJI oJugJ
'Vj i i ySLo^a fjJJ J y~ 4 ^J| j-*t_f- o*^«Lj y» LStAkjl
v us 4 if] wwij ^u^ji ^ uuj juiryi
^1 Lgij_pJj L^j 1^*0 ^1 h>\j ^Jl iilj) IfJ j^j
y> dL^LoJLo j^s- yJ^* Vj ’V
.(123 ^ 1 1790 <.£#) «<JjVl
4JI ^~JJl Jl*i*iM sjijj Sj^iJl _ 2
4o jJkj L^-jLo?jo j^-JJl 4_P JjJl ^ J-5odj pj
«4-wwvJ I 5 j_^Jl oIjlp j g 1» ■ *_1 L^_)l L»_S^ t L5s^»>L»j-a
47
p
^ 1 L) ^JiSLaJ ! o| t aJ^ Lww^J
4*
*d>*«Jl ^yy iJjJ-ji J-*-?^ ^Ij — !1 JjuuI
*4 **
f. P
A-^wJa_> ^J-L^JL4 (JjLs^j ASL! AjLpj 1 J - ^ iT o jy >~ V I eJ-A £j'<? 7 j <L>i j-flJl
LgjLojfeL^a $jJl>-j A-^Ljj^-Vl oL>eJl Lg_AjUijj 4-^L*JI aJoL^JI
«4
aJwo jup j-P J-i <* LgJLt-iul oLi^j
JuoLjJI , Juol jp sjip J^uaj <> jJl& j^JLp ( j^*Ll11
iJr^AJl AP^iJli .l^b >*' i«.jkjl aI*>UI Ji Jj^l
4 j 1 Is C^LJxJLqJI JLs/? ) (_£ JJL) kwkl_LaJ>- AjLLoj oJLe JJwo Cj j pa J IpI
** # 44
iliycJl jJliJlj ci^JI oljLi-lj ikL-j
O jia-s4?i (aj j£jl±\ Aj j^zS\j ^JlJl Jl>-I ^jjo JJLxJ)
*4 44 ^
ic-Lv? ^Js, jl Uli : < ^H> a cs^i l vAr*^ oj^Jl
a-p^jJI L^_i cuolJ -tJl Jl>-1.5
*4
®o^Lr^ # Cr“ JbJi-*Jl (w-jLw^JLjI j^+JU La 4j^j*^l 4jj^^o*>eJl
AaL^^JI A-ot^->cJl ^Vj-P j^j ^llaJl oS Jb
P
jl*_J1 4_pL_s<s> Ju-xJ jl L>lj ((la convention) SjjiJ! jy-~>* J ji l-»
>\j% y>Nl <jl*J L» Ulpj) j\j£\ ^-J> l JkJl oi^J
(la aJL>- j**JI jlxj j_« Ij j*s- ^JJI .» g «». a i
/»Lal el jLwvw<Jl j oIJIp j-* .(terreur)
Ij «0 J ^ 4-ww*jI^JI aj^>«JL ol jip'i/lj 0 ^jLaJl
44 4*
4j>Jl^2^JI oL-^*j ^^jLajJlj 4^w4 e-djlii jJlj 4^jl x,r? j? ll jjj-JLl!
LwO wLs^? aJI j-ySS 0^1 jLn^LIj I Aj LLa»_; C A-S"
« O^s^&Lw^J! 0^-l*^L?n-<>xJi L^J^P ^4-3 1 -Xj I
‘ ls^
4*
(1) ^ ^-x_p !-L3^ ►opLJLjI 0-^p^ 1 o^L—Jl
a_j^pxJ| ^^,.A,/g, V i yja jJlJI I J_a ( ^ - p c ( 1 830 1767)
(fondement ^^^L-»_-u^ ^^ p»Lj a ^ jj L— <■>* 4 L ? i—
48
p. ^
Ijla jU Ulp JjULJI jl dJ^/l jji souverain)
00
: jb~J jS' JjJL .bjJL>fcO Vj lilixo tcLLb JJij
clJLb^ t 4 _*^? S^L~Ji (j|.®
j! (fraction) jl ^ aJ ^
^ ^ .tiJJi pJ La SiL^JLi ^LojJl t iu J»>- ApLaJ*-
^JlSI l 11 1 1 jl jl ^ ^ p 3 ~' c *-^' ol
p g eJlA ^Jla^2j2j o^Lw^Jl Ij-L^»-
f. 0
^ ^j^SbJt ^^Jip iSL^.3 .ilji^l $ y>r j ^ loLw^
Sjj^waJL JJij gp-ll <— *JL>- t wilb
& & ^
^»Ua^l JJ> j_p IJ-joj Lo^i <.J_>^j
.(313-312 ^ c 1815 4 (Constant) jLL j 5 ) <<^1^-!
V*
UjLl^J pi~*) vrU^ is>»Jl ob~J jS (_$JlJ j La j
k^^JLJI J^liu -*-L>j ^ jLw .>jJL*JI ^
*♦ •* **
(tyrannie k^I^a^jJI jUJaJI * j (despotisme monarchique)
0
cLUJb i j^j* il^i u j iilkJI ^ yu t JbJi^Jl democratique)
<JL)L^o L^s jl*j pj j as 3 -i
^jjo ^1 j^aJl j (p_j jJU! ^ 5CL>Jl pLlajJI <u-oljj J^?) oljL^woJi ^j- 0
1 j-a! t(Ls ^1 p—)JLSJl ^^L<>jL>-*y I p LlajJ 1 oljLj^al J-v^)
& *
jjL>x-Xj ^iJl iJ jjJl j 4_0 jJl}\ Aj jJ>Jl AjL*j>o J^L*Ju aJUw>JLs
44
p
^ "i -i 3r? ^ ^1 A^ji— wJl OwL-A b^c — 9 ■ A 3^ ■‘i 1 ^ 1 A I? 1 »*» 1 1
H 4 *4 ( J * ^ 4 ^ *4 *4 “*
L^L~Jl LJl^JJl ^jjL tiiL^a oL-jJLj ^^1 (bipolarite)
0
<J j->- A-^^-wou^A-^JI A-JL^J»Nl ^ jJL^a ^JlP j->tJ C l {j * A jj 0
Ajjlfoj L*«a ^_ 3 wL^>wwvo oLwimmo^^ oj^ •a^a^L^amJI^ aJ^-Luc^JI * <+a <a^cJ 1
Ijjb aASwwO a J i Lj Li ^LAlS'y I Lg-JLp Jl>- 1 ^j AjoLuJl O^lj^ll (J y>~ J-^ JJ
49
j oj£»Jl Jl V~JL Ju>Jl
jJLj Ljfc j N aJsJL^j iJlgJ Jilix^-Nlj ^ ojL^Jl
JL) (( I ^-A-OtajfcXJ! jbjjfiJl^ 3^3 J J J^f~ ^ 3^ <^ 3 * J b*J^ ^JL
^ t
<—*>! ^Ja-vs*l LJljIj 1 i-\— *— 3 *■ 1 -1 1 ^|l.^\_3 )
. (a_*L*J| bl jN I 4 jLj>“ <U»,^ *1 <L*J? jJU* lIjLo j_>j>tJl ( Jb') j*J>b j-*
4-^L>Jl jljjJ t diJi ^ ^lSCaJI <■ 0^^ cpI-^J
f, f,
^ ^ ^ ^ * Jl I J t^" ^ ^ A^J 1 oLjVtX^O i * Im^L'VMvAJ 0>^LtfWk>MuLj 0^^ J.^hi^*j 1^ ^wwwmmJ I
JL>tJ jl N o^l^Jl jli c o^lj^/l JJ>~b jv-j j-Jj l j^s^j
p p p p
,^jL>eJl ( V|»d l g « jb (1)1 l—* >g-J JjJj>*jJl \Sjk 1-Lw« j^ 4 l. g»* M . d .* J 1 |^..«<* d )
p p
(£>w contrat ( _^L*JL>-'in JL2 jJI J 4_a-!j-« J ^Ul j ^> jj jl
^•^wQwvJ I JIp 5 jili S^jJUx^s'>Ul iw^UJl c social )
4 Jlill c->L£Ul J&JI J) ^»L>«JLj Jo kj ^»l*Jl U
i*
JijoiJl 5 jjljJ 1JbJU>tj ijJlb t-\ jj>~ ( j-a jJj ^ (^_;t jJl Jw2jdl
Ls - . /I Hi 3 LwwvJ^b u j! jj> .(i^JkJi k-ji^Ssji) ^jUJi
' 1 **
\.fr*,^a.\.) Jj ^Jl e^LvwJl Jl LfcoU» ^xJl ojl J ^ 4 3 ^JJ
\ 4* ♦♦ •*
£*J }} k SJj*i! ( ^3 JUIjj lj ^»UJ1 5j»Jafljl el*
P
l^jb A-^pL^JJ>-^I A-JwJl Jl AJ^SC^j N Jj J j>jJl |j-& jl3 t lLU^
c ojjjU j j) * jl? a Ll^J I lLU^ Lob c OwLdoJl l^jlla 1 ^ ^wwj
^ A-^L»jL>-i Alabj jb-w%u jS .ilj-jj JUjj JlLol
03 J>~J jA> (^J-51 ^ yUL Jj>eJJL^I AjIs C aJ J jjl aJs-L^ 1^1 J^Lu^l
J-dj t lLU^ o J j>- jj AJ^^qj L^S' 4 ItaL-^Jl A-J^LiLw*>l ^l^JlJl
^ja cJU^ ( j^ a jl^ bjj *<wJjiJa^Jl jjj^ejJI
Aj^ yd] Aj ^>J l J ^S* J) -kwaJL ^“Ij J^ t A^P ^jJl ikLJl
^ j-iJl I- -g - g <w>L>- S j-jb ^ > ^jj_>iJl o j-fc
I g - ^>1 ^ ^jLjJ jl aJ jjJLl ^ a»Lp o jjb j aL> 15 Aj^J*>L5j^Lj
: j 5 ^ j*
50
J-SCjLj J^r j-j 3 iL
lli»
Wr 9 c5^ I iia-SjJl J-Lp o^Lw^Jl o\js
1 Jl*> JjL>o L* !i[j . .yy yJl
<K
(jJJl <. (despote) l±* LJjuo j 4Jli c-UiJI
»*
tjl »i ^*7 i XV L»^ ^ i’^.iJ ^^3 i JLwwoJl twA^^-llj 4JL£_y2 (J
*» $■
N j c 4 La LJU (1 )j_£j Oj^ jjL>«JL>
K^AjIj Oj^ (1)1 (l)j}^ l g ««>-^Ls^ *1)1 4-s---lp^\J
,(313 1 1815 ijLuJ/)
Lgj a L i OwL)JL>tJl ^pLyg-ii ^y 4j>- j V 1 o J-A> Jj>~ JJ j
• (J. Locke) <jyr <c& £$b <jiJI ^y-JaJl oLu-I^
(petition de JU**» ,J ^SlaU Ojas’ t ^s^lail Jj>JI 5 ^SOs
*• ** +*
od_& ( j_p ojjj^Jlj jljJNl jj-a j— *>jj A -o- ~ j*-5 t principe)
jLaaJI ^ JAOJ 5 ->Jl OiAUl JAb v^'
•* ♦*
jl . ^^LJI ., d? j 1 1 t. JjVl ^Ll^JI c ^pL*jl^II
4_o y Li I jl)> LajLO ^jJl iA j^I «»S/ l jb-wJjS
**
<Lx^JaJl ^y <L> jJgJ ^Jl C <lpUj>I 4 L? b** yp
**■ ~
•4 «*
# ^ £
^ j p>tJ ijjLi^o j>- ^3® *U2Jj-4 ^3 4^0 J I
»» •♦
<lLj Jlj>JI Li;L*^^ywdJ (JjLJLo ^yo Ut)LJi2-jlj -(1819 4jw^)
4^>cjjL> ijjlioJ 4^x,^JaJl Aj^pxJl ^ j g .a J LLw*jj 5" i.
^ ^ L? x > u Laj L^^~ L^j
Lj 4j j^»«Jl i ** ■ < 1 S .LaJ .4ji 4 j jj>bJ l JLtl^X>» ^LSbXo c<L>^uO^>Jl
SiL_Jl »LeV ^LJlj ^U^>JI J-o^O! ^ JioJ^ i«*jJLijl J>^iij»
i *
(JjJ>- L_pLq._?- J jlJcJl J O 4J>-L<sJLj olw2-S-Sl 4_^jL<k>>
1 4-fljjJaJl oJl^j L^y j5LLjl 4 j ^>J l O-olSj i c-»y>tJlj ^yjlji]!
51
aJsJLmJI ( j-ojLoJ j
^a QO^Q-a t ipLouPrJl <daJL^J ^QJI $ jQJl IjjLS*^ jjjt
^ ^3 o^Qw***JQ .Jl» i^lil jl£ JLdi . «v>L^J1 S^sJI ol*
^ ^ C' ±
IjUP (j_J-^-> ( 1)1 4 1 j g am i 1 ^j4j® C l_o jJl> ij^jLa t((<LoL«Jl Qj j .*-. l l
.(595-594 ^ c 1819 «i^UJ1 o“lS^U J5 ^
*• ^
i^LaJL^-'b/l Js>jj-lJl c-Jlis o'^jj’-tdl jli i^iljJl
- • 1*»" ' ^T-Ow^j L 4±j «i^>cj I ^- 3 ‘CbP i LaJ>cJl^ <LO^l)l <oLamU
^pU^NI ^-~»>J 1 j ji <ui ji *y (jJUl Jl^a<>jl 1 I 11 a
t JjuiJL j m! -»U llj ^11 'y i£^jy 4 a~qs- aJUxJL >J o>
,/-i- 44 Ji ‘VJ - 11 js-b V s />3 jj <o~Ji ot»
4^j^L$J| ojl^Jl (^1 jJl ^3 oQ-***-*^-^ 1 -* «*»>■
v^JLls Oj2 iJ j^tQl^j j <u£Ljl ^Jp 1 g ~ »*jLo-aj
tjl))j ^^IjjJl ^j_p olj j^a p-Qa.pl Oj^j cllJjJ Jl
jLL; J jlJcJU ily! ^ ^Lw>-NI y _yJi ^lj J£J j_jSo
t ojL? j-^j j-* l ^ f^ ll l-T^T^T* c ^ 1 4-**»jQ*_a jl <L>cJl «/? ^
f, & f,
((4_j| j_a|j 4 J j_woJ QowJ^Qa ol j_j L<iO OjLjI CjLpLuu p-QwoJ C 4-lgL..^-)
c I- ^ * 4^w«^Q^wsQl j) * 4 ? .(593 ^ c 1819 cjl^Jj5)
(_5^ J5 - <3^® J--a
M **
jl iJ&j* jl j\ c^^ijij^Jl j\ J5
c « jLjlpVI QfcQ-^-Q ol ^Lo^O^Jl 4 L L™ ll t^JUa-a
£ p p.
j»Ljj*>'yi ^J-P' j\ LgJLjt^l ^-U- ^ J jZ jl ^cj
p
to^L«^Jl g ^ ^ * LgJaLj^l ^3 4jj^Ql c Io^a oQiJL
I ++ ►*
f*
L^jQ-ajOk-a ( 3^0 t 4-s^aL>tJl £ *~ ‘ - o - 1 1
iJ^uJl JjUiiA!! ^ isLliS’ A-Lil<Jl
♦♦ *
4j jJ>tJI O^J W^W- j'_ 0 '
OLj *■ t g ‘ a jj jLyi^vJ frLaJ-aJl jl^ cO^ ^J-4 j J-«J J*j -S^w^Lw^Jl
52
^JIp * s* s oVl ^ jJfl-Lw^ 4 j jj>iJl ^3 Jjj>t_Sl
£. p
^Vl u+lj ^ Ijl^J ^jL^j <» 11 ol «/? ll ^3 1jl.o j L) ‘Uw^L-ijl
** *+
■ J * /2 1 >cJ i
aI? « >c^tJl J i?L>wJl oll^g jS old w
ji AJaj^Ju t A^w«Ln-**> Aj^ 5*- JS* 0^ CwX^^w^woJ 1 i, l^sJl
C 1819 Cwv 0 ^s^l^wo O^ <• lLUjJ .J ^JjJl oLa*^ ^LwO^cuaJI 0 A /* *
S -V“J cs^' S ^L*^' *4r^ *iJji <^i 'r ^
♦* **
J.LJI IJlaj -.^> * Nl ^j_>eJI IJla o^ • ^ j-*^*-'' ^jJlLI
ol • UjI^jI j^j ^>/L^>tJl Ijla^ L L>e-pj^^ LojLbj (_$aJI L**jJ1
* K " W
Ol (J-Lj J . K ! L-jLSJLo JlA- ^ > oLi- a j j_j
a*
b-lJ y> <w^uiJl J^>- ^jIp aJ jjJl j (legislateur) p^JL<JI <u^-« j^Ju
p. ^
i l g ’. <v .,/?7 ji io ^jjJl 4jjj*tJJ /j^aj *W» 1>*J! S.iL*_«Jl •^tf-
A-i*5L?-Vl ijjj-iil o-L>_s1 oL- »j-«J1» jl y» Ji’LJL iJLLi LgJli
* p
t Ia- 0 £^>Jlj bjjJi Jl jlS^I <_gl t A I j-oJU
p
^^jJl j^/7 <>J Lx*o ^ A ^ ^^-JtoL>t-oJl 4 j j^>- ® j Aj
4_a-^uLa3I j-JLj ^ a J la j j-^jj .^jLw^jVI
•* •*
ijJ_ajJl o')LobJl j-olJ t pLp J_Sv-JLjj ^J_P A LL^Jl
jjfc U5 t(Wohlfartstaat) ((Lsj&li^JI aJ aJU-» t LJLJI
l y^J> (Wilhelm von Humbolt) c-J j ji .,-Lg-LJ (_$jJ jLljl
(Essai sur les limites de l ’action a,jiJ1 J*3 pjJL^ ^ ^ 4-iJ jja
1792-1791 ^de Vital)
5-J^ 4-J O^L^-vO Aj oli C j->-l UjI> ^jA
J-s^3 ^3 ^jjjj C 4 jLsA?jJL LgJ 4 Jw«Ls^ aJj jJl j-JLaj ^iJl A_v^L>Jl j
^J-v3»aJI |JwA ^LiJi j]aJ\ i. {(4*aLSjJ1 ^_JL>-^ (J y>- {2)
.1 .JjVi
53
^JUI c (1859-1805) oUloJJfcl
J\ jb^ dJUd c Jl^jlll i-^Jl
** **
jj^Jl iJ-gJ <>Jl ^ jJiJ( <oIpI *^rj^
~ **
(fait aJ. I ^.jJ! A^3 l^-U L ■* ^ a ^ ' j ^Jl j. ^3 t , ^ ».vw O ^1 i
•* **
^ JLJLaJl jl jJ- ^JLp t Ja_ii l g ^j-x-j jjJ democratique)
**
^5jj-lJ! cL-»JL>«JLJ 4_jLw^j^ j 4 _^Lws>» Of I jJ ( j^a lS*>UaJl <. <U
Jw?li d^Vi- 3*1 j-iJl oJla j jJa^w^ ^ tijjj-iJi 4j^loJj
f-
j_5i .iJLoj ^5 jJ»-l j ^Lil jj>->- iiL«u» 3L>*Jl j_^ ^1 4 (double ecart)
a!>jl>J| Sjl>wJI oL'y jJl ^1 il>-j Jl iJjSh
(Jj^<iJJ j-JiLwO c 15 yA 0 js^A\ pUi) y . j ~Lj_*Jl
c<u5j-w*'y! aJpIjXoj jJJ oljtSc^AJ j
j-* j-k5') SljL^Jl ^ J_SJ (ij-^— « j”’ j-^
p-
_ 1835) c (De la democratic en Amerique) LSJ--«I
«*
ojjill vojU iL-Iji JbU- Lo' -((1840
^Jl 4 -wqJ-aJI ^Aj) Jj j-9 oAP 0-9 j-i-Ol <oL^-P jL-«-4
** ♦*
Itfll a L*j 2 j ^ I ^ 0 J->- JjIJjj iJ j jJi jr*J aJs-L^
(J j»>“ C ^1 ^3*^1 1 >\j <^pLo>-'yi tOLpj-o^fs-odl (_£^J-^-Sl
CuJ <^\ jJUjJA\ oLpjJj l^LLiS'L 0->c-^_^ c ( | » ^ tf > 1
(j-^ Jr* ^*UaJl JJ i> ^ Cj y^-A
4A^L^- J5 fUJl yA oUjy i J^ISJL \ 4 x-yyj
P
c Iji 50& , oLw-^ Ji^l^ jl otaL*Jl ^ ^lj-^
-Lws^L>rJ! ^3 JOjJLj <L>-j.5J^o <L?-jjJp| ^J-P A^^L-vJl Ju-aS" jj
4-wsjLwsJ ft j-ftlJiS* A~]&\ J-Lw-Ul 4 joI jJJ C l g ^ 9 J
jlSo I ^ Ly '-Al'j i^Lo>"lj
^L>Jl OLi-kJl Jj-ij Jc-^I ^ L^»j ^^s-Ujlp -1 JSL^S’
. (servitude generalisee) pUaj j5-ta
54
p
I J-A j J— 4— <>. -$-* <_rH i J^JSjJ iJU^I £-srjJ
® aJsI^a^j jJIm jla«il j—*j *bl ^-jbJI
SJ^Lp JaJii N i_s-iJl j Lg-£ q^iJl (^-xL^Vl £j jjJI ^ J-»
oL--_^j_«JL» jl o jJLSJLi (sujets juridiques) a_ oijiJi
p
obUJlj ^LcPL^J^-^I oL>eJl ^ J Jj C
p p
c4— aLj^o oIjLm-o j- >xj ^jj-> oLS jJuJlj
:d^>ej oLjw^jJIj J? jjJLli
<1)1 4 a J-A LwoIj! ^3 ^j-Sn-w
^It SljLw—oJl oJlA Lgj JJj ^ LjJb-IJu AjjLwsJU 1?j jp*i
p
4 4j ^> til Jl^
' " **
.(402 ^y> ; 1840 (. (Tocqueville) J y)
P
il^j>- cAjLJj-« Aj ^Jul jLxi-'yi lJi_A ^»Ulj d)j
^t-Lii-) /j_J c A_<fc_~uL?x_!l a^^iLwwJI a .. ^ ^ ll Js^j a-«j j
p
t A»ujL*«J1 Aj (J^ Aj^ jJtll Aj^>tlJ A>-^p»_«Jl Aj^J_j jIj
jlj) jLikU JU» il /^U OuU j^S L^JI JLp jlsLJI ^ycSL ^
•V*
0- 4 _H-® 1 ^
4jLLoo 4-Lj JL>eJi 4-o I JS j-ijJl 4 j^y^A J— Pj ^^L>- ^J>- J-**
'b/j .0^JL>t^ bjjJ* J^i J 4j jJJ^-oJl oIjLaoJL! 4-ww^o jJi ^Sblll i jJi 4 j>^Sj
4-ol^ ^Loj 0j2 So j-waL<j->bJI 4-J^I jJLo-jjJI oIjLwa-^JI oJ-& j^jLj-Lj
C 4Jl>cJl dJl a ^^jJlJI (j-oj ^ * 0 4-^1
A la 1 ... il ^j_a J^ 0 i*jl j-i)JL) ^J-Ul £ JJ A_Jl j -j-J 'bM
Jla- ^ i«— «Jl Aji jjjJI (j ^As-Jl AjL>j>- j aJ jjJl Hi 1 j A rr C-L»JL>-'yi
a^5L>«J1 aj^^«J1 ^^j~L ^ j-g^ o1~>~jj^ •l-g-’b
j! ^J1 jj^lJI aL>U» .(1819 a^L-JI O^JI J
cPU, aJI a_!^p^ Lg-^lj ^ c l g ~> g j L^
55
isy , Jl Ji-|j J^jJl .IjjJl ^ liJ-UjI
kj^J\ A,^J «_^, J .(135 ^ t 1840 ■l_-L_JI
h ol jLww-gJl li*>\Ja-it c Ju Jl>- £jja 4-oL^uuj-^Jl
<_** <_5iU jj LS ^f- jlSJj^/l (ji’j-*-!
*• **
** ♦*
Aj j3 <LjL *Jl3 A k,l j-j j la > 5 JJj-^ <>* 11* ^
£r
L Lj2—
p
i^pluaJlj <L~*L~J1) .(associations) «oL^_<>^»J|i* ji (communes)
J. (^y J*ii Uj_^ai N ^1 ((iJ^Vlj V 1 ^' Ujj
ij^ ( 1835 c AutS jz') ^-JoLw* t ^1 * <J ^jJl^ m_o a^^ j*JaS
^ tv
.(152-137 ^ d840 ‘282-274
1 J . L,^— >b-J 1 ( j— ^ j^*_JL_Sl 0 J-2-9^
P
4-wo— JJLo ^ ^-) j->Jl a,^w * JL? ^-^pLq->JI
( jJp^U (. . , ) ^J^jl ^)l <u*%jJL ( j^jlJ-^JI
<. o^taij o 4 *« ^L^cj oi
.(123 ^y> (1835 (J^y) (, 4jyJl ^jj ^s- yy>
p
4 Jg *.*4 j-i Nj c 4_j jJ j-b j-*—> (jl cJ—& *)l j
o'^LSwcJl aJLg-s JJ>-l.i oJj^juJI ^^pLqaJI ob ! !j olj^L^Jl
ciUwM ^5^ (.A^vjLj jNl ^ ojiLSJl LaJ^-j ^Jti
♦* **
p
Ij^hL. t j-iJ-^Lp J jJ la* />-> Jl!I iJjjJl 4-lg,l,Av, I
10 ^
^-t g 1 ^ LJL*_$ jl J_>-I 4 -s^?L>e_!| ^ >tJl «/3 ^
A - Lsl ^ j3_^jJL)I C,- - ^4 I | 4_) JjLw^ jJi
p
a^L->v J l aJ-A 4-^" jl
(j! a^lj^/|)l | *_Aj Sjj^tJLaJl ( 4^i^<»J-oJl
147 ^ (1840 ‘117 ^ ( 1835 JJiS y) alJLx-l J53 \ jAai>- \
56
jl j^Jl Lwft Xl52
c/ {J ~£*1\ ij* Jj ‘UikJ^ ^51 j i Jj> i
^?L>tJ I ^e-jjLxJI £-* <■ ^L*^Vl ojjJaj
P
.<UsJp! ^£-U l ^^?j^2j>zJLj * ^LjLC'^ I 4-<kjJjjJl
P
<■ b> jL>j Sjlfl O Lxxw>-^ j^>j-U j-^ ® 0 J-A C-J^SCoJ JJt$ t JlajJLj
oj^li c-jLpj^>«-^ t LgJ ^j^ UJl ^w<kj>- ^a 5J j&>
^jLlL * j 5 Ol^j-g->c-<ao fLUlj 4-l^jJl A Iff L* j5*j-o-i ^Lp
<. 4*o^Jip ^L5ol^ ^i-LqJI JaLl>- ^L>tj|j ^La^lJLo^
£o j .(385 c 1840 t ^JuutS" yj ) ^LpjLw>-L>- 4 -^^jJ! aJjjJLJ
c^Ul ^Jj jjJl*-Xj N iJL^jJl jli c lLU3
j-4 jjJl t^ujUJl jJl ajl^s j ^ Ju>-
i IaSnmA .4jLJ^^jj) cCLpLw*^ ^3 4.^-A I ^Q LlxJJ ^>cJjl^i!
** **
(J t <^-° <L?-j(ij_oJ I a_«_*_U 1 dJULr i_£ ^->-1 Sj- 4 jl>*->
.aJ^p j'Vl JL?-ll— < t _^J\ (iJlajJl) iJnsJjbJl J aJI y<j>Jl Ail— w«JI
f. fir
l j r ^~^J t l« Ju>- ^Jl AjUJI A^S^-a^l A_8*yi Alii?- Ui
JJl A ilj QJjJl ^L-nJL; 4oj'- J ?'-'i A_o_)J_iJl ^_o*)L!
. A5 jr£> aJsI ^<L>- O ol— ij^ L>-li A^ist jjJlwujNl
iw? j-*-iJ! jJ 4 L^Jlp \-x1j ^lil ( _*i cjL. *-$ j>sJli®
~ •• ♦«
u r. P P
ol c jJi
N 4jL> LojL>* JiLpI^ (♦ , . ) bj j*!l J( 1
rl p p
p p p
IjJLSC^j jl J-.J1 jliLoL. jl (^jl
' " .* ’V ." - V .»
<:\X>- j L> J-^J (l^dj j - "** ^ U^Lir^xl C j^g^Lkl>-lj
p ^ p
^|. V'2 . > tJ C ^Jtj^jJflJ I 0w\ ^ JJ > I y Ly^ J I C J
Lg-oJUi-a aJ»i 4 ws ^l_^ji j^\
57
a ; ,/g \\ j *La *)}j
*•"*/ *• m^r >» ♦■* M 4* * +*r
fr
'(jyj jj ^ l?*
** *•
..LiiJl eiLg-L *yj a-Sj, ^ ,.*,. t ^y
aJJ jJL>- ^UjJL 4_y j_x_Ji-^Jl lH->Ljj->bJI ( j_1?! j-*
c 1840 t JwpiS' jj) ^iiaJLJl cjLaI ^51 jl^> 1 <u^L>Jl
.(391 j 140
£ f.
(principe associatif) ,j Jl Ijl^JU ks- j}
j j-2-wuJI ^liaJwU ^Jl^-IjJI ^i^LLxJJ JJLi j*-J o| c Jj
p p
(aristo- LiLj> Jiil ^^*3 toljL~<Jlj 5j^»Jl
^yJI jjJaJI j *Jl>J1 !Jl» jS' Ig-i democratique)
«4 M 1
^Jl ^ AxJl j^Juj l ^wolS * jj j-f'^Aj
( JJ +& j 4*Jp| ^pdX^j'i/l j*— 4^1 4.1? jJLo ^Jl ^JULjJ
oj ^ jjJ\ !l j Tjl-o jUJl^j
jLoL*i) ^ 4_> ^>Ji eJL^J ^Aj j^*_<k^-^j 4_*£- j_> ^p4JL^ jN I
Ijjlj ( Juui? jj jLip1» LuzjI .(238-234 ^ t2001 t (Ch&nial)
£ja Cjw? jj aJs?I jiu^j'yi j^cJI olitJ oljLjdJ
(i
^_Ju^ ^ (corps intermediaires) «<ia-^jJI oLl^JI* iJL^. jl>Jl>-
t*
JpjO JujLiJl J Jj>- 4 ^ j->T^a JU>~ j-JLpl JJ-MiJ Jj-a L y2JjhJLL! LgjN Li-JLi!
4_*xjJL<kJi ^_3 ; J^$S w O...J Lo j-j Aj * KaJj^JI^j ^ j-iJU
**
. ^c^Jbjl Ai>tJ ^j^LwwsJl jSsjiJi jl jJ j-*dJ
4_Jl j^-33l oL jiiJl J j>tj j»-aL>/ t c^I j-JLi!
Jts .(Jj jiJl JL*j Lo ^3 t L%j ji ^3
a I t t»^JUj5 <x2 IJla aJl jjaJl (3)
.2 t JjVl
58
L^Jlo 4 J ^Jl j^j-JJl j^aJI twjLd jj (1848 wL*_> j£*£”
** “
<1)1 4-Jtp /^c*JL> ^JUI 4 4.1a 1 H iJj>~ Ij^ 3 C Ja^S L jJL
aJlSjj .^Jl-JLJI aJjJlU a-JLa-aJ! L^LJI LS"L1L>q t L)L>e_)l 4 _>- \&j
& ^
.o. Si L^?^j ^^J>~ ^ (, ■ ^ g ♦ 11 4 JLj.L>cJ1 4-*S j! 0 .Lj>g-. ’ LoJ i d^L^^Jl
t (Montesquieu) y> i_jL>tp| dJU LjJL»oVl ajj_^.jJ!
*4
.iJL^Jl l-Lgj ‘LoLft <JlLat i oJL)JL>«Jl 4_J| jj ^. JJ ojjLJI 0 aj>- aJl JL>-i o_A_q
(post-imperial) JL*j U o^jL iJ LL y eij jii j^SJ
/jj-^ Lv5LL> pLJj (restauration) ^jjJl o^LcLaJ j
1789 oLpjjjJL) jj-wJ .Jl 5 "LL^ 5jl^
^jj! <, o ju ol j_« v rv Jl^_JUL> I j^jJJI j;; L *' *• * 1 ' ol>l>jj
*
(sui LJli jJ jJLa jLj J-^ tLJLJj^Jl i-i>jL*-*Jl JjJLLi-
a-w^L^JI 4 Ja.LvJl jl oLv< iJLwwa LpIwj ^^Lp generis)
Jjjfl ^L v vvS Aaj ( -U- 4-vL^.^J ll^LvjLS^
V ‘j^lyUadJl ((^jiJlSj «jlJ<JaJl»j Lilkjl lSU\
Lo ^ JJ I «L^^*JI f la a i hXS'^j ol L^^Jv^cJl &*la
.li*J\J\
f,
t { wg j ,/? >tJ L 3JuJj»Jl L*J jJ *liJL /»1 / JLc- twvj»tjj®
jt-fjvlii .5JaJ_ Jl Jpj j-^*j 4 -*»*-Ja ^JLp Ijl~>-
.1 ^ 4>w>4 L_^w>cJ I Oj jill ^ ^0~
H W «*
j ?* l5^ s-La ^
M H **
t(Guizot) jy^) fiLstf>jL>»^Jl oL^Jijj
.(1821
^ (doctrinaires) w^jy-^vAJuJI# jU IajJa; L»^JI ^ LiL
♦* ♦*
& £
C 4 » >fcdj <J ,c5® 4 0 jJr L<MAl V>
59
(< p
{jA u o y*&i>~j) jv-^jL>-j jJpI jLJUIj^
^uj-^Lr?-^' f'-^’ tP* cP JW*-« ^ jLjJI 11 a
^xJl LwwJl j* Jl o^Uc^l j
tAA ^*-o^aI j ^ <L^iCJ-fl o ^3 L& ^JL^_>tij
•*
(P. P. Royer-Collard) jN j£ <uJ jj J jj jL_j <u>_pjJ ^Ul jLjJI
jJ-«p l^j— >jj 4 _JJl^_« jjjl JLp-I Lla /»jJL> ^Ulj ( 1 845 — 1 V63 )
i— LJ SjaLa JiLS ^jS ^ t (1874-1787) (Francis Guizot)
4 la 1 ... i o j-iij <_ 5 ~^ 4 l ^Jlj^-Ul t-^AJUJl
*• *♦
4 ‘LjpL»ji>-\! oLatJI loL>tjNt *i! jjJLS ^JULij
jLj tjU^Nl IJla I'jSj .AjJLiJl iJi^AJI ^ i3 jj* ( j^^p l 5 ^
••
Oj jJLU ^ **,< 3 aLLoJI ^ * la 9 L>g-oJ 1 jLo t <U*uL> oN( ^3 t JL$Jl
M
Jll.5 J .4jJui)JI iJl JJ ^‘U^?jL>t«Jl oL j\o<» ■ 1 1 “* * . sy | vp j
IjuJU 1823 JL-. jj^p 4^1 ^JJl j^jLfJl Jjjtdl /JU 4 ll!3
^^JLp (ultras) ^^JLJLuJl ip j-^>^> L»jhp 4 i _kl J JL>_>JL!l
jl jJU3 .(Ducde Berry) ^^-r! J - 5 cij^ JLjlpI Jl*_> Laj_Sj>Jl
4Js1j1«jJlU <cLs<3jL)t« ^Jl ji *V 4 — *lJl S^LwJl 1 jl~«J jj^p
4^1^j11 ^ 3 . ) o^LpI § wt_jwL>- wUj^Xao p-Uap^I 4. « * ,.yo ^Jl
j-4-c- 5-4 — aLw-w<JI ot 4 J Ijli aJLs t .Sj^jlU jjUi j ^jL>tjVl
**
~L> J-?- ^1 y^\ V t fUiJLJ
Ojjjj-iJt ^y> LoJLLuJ , 4-LsC S^L^J l 5 JLvw*« ®j^ 1 tp J-; U
^Jj-;-lJl^ OjJj^saJ 4-w^LwwJ| 5ja,Lwv-i| \j^Jzj>-\ t Oj-5oxJ! f yfi’ O^Ls-wJl
ft^u^JLiJl LSlLJ!)) ^Uij jU t tiUS ^ ^^Sodl ^^JLc - j .^L>jVI iA-i
£
^ysxSj i<>>^ SiL-Jl 4 j^VI io^Sj»JJ «^Uj ^JJl (monarchic pure)
£,
(...) ^uaiia^o AiaJ-wJl ^l%p j+a ^ ol
‘jljiJl jl .(372-371 ^ 4 1823 4j^) djUi
60
s c ^yl-Jb’xJl lj-w<K-U)) ^.^-sLJL^SI
^p*j L*^ ^ j * - -■» ^ Lj 4 !^-^o L 3 4 1 \s a
(jL^LoLi ot ^jjAjLlx-* 4<a-*^L^JI ^3 ^UL ^,^,.1? j_L^j
sJ^ -, 4-J^i ^ ji^j^lII ^ C& ^3*^ 4 3a 1 *.wJl 4 aP j*j*
: 5jj>Jl ^3 j>Jd aJlw?^/! <]Na 3I 4(JjjiJl ^l^p <j| cS y^rj 4ii>tJ ^
4*4^P^$Jl ioL^J! ^j-P i.Jjk
te-L >- \j iy> jJj (j— >j-» JLi^ j* j-iJ'
4^-Ul Siljj ^ ^ 4t^JU .obljVl AS Lt J>j
**
jl£L*jJI l ^Lp 4 ^IJ jl U-S* 4 LLw^,^ N-v^l <->tJ^ jjfe
4 1823 4 J^j-^p) ^ J « ^ A ^■*'^-^'1 ^*-*^3 3^
.(371 ^
^ Mj i^L- JS j- J^i j-* c r“' ^
OwL^J ^*^-s<3.>fciJ Jj 4 «—f'^J*> A laLxl
l**U 4J^J jjl ^ dll; .l^ijP jJ. Jlj J 1*1 j AkJUl
** *4
^3 ^ ciiJta Jju 5 ^-JwLs^s ^^J^I^JLwwLJ! a l la ^1 1
*•** V* 1
4jl ti^Jl t J-* 3* J^j
Lo 1^1 jjCm *. J N ^£jJl j\ 4_*JLj <ul jJLL*-J ^JJl ji Ifl ^Jl ^P
.1*jIS i^Jl ^ JjUJl
^Jj 4 li j jA-*j taU ^ia-j^ 0-w**J A^P^iJl aIsJLJ! ul»
4-X-P 4bI ^,> faj ^JUl 4 ^y-L-P i_<r^
1* p p
4 i fl i***^ ihXj! j l J
4 ^^->r ,ll Oj-jLSJI la ^ jJj oLw^NLi (. . . )
p p ^ f
^1 IAa jL <uJ-p
p
-U<9 Oj?- ( ji> ^UjuI <uIp o^ijj . aJ^Lwwj oLa..yg (j^ 0
J-v» ijP j^J! aJsJl-JI ^lijJl j ^L p j-^Jl ^C' oLkUl
61
<j jlJI jLi c I
** i
#»
s^L*JI A*$jjS>J>sJl Ju oJu^j
C A^^P^^wJ I 1 * j£* I i j ^ Lj 4 ^v^j ^ ^ 1— P l<
y ^ C *Lj yJl (3 j-i->- yp aJ^^LpLj .Lj-^>l j-iil JjL
y* dUS jV t^Lp^l <ia_LJl yJlj^J
yLJL>Jl JlyJ! oJu>-j ^>-\ j^i j^j t^LJljj
^»p^ c a. 1,^ - ^ yLp 1
cfi -J^ 1 <Mi J^y t5 jc^ ^4^ >*j
ys <ui !u^_$ t*ws-A-^Jl 5^L^ yP yL^j LoJJ^p
id ,JLp ^ ^ ^»v> lil A_*»P^™a<w- J l A, I3 1 usi^n j I 1 -■ ^* r - ^ '
^oL^iJaJI kiJJLw«-d Jl> 4^ y ^wJ ^ t aj ^>J l
*(372 ^ c 1823 t jyp)
p p
^ ^ P 1*0^^" 1 J l y ^l ^JLP ! ^T^ ywyoiy) Ol ^ C ^
p
I ^1 ^3 * A^Si^a Lo mMI I A^^-s ^ 3 ji I 0 ^ L j ^
4 «
.SXjJl^ ^jLJL$nJL> a_^1~J! aJLJujJI Jb 9 wji JUJL>fcj o^LpL tctU^
•* * ** 44+*+ *4*4 ^ 10 r »
oJl ySC^j V t A^ul^Jl A-lal^Jl A^P j-Jj lJ j_ 5 ^> j! ji^lfl oL? tJ^ilJljj
» JJ^ ^iaJ j-* (1)1 (_^J ^ci-Ua- 4 J^'- 5 MW MM
**
y olS^UJl ®JLa J .£*j^J| J Ia _M^Jl ^ <uJl«Jl oli^UlU
Sjj j*+p i y j a5 j>£j* c A^iwi>Jl a^Ls1<kx]I jSoJl ajuJ^ LjJlp tw43 yJ
LJb «">U-p^j ( en devenir)
a W 1 «** llj a la . } j*a a y**# a^p^ ^JL jl j*Ji*-i 'if JuLlJLj ,^y«p Lo-S"
o^j A_«..L.^t,^.l 1 1 oiW ^a Jj L~J1
LjIj jl J^i JLaJ LfJl^J y> ^a Ui .(legitimation) \ls - ^JJJ
•t
^J-Jl ^jL>w?Ij ej_W-^ jt t— W"
5JaJLJL j (j-c- 4 Ajill^o (jM 3 ^ “W ^
62
0 *•*
^ t OtaXJ^-wO^l I 4 ilj 1 *,* 1| ^ ^ 0 *-U i
'*' « **
^^JLp ia.4 S ^L^JLP^IVj 1 »U^ 4-^j^.i^
J jLyfr.Xt. ^ 4 (_£ oj l-J g A ^ jJJ ^ Jw^j2JJl1|^
jyJ> jU 4 eiiJS ^ ^j-SoJl ( _ 5 1p j .a^p-Jl ^Llbjjil] JbJL>-
( yai Ju JL>- j j ■ s>~ ^JlP 4A*pL»J^>-NI Ala.Lv.ll ejift <J'5l>- ^ jJJjJl *-JL
^iS*l 4 Jyv^ t.l dwlJL>vJl j - ^ * 11 i . A^LI^vLII d»OvX>tll ^vX-oJl ^vl^Sj 4 ^"^^*-11
4 4-SjjJl 4 J 2 JL* ( J*>-I*U1j 4 ^-v? * C-^9^ (.$1 (^j- 4
N J S J^i>-I^ 4-*_5 jJLl* JL*_J jvJ 4~*j-^->*Jl (1)1 d^j>u
JuM O^IjLpJI ^ $ ) 4-s^L>“ lp Oj «/3„>tJw4
p.
fiL*>-J ^cJl >/? ^ j-JiLwfl ^Jl^JwJ <-wfl ^<*-P CU>t-«-^l
/^vJ LoJJLp j ^ £p-oj>*Jl ( j-* 4 a 1 la 7 JLJI ^lx>t_j LoJJ^d , ^ jJglj^>Jl
& p,
oU 4 l^^L>c-<>J| L^jLlo LoJ-Lp^o . L,/?^l c^j-ol^_i]l
iUL* (socialisation) iaJ . « 4 ±U ju jjycJU j-<Jl J5
d)l J) 4_>-j3 ^Jj C 4»^l^JL>-*y I oL>Jl ^ vt^wwvJo 4 (jb^J 4-JjjJl
*
4 ^ ^ - 1 c 0^xJL%wO ^ ^J-AP . jlSU J5 ^ ^ 4 La.L^H
! ** *•
— 110 ^<2 4 1822 4 ^^p) 4 4 *sa<*»L-* LjJUaj
i^UJl jliLaL vL»_> -J 4^-U-Vl Uu* < _ r U j . (148- 144 j 114
Aw*<Lwf AmA ^wt*ll f yL 1 AvLh 4 fc J 1
illlS j\ jJLill Ij-^j LgJ ^tf-Lwt?-! s-L Jtij (SjxJl ^ 1 ) ^Ll ... II
^^l^JI jjj»-jJl ^ Jvol^Jl L&L-x-a 4 _^v«xSL» 4^^^! l^Jl J-»
L^i o\ La^SUJ! ^ t>e cL ! ^1 4LupLj^-N! olkLJJ
%♦
jSfj .A^»i^ cJjJl ^ J-*-H-l LoL»«jN! j*iljjJlj ^jMll ^vU-LvaJI
vXj 1 JJLo JaL^Jj *2 SLj 4-JLla-4 LjJ^i t 4 -^-L^L^j (1) (1)1 JU jj 4^o
j J^! dr 4 **$$*> Ji-li
J5 Lj-J J^LOj J $ 1 oLw>Jl { j^i AxjU 4 ^43 Jj£js
j\ ^ g~< g.4 Ju^a-Aj (oIpL>j>- IjjIS* 1^1
63
i <1)1 j-oLjj ^
i aJjjJI ^jlpL-wo OL^-I i* j^>- (^1
^ybUaJl ^ JloJu ^ JS jl dJUS»
0jJ5Jl i OjijJL^Jl 0 ja}\ ^ Ju t LgJLa jJ o jJLU
t*
5 If
tx& <l>l5v«Ui tijjtJI jw j-U ^c- l ^ 1 > ^jo 'V j L;b jl >- jj
t4Jl>Ji oJjfc t_5^j IfLk^l j l^JL*l>o j^-*Sl!
**
^li; lo /'^W ’^wSaO U lfA*p <y> J^o lg^
.(1821 t jj jp) ®a*p
ajUp- Jp-t ^ L. ^SbJl ;kJu- ^ jlxJIj lil ^.Vl £Lcj ^
^ S-iLijJl J^f-1 Cy I Aj^JI JUjCLwiL Jj 4 iOjji)l oL^pJl
Lg-i^S^ ^jP A la 1 ... >1 4_43 jZSm> aJ jjJl .Aj° A lal««
£, ^ S*
*£ 4-J_<kP -I- ** Ju c< oL>kJ 1 ^£3l>-l t Ljfcl jS\
! *%■ ^ ■ l ■ <> > ^ i* <*■ > (3 3 L^^iOmII C— 3 1 I ^p%p 1 1 ^ c 1
& £, p
• Jj O' ^ ^-»~' J^ 1 5 AlP^jJl iJ^-P 4 L,<3 J jJ»NI i JLas
'~ J **
j-r*-’ fL*' LoJJ-p J^p ^r-^i <y>j^>JI Jj^Jli
4JL^P j-Jo IwmvJL^j j { 3 C JljLj2-joJLj ^ 4^-P L<y .«,..>• ’V I j )g 1 It CjIpI */3 9
(immanentes) iLib^JI cjI^JLJI oJu& ^ -l^LJ j^s> c ji ^ j^jL
4-oLgJ^Jl j-iJJ a-^L-w%JI ^jLJijJ! c ]g ^,/g IL (^iLLjj .^<>jl>mJl1
<. o ^>cJ i a^L>t 1 Ij j a*jo oLiUJii j
ir* jUb 4 r «i^Jl» ^^lp L$xiJ ij
4-lA ^J | 4 4jaJ^wJl r» ^ ^ A 4 0^lX^Jl J^
4LgJjAii^- Mb -U-l
«-La ^ j JjLjl-o ^3 jjJajj ^lJ^>Vp L^IjJ^l^I
p. p
wL^J ^JJl CJ ^Jl ^s t IJmwoJI ^y 9 ^JaLwwJl p-LSj <1)j3 4 J
64
3*
4 ^ 4 bto iiy>ry> *u$
aLIsJ j-SCoJLw^x JJl$La . «L$J oi-L>wJl ^iljjbVl Jjj 1 g " --jl ^ *
4j^?xJl *>» a L 1 ... tl (_ ilLs-mJ {j* 4_a
<, (J ^jLSJI jL_>-lj t 4^g_>- flJ-A ^cJw^j
j'^i j'j-;i
.(1821 ij^p)
cr 1 -^
Burke, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution (1790). Trad. fr. P.
Andler. Reflexions sur la revolution. Paris: Hachette, 2004.
(Pluriel)
Bonald, Louis de. Theorie du pouvoir politique et religieux dans la
societe civile, demontree par le raisonnement et par I’histoire
(1796). dans: Oeuvres completes. Paris-Geneve: Slatkine,
1982. T. XII-XV.
Chanial, Philippe. «Les liberalismes frangais anti-utilitaristes.»
dans: Alain Caille, Christiain Lazzeri et Michel Senellart
(dirs.). Histoire raisonnee de philosophie morale et politique.
Paris: La Decouverte/ Syros, 2001. Reed. Paris: Flammarion,
2007. (Champs). 2 t. T. 2. pp. 228-239.
Constant, Benjamin. De la force du gouvernement actuel de la
France et de la necessity de s'y rallier (1796). Des reactions
politiques (1797). Paris: Flammarion, 1988. (Champs)
.«De la liberte des anciens comparee a celle des modernes.»
(1819). dans: Ecrits politiques. Paris: Gallimard, 1997. (Folio)
. Frincipes de politique applicable a tous les gouvernements
(1815). dans: Ecrits politiques. Paris: Gallimard, 1997. (Folio)
Guizot, Francois. De la peine de mort en matiere politique (1822).
Paris: Fayard, 1984.
. Des moyens de gouvernement et d' opposition dans I’etat
actuel de la France (1821). Paris: Belin, 1988.
65
. Philosophie politique: De la souverainete (1823). Reed.
dans: Histoire de la civilisation en Europe. Paris: Hachette,
1985.
Jaume, Lucien. L'individu efface ou le paradoxe du liber alisme
franpais. Paris: PUF, 1998.
Macherey, Pierre. «Aux sources des «rapports sociaux»: Bonald,
Saint-Simon, Guizot.» Geneses : no. 9, 1992: «Conservatisme,
liberalisme, socialisme». pp. 25-43.
. «Bonald et la philosophie. » Revue de synthese : Janvier -
mars 1987, nouvelle serie, no. 1. pp. 3-30.
Maistre, Joseph de. Considerations sur la France (1796) suivi de
Essai sur le principe generateur des consitutions politiques
(1814). Bruxelles: Ed. complexe, 2006.
Mill, John Stuart. Essais sur Tocqueville et la societe americaine
(1840). Trad. fr. Paris: Vrin, 1994.
Rosanvallon, Pierre. Le moment Guizot. Paris: Gallimard, 1985.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Du control social (1762). Paris: Flammar-
ion, 1966. (GF)
Terrel, Jean. Les theories du pacte social. Droit naturel, souverainete
et control de Bodin a Rousseau. Paris: Seuil, 2001. (Points
Essais)
Tocqueville, Alexis de. L’ancien regime et la revolution (1856).
Paris: Gallimard, 1985. (Folio)
. De la democratic en Amerique (1835, 1840). Paris: Gamier
Flammarion, 1981. 2 t.
i
66
cUu3!)
^<i jLmG
iljjJl# ^ j g ^ 4.1a a 1
jJ iJjjJl)) a^jI« jl Ju t Lo^Juo V 4>-j3
*_>wssj jl t /Hi ^jJl >- j . (redondance) ^ £jj 4J j Ju
O L) Ua, >cJ I eJLg-S i j^>-Llo d-Jj L ^i Ji *,*?,>■ oLjUa->fcJl
iijjJl ^^3 jjUdJ 0^>c^ (. j-JLP l) ^ ill ^3 Oj jJaj
•4
jJL*Jj 4jL»jLiLa 3 JL*J ^3 C-^wALom tJL-w>- (1 J ^S 4-LP ^L^JLjNI Oj^)
^UiaI JL>^ jiLi (signifiant) JljJl b\i tJ^Uj
jl <lJLJJl ^L>-J 4^wSl j_k->eJlj 4^>tjjbJl
,^ 3 Ld t L«_^wJS i aJ U l . 1
ji t ^53 . «j_Uy LfLLLa J_*. ^nation aILaJ Uj Sj (#)
P- t' £ — ' * u
(nation allemande) SJlT^I iaVl ^ JU-I y> U 5 t«ol» Jju <. %LL» jL-Jl
^ p, p.
^j^Jl oLii^l 4.w? ^ jA U£ JJUj * (nations unies) oJ^iil pj*NI j\
. (multinational) oLJ^I i-u; j* djJbU ^ Uxp & (minorites nationales)
oL£ LijSj '^>y. patriotique iJugJj ^patrie jAj Juli JiiJ *JL*j
<. <0 Lw? j->- U j-fcj i 4 lL*JL| 4 la.,.7 ^ JJaj ^ ^ 1 M 0I3 c jLi -1
.^j5ii! iLaJLlt ^
67
a L a Ls ^-P LoLqj Ojs c ^JLp
*♦ —
jJl c-JlS" 4 S-jlJ!>UI J (nationes)
** •*
LkiJj <^j^Jl «4JUt J LI a-*S (paYennes)
Sr 1 * « * o 1 *
JaJL^o A-kjlj ( _ j JLp oJlS" t j-L-c. j j-l5l (nascion)
*♦ **
((gent) £jJl j (race) J JjLL* 5) iataillj oJJl j j ^A ^Jl
^Ijj^oL5 4 jJ^s- *jLJ| j jJLlI iji <^~*~ I
( _ s ^iL-Jl ^ j. J>J <L>Jj x^-^j -Lrf^' ^JU^- 1 l aJojIj
*4 +4 ^ -
*>Ll« ij! ^J! 4 _jL ^*jJI (j-w> 4 jJ*s- ^lll! 0 j-SJ' ia—l J\ t LoJLSLU
(J. J _ 5 _ ; _-e'yb jU>-j (D. Diderot) jj->_ Jl_o L_c-j -j — «h
: <ti c-L- JJl j D’Alembert)
♦*
p
•*
4 ia j5v> JJ .ijJbJl Lgj Ja*>cJ t jlJLJI
■* p
^ Lvijt Ju apL>j>*j JaJb ^j-vwJ j JLo j
-Ul jj>o^U ^IwLxJL^I ^Lp <L^j 1 jj
1 .., ^ ^ | I & oL^wtJl <J *^-*1 la>tJi Jii-b
aJwj l A > j*' l$AJI 1789 j-Jj j /jj-»j 23 jl ji jli 4 1 JlSLa .ibL^Jl
cK/^jJL i^waj c(lese- majeste) «aJ%»J 1 - v— *^-Laj
*) ^ J Axj^jb d . , /9 ^ ■ n )) 1 bX-ft
. «aJ j-UU ->!
J^Llj (national) ,( ( _ r L» j» Alail oiL^) c li[ j^Jsj <Ji-S
4*
4^L^jJ_^JuVIj <JL>\j jHlA \ j oLlkiJl ( ( _ S JLC' 4 JjIa
^JsjJ! L^ ^J\ jA\ 4<JU ^UJ^l ikU UbUaJl toLiJlj
Liil^; ^ ^ULVI I.Jut jl U
l_T^ JjCft-t UJ» L^l y>
68
(1)
Jl
£Jpj— * j — * J— ; ^ (synonymique)
ft SI j oli (. ^ ^ * (amphibologique)
(jV i l la ~>- * - ^ ^L*j <oLw>)) UjLxpL
(monarque) Jj»UJ! ^ ibL~Jl JJL> <5 y*«j -kai j jj£ M ikiJ
_ j3> jJl) t_^_*_^Jl ^yJl (nation-royaume) (5_SCJ_u»_oJl _ jJe jJl)
<»LS JL^o » kill c k-aJLSCJl ftJlA J^>*i (nation- republique) (Sjjj^aJl
laJ>- is j_£i Jl t jj.-* Ju J_>- ,k ‘ S JJ^"
<■ ,/jj J* j^i y J5Lia
AwL-Jl olAJl ^jj • uj^J /*lj* kJ*-^ 9 3^
_ U-w« JutiS' (contrat) JubJl ^ *J ^Jl 4 ~pU->JI o(JL3l j
f I j»UaJl L I 4*3 ^y**i*y ^JlJl s ^ c^** k~*j
** I ** ♦*
<» aJlUI j L6I j ^jjUI iiliS' < j^a t (cLUJiS" ajLjlpIj ^^6-wJl _
^^1 ^1 ft UiU ® jL^ax^L j
jl ^jJ*I j~*J\ S-pL^ 2 ^j-p c 5 61
p
oJ*l j}— oJl . 6o — j) g ^ <*l> r - I S i {J-& 4-S^j6> {jr^ ^
> *9
jp
«^jbJ ^bi ^ oiusj ‘ (nationality) (citoyennete)
£_ **
IJl* oULftj oU nbJJJJ .(<-j jJ«Jl Ljj^l <Jj^ (j^q ^ij^i IjjJl>*jj)
(, ** t- p
^ot-w i Al I ^1 - ^ C 1*^ ; ^ 1 «|-*? il^ i &j -Aj 1 ^
-Ljj? jJI ij^lA-LJ
oj^Jl li'itJajI c jOl jJl 4 j jJiiJl o Jj>xiLwJ <. JuLioJUj
p p
(*-*' J - ? "'
M ; J-S- <• (l)
•uyi) tst Jjji tjl (>^;
69
j L* jLJLjo^ ^JLxJLj cL^jLi^^ J_4l j-*Jl
p* p,
y^N3 — [^f jJ 1 1 ^ Ik^^a*vJ 6O^^^»0 A^. \,
f
L^i-ij^' t ^ L^jl>jj-a <L>-t^_) Uoi.ij^' a-oL^JI o^lj^/l
I J-Jl AS-U^J ijiL^-Jl ilaJLJi LgJLolil L ^}\ iJ j_oJLJ 1 ^JlLwaj
jtS' l g *4> « 5 1 1 I (Jl^kW t djLw^ j).^,^? >tJ I J^S* aJLc^JI
l- j « « jL^-»I o 4 (<LL Cm (_$ y>~l 4-Jj^<>wJi o jj-+P
iL-Lflj ^MMAtllil O^L^j * 4*jJ?^jl ^jjjJl _ 1
•*
&
<JJJ*
4*
uLI I L® ^j*Xr4J 4 ^] 1 ^ J 1 Jt ^ %vj I
j! j*& ft ?L « ^ Lo ^JlH L®)) l ^JL L^^ apL^?
j t ^ ^
y*ul ^•-LM tjl^w*3 .Lwu ^-4-L® *>L^li Ll& ^ j^j ^ IJla
p ^ p
1 t^w®^ Aywt) LwwmJ 1 ^ ^ ^ I yLJ y j S:>L~Jl h tJsj y J^lJ jUsI
** ♦*
(Jlj-uu P'^Jo JiS* A*3 4 4 la L.. ll <UP Ajj^^4J>iJ| AjJalj^Jl
•»
^JL/2-oJI L$J^ ( j»^lj->tJl AO~L*J ^ JlXJ>o ^jJl Lo .0 Jj>- jJi J jJ>-
jjfe LJflij (un tout) MS' t^jluJI ^Jj aJL^JIj jbcuJl
(o j « /?> - JS Jjji ^L*jo L^j^/ ) LJj^ju oLj oLp o^ljJ ajLLjj
i— « * *■*> L$ ^ 1 Lo ^ * cJ I Jj^ J I ^ ^ — A ^ ^ +>+**£ > A>^I,^a^»J
iu^Jl SJLp-j Jlj*- (replie) Jjj ^ jl l-IpLaj «?i«l L>
(,J ! ^ | » < W 1 i ft itoi* l -*■ (^j i J^«.*> A^W^) Lw^vui !
^ Ju^j Lo olj| (JJlJI j 5jj^J| ^3 t^iLjJl o j-U 5JL>wo ^ j j
tdi!S y^“j -LgJjUj jl l^-oU^ulj Jj LjjJj>-jj L^-SL^Uj
4 ^ jJLj^o J_ft U5 jJb La (J J_>- cLjH L >Jl O j-S' A*_s(j
p. 0
(a^_>-jJj-j Jj'y I AjL^vO^Lo j) ^-vajL^JI j_$Ll) 1 M>-L oJlpLjlo LU j L,>-
®4-jJ»^jJI <uo!jJl® op t y j *^jy ojL*^>txJ
70
J ipjbJuJl j 5JJbj>«_<Jl j^JU o-*Ji (fait national)
t ( j JL^aj pllaijU c (<LJl^J jl c 4 j
J_£_JL> dJLlij c eJLs- jjj JJJ jJ jl 4
jl _^>Jl e jX9 ( b <Jl>-b jl t Aj>- y>- < 9j Jo 'j^../3j
**
.LpU^-VI C->Ul^vaJl Ji-b jl iJjjJl objUJl Ja-b tUjbSfl
ejjiJl il^yi JC~* Jajj ^ jrKP' jt ^1
*4 **■ if
^1 jl5 o^l ii- tSjyJI j-* JjS 1 5 j^JI
✓ *
& o-JlS" ^J! iJjjJl < j_p c LJL>-lij Lj>-jL>- c ^lijul jjb Ju>t-CLw^Jl
^ ‘ (Robespierre) jL , — , 3J ^JJl ^~*jJI
.Jl?u cd^JL! JLi pJ ^P^woLxJl
f j g <*-L»jxj (jiJl ^JjJl
t (Danton) jj-^jbj jjj ^j-sj J-^-b
-Ldi .J^lj^jlj jl~J)/l (J jJb- ^p 0*>(pyi iwa J^p iSMi ^ j^a^o
/jL^ 24 <c>*J o^jp^
:Vsli 1793
( V k * J-^ jr* 4-* p-^->‘^i ol5j
^V 8 ijjljj Ju*-IjJJ« oLJlSJl (troupeau)
Sj-j^SLil UjUJI J^-l <J— Jj i«_*5j-£Jl
** 44
.((l^J Jp-I ijSCLkS'
! *5\jli ^jiJl# .j j^^jj
t L^jj jJ l g ^ t L<k_^3 ojLoJ (j! ^ I L *~. * ■ -. fl
71
t ^ i »i»i«i tf |1 A— i^AjI ^ 1
.(146^ 1 1974 t (Guiomar)
■P
Uj •U;^* t jjiluJ Ldl (Robert) j! j*
v>a.> 4_^>l ...it^l jj»\ di jAAJ®
jJ ^ ‘ JUL,
4* M
(...) JadS oJlLj ^ io jliJ pJL*J| ^jJLoJl d)l
P £,
^LJl J-£ ^ j.s <a ->iJL) t/M
ja p\ 4LJy ^ jl ^1 JU- J\ ^1 .^uSa t jl ^Vl
^ ^ ^~l ^ 4 JLJIj .JUJ! ^ Jl^Jl
4# 1 4*
4 L« j-4_p d)L
4* ~ ~
.(147 ^ 4 1974 4jU^>
p.
U >J (jj (J J p3j^w3 fc^jUJl Ijjfc U^jl U tajj
P' ^
jjb L#» (Jy>- oLUaiJLJ ^L^l Jl*j UlJLw4 o
44 4+
SJj-\JLj aJj4j J-L*JL> 4j^w> ^jJaj pJuiljj
5_Jj_IliJI oliJI (renaturalisation) SiLp-L <j£' 4 4 _aJ?jJI
'i/j 9J jJ SiLwwJl Iw>-Ls^ 4_.-*-A-Ll A^uLj^JIj
<Lu^jLaJI a-^-LJ! ^y» &4^*_wJiIJ jjii j cA^i^) l) j&j jl <L> j j_g^5_>dj
(jjjl Lg-j'jA cLLU5 L)j& jl t-^j Jj 4u^>j
0
4 <JL^j>«JI l^^i\ oJLaj^ .JifeLaJl) 150L. (j-^J j-U wL*y>Jl
” 4*
•u-^iU ibli jJ^j oJj»-Ij j3-b A^J V
/(Jj*b M /yjj-AJ 8 4 (Buzot) jjjj) Ko. (^s** 0 •— *1 <— «aJL
**
LJ_JL^Jl ^ JaJJ A ^ V J-UjJI SA^-j jl .(1792 4
*•
J - j ^’ t i_s-;'j J ^' <i '-« j: - ; ^' ‘mj-® ^ a_^>^: jl ujhj J-* — II
«* 44
t^L-Vl ^JLpj jL>rJl LjjIjlpI Ju^j aJL^!jl!I
1793 j 1792 o j \ jJI ^J? ^4 -j-lU jJI jli
72
d->Lpl j 4,1 «/s ll ^^_P*A j
j j^jl^J! jj ^xJI jLc%w« J jj>s-w^ <. j^_jwL2jl ^^UJI ^UijJl ^3 4-JjL*J(
<u^J c (girondins) 4 ^ ^^/7 . ^ * ^ ^ t LajL^»
C ^Jl aJ^wLJI w^ l i j >cil ^ j^l wi-<3_S ,<lL>- ^-Lp
p 1 * p *•
C A«)jLwO JlSwU ^JjljJl -X^a ^Lp 0 jL a . t^ . w ul ^Y-^-** L^e-^jl^o Las ^ o
p
3Jj>-jJ| 4jL>^>- ^Vo t^jl^ljl JJLoN I J I ^Vj ^->-j[j
l i t I 0 3 1—^— W%wL»l ^ ^ _«^i»W^wl 1 Q i |<||4I» 1 I
(^JJ jJ>sJl tjLwv*' ^ l^Ljfe IjUj I C— » jJ>J|j ^Jj->tl!l
.4^^,^iaJl ^Lp 0 jJa— «Jl® i_rH ej-*^'j Suj-^'
j->«J!
U-»Lh iJj> - ^uj-f^r ^ 4iJij iijjyJ! <JL>^)/I {j*
£.
(S£LintC“ i-L-A-oJ i k_,A Jl—^r.,« ll j I ^v^ 2 -J>?-J I ^A-* .pi ^ C t ^
^3 pwi^jLvvj Oi *■ *' « k H *—41 jjw I L>- jjJuI * b 1 li£tncc)
Y* I ft
A^mv^L^s ** 1 ^ I^j I t I I ^ C 4 ^%*_Aj ^ ^ ^
1 jJl! 4^*^ctxJl oLJ! 4^o o^-p l»Lw« a^cJ u-* 1 ^IJJiJj 4 ^ dS'Ls jiS"!
& p ^
.j >Ji
(A. Cloots) ^ jJLS u -^-jis'ui 4jU»)n ii-*
J^a-<Jl ji jJU AjjlJ JJ^P tjljj’bU iyJUJl iJslj^JI ipjj
^_ouL) UJpU c_^_><aJ »^>- c (genre humain)
<.1790 Jla^-'^l j!>b>- 4 ^ojLa!I oJl&
: Sdi dUS ^pj
*
.4-bJs^Jl ^3 LSj j $ 0*J^*aij (J^L>- 4-fc*wl**<w 4P^»-P (^r)
jLbLU L^-j L s^i-t' ^ iwjLsl ^i! tjl
,^^o|iAp 1 ^ 1793 4 buw t ^ JbJull tJLiipl
73
c jjL>c^ Jj! op
jy*>-^Jl ^j-UjJl j^g-wjj « \ aJIjUjL j£3\ (jL^-uL
♦*
4 lwX5L& Ul)J Ly2.^J 1 J 3 L t 4Jv^^d <LajSs^~ Jus^ul
<2>m **<<3 ill 4 Ojj Jl>- jJl Lw* 4. Jlk
^Jl 4 ^-aLo^JJ ^_jL*J1 ! *jS^ ^ g ^ j ^
J JL>-lj Ja^>ivo llllA ( j-~Jj ,^l JL2x<Jl
^j~-} j-^S ^ a-^^jLS^IjI) (Sj-** iJLjwft Oj-^-j
Eloge de c 1792 /J^JLI 9 t (Anacharsis Cloots)
.( Gutenberg
(universalisme de la ^> jJl Lj> j-*-*-; ^ j-Li 1 1 Aik
(particularisme nationaliste) kjJ? jJl 4 _w> j-s^kJ! nation)
p p p &
4 4jjLv*JLa <Utl?ljLa 4 (i_Jl ^J| j*JL*Jl jL» ! lj_OLx>a
jJl ol ^ 4 ^j JJL ) \ oU^U>tj^~ v y Ij oLw^^wjJl
^AyjbSr jJb La j)-v 4 ? >■ 4-L^LiuO C ^ I ciUl
p
4jj j^<>j>Jt ipjJl oLl (j;jJlj (la particularite de l’universel)
e. ^
o* ***.».«■> L oj o^L^vJi l " * j , LISL w.-»_! I 0wLa
Ij-A oLi c !j_a c-jo.9 jJLwwc ( j-jLs 4 4-<>L*J) Jl>-!.5
4 « * .4JJ jJlJI C_Jj^_>eJl J^)L>- 4 J...-..S Ju^-JLj LjJlJLI ^ ^
.(Napoleon) Oj^LL boli ^Jl (3JL^#\I)
♦* *• ^
c^l JaJl ijJL>Jl o j£s 4» ^ ^ L 1 Oj13 • 4-J ^ ^
t*
4 ^ »J 1 LuawL I a -• i '■^■i 13
L^5 ) 4-s^L^Jl <ulJ j-^.yv
f. f.
(^1 4 UJJ ^1 44-4^1 4-QSf ~\ ^3 OwL>tJ
** » *♦
4jj)^JL LilljCx ^r-~*a\ Jikkli . (l . » .ti LgJ ^jXll ^I-LJ^uNI d a. la i V
74
1 ^ fiOL-wt-vJl ^ J ~^~ 1 1 ^ A-*olw\— Jl
4A JaJL ^ilJl lo ^jJi <U ^ OJU Jib ^ (1836 . 1748)
Jl-J jj- 4 ^* i-wtj jJU^ ^ JLS1 (Qu*est-ce que le Tiers - etaf?) HJlill
SjtoLaj j-^w ( /j-o toljLi^Vl wW? <x*ii y* .(1789 a^) ^LS
LoQaJ tj V <Jb>- ji « ' V 0 " 1 ^ 0
t- w >. \ s' *
c ^->4 cl^tH Cj^ La ^AJL Lm^L>"
aJLl?)) OjIIa . j ^*^LjJI uli tJuli^JU I ^ laull Jj>-b LaL»J
J^b £b£u*l JSbJiJ iSjiiww- ^p iSJ* ^ j (caste) ftoljL^ol oli
4-oJ^^Jl b j^o a*j ^p cr^ j ^b^Jl o ^UajJl
-,/^c-^ j-Kj-^ d -9 ^ ^J}*-* ‘r-*^® W- 1 ! • (( ^-~*L~Jlj
fr
(_r* J- 0 ^ 1 ' ^f-y^y 4 rr tf ’^r* ^y=y> '-j-' y° Lfiy>ysJ>-
. jg «* )l jJJ»-b jL^» *y® LJLjU? Ij LgJ jb ^j-a Jj C ( jJ?jJl
t j^S'i-LaJl ^Jp 4j2-JaJl o*-La t
Cwji) , ^4jw« bj_>-)) o I Jjo (t^^Jl Js> li-*» JiLu L^li
^a C A^-JaS" ^lll I 4-alp 4-4*1? 4-0 ^-a
! O-JJI jJj 4xb>c-aJl v Jl j-^Jl c-oabLo c 4^oU ^^i^jJi
£rj *&l ( ji?jJl b)L& iOljL^VL) ^Jik>Kj ^JlJl ^UaJl lloJl bp)
f, & p. ^
Lfj i «,rg a <v ll 4 ^.L*j 2 j) ..i*? g.o.I i Laj . ^iS'1 Ll^Jj Jij i A^l Ll^Jui
^Jdl ^UaJ! J L^la j ^ISj .JL^k^Jlj JU^Jl J53I
jl ( j5^kj f-y *>^i .1 j \j y£j* j'i" j ^5Clw- ^oljLlaVL ^Jas*ij
** p
jj«Aj L» {j~*>-\ J_jj.fr Ji - j^5w-j ^ jOj
.(JjS/ 1 J^aiJl 4 1789 t(Sieyes) j^)
j^JJlj 5 jjJLil j*LJ J-j 4 -LjujJI Jo*-b ^wvvwiJl oi .1 jl 1 ) (#)
idliJl aL-UJIj (noblesse) t(clerge) ^jJi JU-j : o-Jl
. (tiers-etat)
75
Jj ^ iSjla-Jlj
^jA ^.^ChXJ I io Lp ^JLia iZj j c aJ * ® >A>- jJ ! ^^9 u^°
A p
^1 C Jl^-9 4-JlP C-oLS L* C>^l j t<L^li>- 4-JL>e_5" 1 g * J
^KSpjly^ Ls I ^C-l 1 C, 3 l ^ < S «■!■<> 1 1^ ^»-P^) 4
^ j>^ LajLjlpL 4_*-*-JiJl 4 ^ 3 Lp <lSJs? cj j^Jal
L^-^J? j-p iJliJI jU cJa^Jl JjSlI oS? j . 2 L-^L>-
; Jl^JI y* (Tiers) cJliS! q j jl yVl y> IS^UaJlj .iJLi>Jl
yo 4 j*JLp yoljJl ( 1 ) yLH ^5 4 jo Jj>b-La^<>J| 4j>*j>J| yo J-^.^xi
<j-* <J>- yJlj c c-*>Liil oljL^ol
*+
p
: LfJ yj\ aJLJ! - 4 J Jl>J jjijl (Franques) jj-xJl ji^l ob-lp-l
<^1 L^j ojj_«JI 5-J^Jl ^j-i jlj-S^I
V*
^ji oJla ^iv>sj Sijuji ApJaJi ^jlp 1
Jp 4 JL>LwJI ^JaJL^Jl ^Jl ^jj>- jJl Lgjl^Li 0*3^1
^£1 iajlidJ AjLi^Jl <U3 Uj < 0 ji j-Jl O-ai^Loj i jjiJl
V ISLJi .dLi j jJb iJLpti ^iSl j ^Sc^o l^u jlio o|i 4 jJp
yJl o^UJl J5 c(Franconie) LJ ^ 0 y oLLp ^t JL*J
(_9 ^P c^kA^wwo 4 LjjLp^I ^JLp JslsL^bj
yla jJl jL J-5jlpIj jJL^ iSjjj Lj-»Lj Slj-iJl
ajIj ^Lfl-sp^l l o L j t
L> ISIj . jLej jJl j (Gaulois) ( ^JUJl ixk>- Jai^ 0
, p f- t. ^ p
., p p
\_^JL*J| "pO OjJUt I—o ll (J jl oL i f-LoJ^pJI ljwjJsl^«J
6 jJ_>tJw*Jl cijLLj tJ-jVl ^g- LjF- (_^jLwv^j
j (Welches) ^plLiJi j (Sicambres)
ULo
iLLp
.(^yliJl J^JI 4 1789 4j~-) «?iw H jaJl
76
f ^ ij ^ hj*- 1 s’- a* jr*
L &3jju>- twJL^ ^u>aj>tJl JL>e-o JJ*-!.} oo j-a-Zj ciJLJij
4*
ft +**
i A>\ jL_*_oJl j-j <.*^~JiS> j^l ^ 4Ja_; j j-^ (termes)
** ♦*
Cs* 4 J-^i* J^'-> <>K^' p***
j^JO .SjjjJt Ij O^LpNj IjLwO C JuLLgJl ^5 4
oJjfcj) 0 j jjJJ g fl.a
V <WaJl>- ixJaiS* UjjvaJ jtJj jJ A^jJl ojjiJU . (L$jNN.> ^jt
oJu g .Ja ^uJ l c^i o-*>* Jj ^ U-^ JJ^T
.jUjJ ! j jl5L«JI ^ La ^ jblia-fl OL L*JLp & U&jLi>'! *J ^xJl
♦* i *♦
La^IJJLoI ^.Lp JLjJj>- jj*L*J 1 ^L*J , ju. JgJl Lso jJL>-^ !oL>C^I j
Juo-JlJ ^1 JJL^N I 1 J_A jJj oLiJaJl 4_^^9 jLJ I ^JLs^?Vl
i 3 L-A .A^iji ]g * >t^a ^y^ .ilL-A . AJLo 1 <^S
~ 4*
<*lL!LiJI a c a la ll oL*jLwuI j! * ( ^ ^—LS" <JLS l ^ S' ;Jl>-Ij Cj^j lSj-**
jjUj j ^ *)LS" UjLiPl; ^jVt L^juj-jJ oLLxSl iolpj ^a c o^Lw*-sJJ
^1>W?1 J 4-iLLJl J ^uJajVl I^j C^ali ^1 Jj j^>tlSl
**
*(rien) (U^ N» I4I0 cJL^ coljLiaNl
( j^j c La c 4j jj>e_U oLUai*- ^
^ ^ ^ ^ 'J*U**bm J i L*. *»w *>" ^ * k^AJ l wLS 4_l^taLll
{ jA>rjcS . Lft j ^ip JL«J j 3 yj J L^SsJ iJ\ CS®
* *4
f. — '
J yj^A iJUafl O^ws^lj Laj y^2> OJtA 3 aJj jJ A^a^SvjjJI i^-s 3 jJl 0 V I
^1 LjUI 4-j«-^>j ii i^Xli j^j ^ > "J . Jo Ju>- L^uuLxt ^ip
(J. G. Fichte) <u>w^ OjJlJ oLa^j ^UJVl o^J-ysJl L4JI <l >-j
4*
®<u->L«J'bn i>oVl ( _jJl oLiLlai*-®—* <Lsj»~jj_*J! 4jLUai»- (1814_ 1762)
oljUacJ^I 4 JlLJL; cJU- ojLSJl 4(1807)
77
^li t (urvolk) AjjiaJ .<Ljj-JbLJi
* & &
^LflXUa 4 4j I ^-PxJl j-^yw^ L~ 4 J Lvww^J <CL>e-J
^J_>J L a il^JI 5-JL^-jtfVl
*+
l y~> (Kant) cJL? IaoJL^ ^yJl <it>L*Jl aJLSU-* ^l <j ,_p| L» jjfc j
“ *4-
<yJ! iiUii)l - V~jLJl Ji t < 2 > J^^lj J>JI
i-jjN-gJIj o-L>-jJl <LL£wJL_a Jl 5 Sljl oJLSl
,<U*CvJaJl Ld( jl ^j*vwsJ^ I* ^Jl
- <Lo jj U C^ J c 4 J jjJi SJLp-j jli c Jlx-aJLj j
J^L>- j j~*j 'i/ Lg->1 L^S* t ^Lw^jLs-^
** ^
t oIjL^^jN I <Uj^oji La jLt| ^5 i jL^?:^L j
•* **
cJs>- j ^ .4jLUa>- l^-s3 ^La? a ^a 4 >°Lh
( >^ 4^w^LmmJ 1 l ^ a L**^^ ^ C L^*j 1
£
: (_£^AUi!l La jl lp-bj
** *t
0 * * £
t ^ 1^0 ^ ^ c 1 Lw^^*# 1 i»Lj 1 N ^Uli))
& ^
tUo ^1 tliik y> ^-iUJ! ^ylp Jj 4 Aj ^ j! aJ^-
tjL^Jlj jLfjS/l A_S ji# {jA j j^-*J
'y ^LKjJLj ^y^-vxl t^_er * — (J^JjLS jJ)3 ^ |ju>- JA L_*»Jj O^JlSLIj
.(394 ^ 4 1807 4 (Fichte) ax^)
^ CS^ J'^j*- i. IwLw^Jj oLS' #» (2)
f* *
aJLSvII ^ j ai ^.iJi ^jl^- 1 L«k^b^ L^-dli-Coji (lens)
o^IpL <. l >jgjl j-3 L«j1i-L« Ujliji 4 J ^>-ti 5 j LlVl l x-^+j
^ l ^a., t t L-a ( J^_3^ (j£*XJl L-«^ I ‘LP'L-s^
r P ^
j.w> tiJLij t(moipur) L^aJli-l UNI ^laJ li^UaJl (deduction rationnelle)
4JL**i ^ 4 .. ®J jiJl (J <<v ~^1 ^LSU^l ^^w>r " ^3 _) jll 4A^P
.1793
78
A^J-jj ij-fr o jjLaJl IJLfJ L>*Jl ^LJLSsjj
p ^ p <•
j 2 ) JJ5 Lo a-aIaS" (ursprache) aJ^? 1 i*J aJJJI ^ SJui~w«
t(l«Oj^-j li^' 1 a*
iaJ j j}>\ aj^jLhJ» J^SCJl jtls>l ^ ‘(JLsjj t—ocJiJl
. ka^a^JI
<j! l _g^-£‘ oj*A-d-Jl JJULujj (J^Ljlo T g flji Lo_s**
p /
4 ^rr^' rj-^ji 4 -'^j
C 1807 i Al>e^i) ^A^w^JiJl JujJj V Jl>4 J IaJ® jJ*J t L^-**j£j
• (324 ^
! jJLp dJLJ! 4jlia>- ^ ^JLj L* Ai>s*i j
+• •+ ~
aJL^2j>-! ol (w*-*-JLH Ijj& Jjl<jJ V®
•r H*
i_s*~*d J ^ J^dj (_^1
*♦
. ( A^-fl j ^ AX&Usj Aj^I ^qJLuuIj j~£3\ j j*& ll
jl VI ajX^w V tSyljjuJl olililll oli jl
J~*-* ^ ijUjJL Vi, . 1 ill A^„^“^^Ji Aj^^3l ^ *
* *
* ) l»^* La « l ^ws ^ 1 Ua> yw A-L^j2-ww»a ^ ^ t»^J I ^ * avJ ^ IiAA
<UUft ^>31 J^Vl aJ> Ji u-^VL fry A^J>*VI oi*
& p,
^jJ| A-wA jJJIj A-jJiPjJl oVU_*JL^Vl <t— £~3 Lvij! LwJ-P Jug-^O aJLs
A- oU*j_>tJi A-JLjj«woVl j-j^jJ^JuLi .ajl>5-^3 ^2-j Lg_J *>- ~ ^
* Aj j 1 A-PJj i aJL^ O J t J jjj .,/3 « xJl
*Lj (^1 (Bismarck) Ujj^ U j
A-s-A^jjJI Vl ^Vjj-fc ^ LjLJV A-jJt? jJl oJl>- ^J l
l ^ « aL*^1 \ j^Aj , gj LJ *)l 1 (X-~0 jS . Jl A^ouLu^J A_^>- ^J^JwLj'ill flJLxJl jjL>-li
79
I £JJJ AiUiJlj ^jjUIj Jj^jJb
jJijl) (chevaliers teutoniques) /-wJ jJ? j kJl jL^ jkJl yj> 1 jJl>«c^o
#*
Histoire de <. (Heinrich von Treitschke) y O ji til; i *>li»
.(1894-1879 4 VAllemagne au XIXe siecle
«oLLk>Jl» 4_Jj>-li iijl JL* *y?TJ (_5-l | SjL^iNl
(Machiavel) JdJL£* Ji* Lg-J J-J aJ J^\ ^LUt
j 4-SLo jJ* 4^jL^Ji <L«i Of-lju AjLg-J JLLP
Jl>- JjUjL J^lj (Tilsit) j L-j J*jL
^ijJi Uu jJL^ ^(Saint-Empire) i^JLLjl
4jL& ^A La ,4-ojL2-<iJl Oj-P^ AjLSj 4 fULJl
^3 4JL>t-*3 0 j~f\ ^JJwXjl P-ljjJl I^L& JsLw^lSL jA La^j ^A*ojLL$Jl
jA t IJj^ il)J 4 jLl»-j c j^Lp ^*1 jJi u-^Ufl->tJl
^yuj^yi ^iijJi *\ jj u_j t oiUuj -L»-ij J5 t^jJi
£ p ^
jl t^_o«JLU <cJU<s*yi 4 j ■> j.*/3.i o. Itj ^(Ljtslj b»jJ g o. ll) aJjJJJ
A_*j_jJl i g •■ « j_Ljo ^Jl 5ju»" jJI oJLa j . (urvolk) bc-l^JU
«*
C ij jjJlJ 4 _j jJ^LlaJl <*J>-jL>tJl A-wu^L-%*Jl -LUgJl j j LLi LataLlP-
t Lg-tl^ aJ^JJI ( j-ww*lj O^UI A-ot^oU .jLajJl jl
^_JLgjJI 0 L^L<J 1 Ls^u! jA ^JUi IAa
TT ** **
f~
1 j <_£ ^JLjJ! 0.5 LpI aJLp j^J
LjLqJV f-L-Jl 1 1 *\£a ^v^Ij^U ^L*jaJl
«« ** **
‘UJyl ^ iy J5 ^Jj S^UJI
j«J j! iJjjJl O-L >-j *\j-*j .aJIS J-^-l ,j-*j ^
0
j-bj 4 JsjJl t 4 * k 1 4 1 a .<il LsJli i (jlj 4 -L»- jj
80
)l Aw'-i-tf* C M lA^C ^ 'JT^ ^ i im\^ (i^j ^ q
^3 ^ J uLoJ^^J I Jb^tJl l^_A oli t ^JbJlj^ ( hp ^ wwJ Ju>tx>J! 6 j^j
M ♦* ■** ~
<; ■ - « ■*■ I ' A__«A_m»'}/I <sJl^-j__J! i _g^— fi a Ajli*-I J_j J_^-Ij J_S" i?Li>-
t(E. Balibar) jL_JL oLJ| Ja-p-N L*^ LajI
**
ol .(140-137 ^ <. 1997 c(Balibar) jUL) ( Zufluchtsort ) «UJU»
Jj_l>iJ! ^cJLaJl j^Jajw* a^^aI ^.liJl Ijjfc
£.
^ylc- ^1 j5j^j ; (l’etat territorial) aj JojS\ aJj jJQ
Jl^mij A»JLol Aj Ju>-b
\ is jjtS i joLiu'^J o j-P jS ^IjJ (j^ IJl^s-*
(jbUJl iJUX^ ^jU*- C5^ A^jJl J tolJUl
i ^ w\ ^ l C J A A|^?.J A^wtjwvwj l 4-ltaA^ wLJ*A^“
LU jLcj yiVu .ij^l Ji-b JJUJL aJUS/I *-Vl
£,
w £,
j->- 1 jl A^LwfJl oJ— & (Selbst) Kc**b®
** +*
0 4_pL^>bJ1 Q<\^ J^-b <lw?l>*Jl tjb t iw^lla A ll
JiUL-j v 1 —^' otrf JlpUJI rf
fr
*J^Jl>«-j Lm>j .^i*)L?-l <u>- jJlS” (suprapolitique) j jJJl
*♦ M
kJ^S ^^-sj w (3^! ^ju) jl w 5Jj jl! 1 j ^j-wj JL^JN!
JjjJl ( v r -o jJaJt ^L^Jl boJl JL^oj 4JcUl ^3
jiyji lJj u^j .qjjLU
^1 ^joU ^y*A*wt+0i bJ 1 ^ ^ 3 ^i*.L a ) A3 jLfl . ^J 1 O b t
•* »• *•
ji ^ jl juo c^JliwJ j! Lj - 1 * I*-'
iSjjZ Jl SilpL ^1 jLj «| .L^KLiJ JJ Sjj^aS wJ
i ( _J^v k A ^u^wwxblJl iJjfe (|~° jl
— m
c £
.aj^aIj ^UJl wjL*v*in cj jJ? ^jA L J) jicla
81
isik jJI S jjIjJI ! 4 ] jJlJt ^ ^ aJjjJI _ 2
S <Cj*>Lp t ji» jJl pj ^ a a oli c
£
< oLx^j j_a 4 o^k**JJ ^L^w^l^S" iJjjJl t * j
Jd» - ,j ^3-Vl Sp yjuJl Si JLSdiij ^L-Jl _ / £aJI
ijr?. cS? 3,3
+•
jjUJi si jjp ^-*a 9 _ 1 Sj^ajji ij^Luvi j jJi
IJu* J^j .^LSL^J! S_J Si iLJLiJl r Uj»L o..^ t jJl
H ** ** *4 M » 4 *4 j ^
4 I 1 cJ^L>- 4 L*a*J I ^■'Qiiin 1 j
p
^ I ^ ^ I L^htj i I Ji L -J L ^^...^ .1 1 Ow\-A A- </»*<«, 1^0
I ^iL>ui ^ 4 dlk *x*j j UUl ^ j 0 jJaJI ij i-b **a l^,J?«*k , >
44 *4 _ v*
^ (, #* 4
4 k*^** k^u 1 o^L^Ji 4 (^La-vwJI l>-X-fls ^ * L^wj^d^
4 ajLws^LaJI c/°J ij>tjjlxl! oUUaixJi k^j^l d)l
IwIa j»-^ 9 <yj cr®
olAJl ^ <u^S aj pis (^JJl Ju^ili U jSJj lil 4 J-^S! JSJlj jaS\
£. p
^jJl j-^j (c5^ <uVl j\
5Jj^ pkk>l Cy* oLpI 11 4^i_Li>e-^j oJjJj^J! jJl j
kjkj j\ 4jLL>-| 4 jJ^ S ' ^j^LlJl J ji]\
Lg-> -k^j jJ 4^-JO
♦♦ 4+
O^ 5 jij^ 0^° ^ (k®
^^Lp 4^p pU^I ^ULj 40 I 5 ipUj>JI ^j-g-! ^ y
4j_m21*_oJI ^jjbJi ip 4 1 jl^-a ,4-Iij^p 5Jj^> pLiub l g^ ; llk^
L»^J4wJ I i 4 - j L "^ ^ 4_i^taXjl J^— 1«^ k»>l >
j-** JL>"! IjiJfe JLt^ma; ^jUrg M >c-)l jJb J 4 ^j->X-J^LxJl < — ^ l >cJi^
. ^LflL-QJ Ow\-A ^ ^ 3 k iv'? ^ 44* ■* <T
(j j-iJl <J^->"
(Op j! dlSS
^ yl— ^ 1 4 ^ * k ^—1 i 4,. ■*■ I ^ 1 <J>')1\ ( _ r LP y^jZjL
82
f*
IJla j-pjU i)\ <Lw>-LJl ( j r A t Jl
i— >1 la>fcJ \j jJI ^^LwvwJt cLLLaLiJI
.((iJsj o
P
c ^_JL p ^Ul o ^JiJl 4 -j Lg*> JLLp ~jUI ^ws^l wL<23 ))
Ijlaj 4-*^ojIiJI «u-^UJt t LjJ?j t ULi
43 C IwL^_A *^pLoj>tJl ^PjJl
** ** ** +*
. 1 ^ *^At ^Ja_Lwo <Lp1^j>JI a Jj>- j *X^LJ 4»Ls^» ^
p
C 43 j-A-oJ! O^i-A 4_*-P j*^ j-o 4*3 ^.jJl 03jJl ^3j
olj^l j-p SjL^ t SAj*L>- ^J*LJ c^JLLJl
**
.(336 ^ <,2004 t (Pisier)
L *-» ji *• £pUl i2JJ-2jdi (Jus ^JL
a_^jjJ_^JL) *j - jjy ^ ^.->.11 ^jJ i^JLlliJl ij j j_g_4_>tJl (J^_>-
5JL>«_oJ!» 4 _l*_a «-L*i_pl j (ecole methodique) i LoJl
<_£jJ iNa J5Lpj (G. Monod) yy> JL^-p j2-«
.♦JLcJI Sjljjj t (1932-1842) (E. Lavisse) cu~Jjl
|»->r y9iSl Jlo»*JI ^Lp Lsijlj (_£jjlijl o— J-*^Jl ^1 .P ij j^LoJlj
■WV^ f ^ to^-S l t ^ LwM«J^^3 ^*~1— > ^ ihj ® ^ i ■*>■ ^ 1
c—>ti5" 1 4i^ j JL » Jl o jjLlI
« ** »•
p
J-*J • ^LJJl j-* J^r>-I ^jj_$o)) ^J|
-Li ^.^JLp L-*j <LojJ^ ( ^jp *L>*jllJ! iilsx-i pj.-la.oJl ^aU jJ!
JJL.JI IJla ^ fULLftl ^}\ L^i jJ j 1871 j 1870 ^1*. LjLJl
p P
JC*
^J— ^Jj^“ 1 ^3 ^ | n.^a d t ^wp ^p^iljJl OjJJ
I — i^i ^jjL? <uJ 3 _* ^ ^JJI t (1874-1798) (Jules Michelet)
4^^1-o^tJl 0^^-^>vjJlj d-il ... i ^j o ll Ji»-1JCL> t o jj—O ho.i
83
Ju>- V ! j ZLwOl JsLwlj JLLijVt^
* ^zj jlzU ^iuA>xi\j S-Lj>-^3I ojIoJ 1 Lgj^« ^lsj Aj 4 — */ Lw-vJl
f.
<• 5~*LS" i » j-i <_*»*~o* cLUJu j^jcljl>j
AjsJkjljj AjLpI j^j C JJ&J
l .. i ■.* j ^ i .^jyi!i ijjiS\ ^ ^
tJj_^JLJj ^LiJl (G. Herder) j^j-* ^ <.L> Jb» ^1
— 1784) £^Jjlj AjLwJj (JjJ- jl^sl® C_iJ^9 jllJl
£
^ jp 9 t ^ ^ o j c L#a ^ O' .(1791
** H
3^ f,
^ j3^° ^v2jt b ,L^*gJwsj <. ^^jUI Ia^J
4^0?U>Jl ^jj y*-> ^Slsj ^ j~*t c j
AJ J (J ^i^Jj pO^I Ois
\jbj~*JU JL>tJ <. j*J>-Nl I JLgJ <U >-J jJi oLw>t]| jl ^JJflLwO t ^\S
f'
.<U3U5j J Aj 4jIo
*4 «
f, **
l ^jaJ 1 ^ j\ Jj^n Lyfl,ftljLo jjt dj$ ^aJ->-^J1
jJl^ 2-4 Oita ( j***-* tolsLiiJJ ^i*Jl
K^xJm ^\ A-Juli fJlP ^Lp jSj^A L^5 ^ ^ ^l^jg^l
4jJu>- j ^AOJ^jJI Aj )) ^J-P^
^Lp d j-OLj j j^JLoo ^1 iJuftj) 4^>Jl aJu>-I jJl
^ “ ♦* ”" “
(Slave) <-;i}l~Jlj iiJsLJI jj«_ 4JI (jjJ yiS\ oLojjJ! (jliLJl
<*
A- ^3 ^o J)^i-1^L^_] i 1 l 1 *^ 1 > C l H II« |M Xm 1 1 LhS^ J) ^ 0
— ' ♦* *♦
p
i^- ^* r --t^— l_3 C A^ L *i»uu4 L^l i ( Aj I — Aj ^ 1
jj,
,j^>-Vl I^L& oJO*- jJl ^jfi' j \j L<^uJ I <—> j_xol!I
JuSLaoJ 4 — 4wJLa-*JI diL c
Ljbj . ( 0^-^J ^j-P «jLp- j-& IJL* j)
N Lj_L^>o j_yJl iJ j ^ JLlli • i _f ~* J jAJl i a jJaj ^yl>tlj
44 M **
^JjbJl jl Ju (, <A-g r -»«]| Jj_g_*Jl ^y$ Lfl-ow«w« 9i^>-^-« Ja-JjJ
84
^ M «
fr r
4jlfL<>j ^>-Vl I -La j^jju t dU Jl! ,<xls i ^\ jjj ^jjbJl Uu& j j 1^77 ^
C ijjLflJLo JlSd^t) 4j3JL>CUa ^j-^- 5 4 OJUtJL* jJ jS>kJ tuJU>w^
J*
c lx** <1) LLaj I jli .iJljii>Jl jisLJl
U * jLjwoL) <L*Myg J_v3_>sj| J */? « P <L*^I jJ^Lw^Jl oV
t dUi i y* Lpj
^ (, . ♦ ) A^LvLgJl cul j jl j-p'yi p-Liii \
JJL>j ^U-L c I I Jjn ( j-P 4j>*jLJi j I jJ ^ Li .<j^>sJJ
*>
Lfj ^^JL> ^5^1 diJu_> t_->L*^JU»l <lJwo-P *«jI j_j {, l ■»/? *J
j* ^ c/^'j *1^ jW^'
^l-wLnXww^) ((LgJ SJ j^w<Jl I j— LJ ^£?L>eJl ^Lo^XjNI
i^ -r JL r .P» oli tfcj . <3) (447 ^ <, 1827 c(Michelet)
Ju t ^Utf?li>- C-jIj^^o jl ^3 1 £*>- jJ N t G<U^li*JU ^^Jjjiil
Nl oLw? j «,*?,. I Jd ^IdjCL^I ^^Jlj k<u-« <JL li»
LJjjlJ 4-J ^ ^ (1892 . 1823) (Ernest Renan) jdj c Jjl (3)
t ( 1 882 ) ® ^ I U» j U ^il o j - ^ —31 ^±+0 5 o JL* t AjiiUs- a*^ J u 1 j
wUlt 1 J3j A>a^/1 jp I L^-Lv- ( j-Jj <U1 Jli” jp l.^ja.*.^.]f3j O^S AjI j^P
a*i!s jJl Ajj-gJl j ^-vpu ^ (deracialiser) ^1 ^LWl yb j Lj-LIL* liJUb
P-L«JLt\l j\ A_«JLJL» A-la-jj jl A-o j|j A-J>- JsLaJL ^ 9 ^lj-ix)
1 A^-^S"j o-Lq^ & L>-Lu I4I* t(^jjJl
4 ^j-P jl^AJ jl j^ol Ur*
Jj^l • ^5 JL ^-^«3 (jllJl Ul t ^9 IJLJlI 1 Jl*j oJl*
a*p ji\j ^iiii jii juji ui .ojL^JlIi j-a jji^4 *j ^ y
t oUjj) j^-p %oli' a^jLL ^JUl jy>JLi ^y9 jl I— pL^ oUiEl ^j3
0 j.oj>ll Ij4| Ij.* jU^>w t Jj^' ^Ls .(tJulUJl Ju,^ajtJl tl882
aUJJIj t 3 j-*-^\ 15 *^^^° L k a-^U— JU o
. aj ^£U%c*J
85
j .Lg-Pjj jlfT L>^5 i <u3jj*J! j\ 5^ljJc>tJlj
^ Lo^~J tu'J l 4J2 ^JLo jJl j CU-JL>- v^-s^>-
c a^JmJLwo) «i? j ^Jjl e^jLij ^3 L^Jjl* c (jl j-p^l jLg-vaul^ ^3
*•1 ^
.(459 ^ 1 1827
<Cwo j^~ ^«L!l) Lygj <L-*wj jji]l 0 i J*+)\ IJ^j
<ul^Lvv^2jl ^4 j ^>fcX^Jl) ( l £jL>zS^jJ iilSUJl ^j-4 <u5\i*<iJl
! ^l*Jl jjjsxlJl ^L*l <U*j1j Ci I ^ ^Jj^JaJI 0^>*3j (<!UpUa3^S
• l**J ^3 ti jJs> c-A^lSo t jL^I /y> <J 0 j£L& J 1 SC 3 M
\*j .L*vT ^Jj Jj^VI L-h» tljjjjl <*) (_yf»
•* **
j jlu La fjl o-L^_> >LJtD l ^ <«a .,<? f>i j-A IJLla
iijjiaj (generalite sociale) i~pU^*-'yi iwaj^-jJL ^^JUjJIj <_£ _^JaJl
^ 4« **
C— > ^~*-JLJLj ifci-fc Ju>" L$-LS"^ .^->“1 * *-**> ^1 (^.jJ Lo-4 I
£> £,
• Lwwj ji 4 CL^tw^lj A*-^J jjaJl Aj jJL«*Jl Os,. dig bo t
4j^*->tJl o^LwwJt i Jus^?S/l AJL^oL^aJl 1 ^_jLS*L>«-4 j*fr L^-^bJwqj ^ ^3
•(470 ^ tl827 caJiw>) <teJbJL>Jl SjlJbJl ^ p (Pontificat)
t L i ‘i* * “ J 1 A^.L>fe%ww4 ^_J ^ d « ^ ^ ^ itf ) l I JL^Jb
ooJL*J ^iJI t j J^I j_* oMl^ijJJ 4 jU^J 1 LgJl^j
t <ljJ?jJI aJ jjJI jj ^JlSJ ^3 Ow^jbL^j ^-^LiJI o j-iil
•aJI>-Ijl 1| t$j| jjj ojj>- pJlij ^3 ^Ai^j
^31 aJ j jJt oUjI j jJI pJu^l jJI ^IjjuI - 3
*J*-JL3 ^j£> C 4j(LLl>b-« C_3 J jJs ol jj» eJ-P 0 ‘>Lp^/I
oJUb jl JL^xJl ^Jt 4jjjJl OsjlW
^j-*J <_£ jiajJ I LJL>“l3 Li
^^wwLws^J! L^-L>jJ LijLi/s L>-Lo t4jJLiiJl 5JL>tJ! oJjb jLjipI
86
p
^ fr-
Jjjjl ^j^j ij-ajJl ol $\j*p La>Ij j jj>^I Jl olS"jj>- i^JUa^o
**
.jL»^X-wu*Vl j j->*jJl <— >J J~*“J Ol^L^ifl j i-sJ J jj Vl
pjLL ^jJ] 1j_fJ ( _ S ^L—Jl {£*\j
^ jJl c-^liaj>Jl J-^J ^ ij! jJl JLLa 4jlli>- IgJU^tj o\S ^iJl oL^ggLjJl
** »♦
4j*)L>“JG li jJ^eJ ip- jJJLoJl k^2j) jjajl C jl L) (J
4+
4_]^jJl b 1 ^ j ^ j Ifl ■» 1 1 ^ ■ i.i.% oi l I £*
^ iLjLj t_JUa^Jlj oUUo'yij oLlk>Jl i—ii
f* V*
4 A^^jJuLJI <_ 4_£- J_£- J_X^ {_gjL)l (_£^JiJl Oj^j jLi»J
JLpLjl^I ol^JlJl , LuL jl Jk-, 1 V i)L»- t iou-. U5
i!j}-iJl 6 «la c Ia5\_a * A-^p-Ljws^-ll aJL^w^I ^J 1 j j^lajJ 4 ^w^LwmJI^
^ p
AjL^-w^ i-Ls^ L»j|jj>l C-*> 4*aL*Ji 0 <j*>-
^jLxj ( ^Jl J jjJl Ji>-I.> c tilta £o . oLj^Jal
fi. (. e-
JL*_> Lo t AjlIi>i^o <udaj oLpJj 4 jj^li ^iSl o^U- oLo jl ( j^>
p
l * *JLU jJUJl J_ft j->cJLjJ l A *,ssJ C A^mmJL«
^ p
(positivite) 5-Jb^j LiJj t^^jLJI
(jL>l i l Lo_S) k_j ^_*_JL]|_j (3^ j-^VI Lw^ jJ j^-w^u ^-pjJ j
LJy c-tliS" t(H. Taine) ^jLi c^Jj^a ^1
.(1893-1875 ( Origines de la France contemporaine ) »■ »_-, H
iJU^Jl JJ-b t^yj/'yi J^JI ol5^>-
yUaj^llj oL5 jrJ-i jip 'j* ojL^* Ijl-o pj (4)
ajUsjj LJc^ (Habsbourg) J^/ c^iij j 1)^3
(1872 . 1805) (Giuseppe Mazzini) ^jLa j-^>- jli t jUll j .^a^lJl
♦* *?
4*L2t*-* <. a *, a , ^11 ( y^ oj jj>tlll LJUajI 5JL p~j O^ 1 (_^*U]
c {La Salute alliance des peuples) (1849) ^JUil ^iJL»wJl a^LSj^ Lg j ;
.Ljjji *— 1 4>*l*Jl 0 (3c^" ajJa^t5" ^1
87
1849 j 1848
**
oiJLg-^Jl oIpI j^a Jl j'A ^Jl P t ®4*w*jiJl® 4^-1? \ j £.&j w\J I
^wiJUwJl ( _ # 1 p ojl >dJ
#4 l *4
^c.1 *. ./» li »jLiJ| ^_p c->jl! jj c ® a-oJ-a^oJ|m jI-lLJU 4_Ju>-Ij ojLc-I
JSM JS\ c^tj c^*tL^I ^Ij i-uJl iUUJl aaJJI i^JUa^j
t*
^ p ^ p
oLpI L yajl ^Aj .<U^jLp OwL>*jt L^IjlaI j LgJ
.L^Jl-va^ 1 ^]J a-oLa:*^ I oLoj'i/i Oil <_3 ^ JlII
oLpIjj t LJLoJl^ c^j^laj t Iaa j
•*
cAjj^Jlj i(JU>~Mlj &j^At y £\ j>-v3 U^OaJl Cwm^! c O J-JLaj 4oUj
4_> j_A jl ^JJ j^JLp 4J^L>s-^JL 1 4_jJp jJl <L> * !l J i-PliaJl (^^^->“1
ejL^aj>JLJ )J ^Jli^ljJl LgJL*-*Jl jl
4* ,~.
4-JU I 0>Lc**L_**Jl j jJaj Jl<***j ^jJj> .^^-jL>Jl ^4 aJI «-ols jJl
lt-L& ^ ^ Lp ^1 * ■*> t U 1 I t>» u5^ ^
\w ^ *•
^ C^W 5 JjjJli t ^LsJl - i j 1 a3 ] C^\
** *• *♦ 4*
^>L 4 ^Lio % yJ <L2> j& Jbo* 4<uil?jJl SiLJl objJaJ LAjLbj
t i-J
t ■> O jJs> j-lajJl oJ_A
**
Cr* Vj^ 3-* L^ li' Ja—'j^
*• ** '*
^ ^w43j-<JI U-A j-p ^^cJl 4J Ml
t (1961 — 1925) (F. Fanon) j^la ^Jly ^iiJl v-*^ 1
••
p p'
4jjJiJl
P P
oil jjfc o jJu JjJUjJU La j->«-^ ioiVl 4JL-A j_^> ^d-L>- t 4 jL>-jj-WN
4-Lv*( pLsio 4jCil t frl J^-4* 0 jpviu AjaJ^« jl^U
♦4
^jL^jcLwuN! cJ jJlU ^Jl ^liaj>sJl ol o jjLi ^ 1952
_- d»
iJ? t jL«_)tX^A<*y I 4_jLa~C" ^y9
88
J>JJ aLI S jS- oUJL; r-ljil
^ *+ M
(3 r^^-wx 1 I jlSCa . _<>_>eL~-_<»Jl _ «_*Jl oL>Jl . l_?-b
^ g J -klj pVj-A 4_vsL>*Jl 4jj^Jl £jj
£, & £,
^1 j^£?[ZjtS\ JlS* ^1 4 Lvijl p-A-L~J>-J jt- g . ^ U ! J
p
jl jL>Jl j . (conscience de soi) ^IJLJI ^ jJl LgJ^U- ^
♦t ** **
|»-^aJI i 5 j_m»Lo J-^"^ f-'-j ^ j-^-°-d ^ 4-dj-$-^ e.>L*_^J
£■ £r
sXj 1 ^jJ 1 ^ 1 / I I ^ lj ^? ^j<J ^ I
Jj >-1 fj-a *& Si IJla J*jAJ>- (j-fij ®v^j* 2 LS , n I jJL^-*U
JajljJl 4 j i IJ-A (j-°J . ^j^jJ^jJl ^J^Ui^l j
*0 1 4 ^ y J 1 1 ^-J 1 6 ^ -3 ^** W * A > l* 1 *****^^ *Lfl^ I ^*^ 0 ^J^lH )^»J 1
.4-jJ^ ^Jl <J^*Ajl ^jA OL,^U: ^1 j*/3l Jl /^^Jo ( 1)1
4 (JjjLi I*La (1)13 4 ^I^Jl ^ J
^xJwijJl j c^LpIjjJI ^LiJl j_>x-j <lJL 2 jl>I aJL^>- ^
ti' ^ °J^ j j- & £\j ^ v? j^/? >gJl l^-li JIJ-ajM ij
** ** N-1 ^ *»
tf.-s.^ AJ j LAjLLP^j <LjJp^J| ipJjJl 0 *Lft j-w*^u2j jt-^J j*-S l^lj® .4-jJ^j
‘4r* M -H l 5-^L? cr^W-^ cr^J cj-^i W-'-dj-^J
•• ** *♦
t(Fanon) jjJli) (bjJu^o Jj Js> Jl iji%^> IfjLs t (humanisme)
4 »w^> <LwvvJ^/l oJjt j^xJL^j .(247 4 1961
f*
. (l’internationalisme socialiste) «i5l J xJ.'il a^sIm i ( _ 5 - u l r Jl
f* 0
f-=ry ^ W ti' 4 L^L^L?- ^jJl *liJl jl5 bl»
Ia 9^» aj^j <ja ll> j A L»_aj| <U^jJl
J±>j}\ ^ji\ J* .iabJl ^\ vJ oUu5L
• ((i ° (^J (.5^^'
1 *♦ *«
tf'
^A?xi t AjL#> AjJsjJI ilj»Jl ^>Q iajl
4(1975 _ 1906) o^Jjf o>- aJUJVi Aij-JL^ll Ai-Ai ^JJI ^rjl
89
/ 5) LJLOi iljJJI oJj* IfJ jj-o
^1 -Lj^Jl CjJ6j (II c 1958 / 195 1 ) SJL^I -j ^jJl
o j ^ jiJ! <_i ^y* <*j j-^Jl ^>LJ! c^l JufcL*^o LftL^a* C— Lk-p
^ j^>-j JJjJL! ^^JLp ^y>Jl SlJLi>
4jjJ^-<Ji - 4 jj Lvw<wJ I C^LjjJ^I ciL^jiJ A^jLL>- ^ip cLU^J 4 LjjjI
4 4 Lj jJ j_>) oJL»JL>- <LjJ gj J J-i <L>li|j 4^jLaJL*Jlj <U-^ j jJlj
CLocu*i ^1 JjjJI oJ-A <LIS J ol 4 i 4 LS
+*
j jjJiJl S JLw<* ^Lp jJ 4 Lwy'ojJlj LjL^JI
j \ jJNl IJla J^JLjj .ijj_>*_j I^J*>L2 jl^I «^fl j-^aJ
j-d'yi Lai .iijLLo (Jjl ^u-L^Ji ^ j-*-JLU i^UJi ij^->sJL
^0_^»J ^ytjJ yi OJjjl c^j^aJ^JL) £J> rj . -J t (J ljsJ_ < j!
(,5^1 j-ftj •W-'Vi '-iJjj' (_^ j » Ja^ :l 1
la ” ... i ^
jSyj V y*- ji *J Jl AS 4ciUi {j£> '%Jai J .<Lplij
p
L<*wv^ ^>*jJ^Ji-b'!lli ^L^LwrfJlj .L*$ ^
* *TT ^ **
io yJl L> jj^L jJl Jb-3 4 jljlx3I 4^^LqJI Ja.> V I w oJ^gJ
! Jj j-L jL^o Jl*j ^iliiidl L^l>t^Mjl oJii^
^ ** *•
^sUJI j^Jl JJLi jIjll,! ^ LJJdaJI !il»
y iAjljJl ^ (Martin Heidegger) ji-JbU ^jt» oJLwJb iAJlll — Li ^ (5)
jl^J 1 1933 AjjUi LJliT oJiijl o Jt >L oij .JUj L (Karl Jaspers) J JS
- c
(Bertold Brecht) cJ£y t JlJ y ^ ^ iilJU? cJa-Jjl Njl
.1941 t^JJi jl*_j y y."^cJ ^ t (Walter Benjamin) yJlij
1951 Ajw^*> jjw JJL* 5 1 1 i g . **■ *>L^ 4 > ^jJI L-LS^ t,y 4 i— ^
^Ij^l ^ c-jL5JI I JLa ^JJLjj (Le.y origines du totalitarisme) LJLiXJi J yj\ j-a j
( tSnr * aJLlJI c^-^- < 1968 4jw*^ a-1 .. ^a i ‘ - * %-**<
.(Le jjj/ewe totalitaire) jLl^Jl ^UaJl <>( Vimperialisme ) 5JLi^-«)fl c Vantisemitisme)
90
\y>\s' jlJ-UL
aj jS j 4 4-JjjJi ^UJU sjujl^JI J5LL<JI ( J-?~ ( j£-
*
O jiw 4 jU c Ij ^Jaj>tj N jtws5\^>- j^o JJ ,j_p I
4..A.L La ^Jj -4— JU>“ c 4-_S ii I
H ~
14-Ja^Jl JjjJl ^UlJ^ J ^ J>\ L_viJL
p p J* ^ ^
C^JjjI) ^4_s^?jLj IjJ-^xJLoj L^*j>&-*m-Lo L-*^Ii <iJUJb
**
.(244 ^ ill 11958/1951
i^jL-v g aLiiJl oJLgJ L-L l_y L«JL>- S y 1 LjojJI
^jJlj <U-Jaj iJ Ji J^_J> J-L_g_*Jl ^jjVl j»Ua_Jl ol jJ«J
oJL* O ^Ja JLoJj .‘LobJl ‘U^kJLxJl i_J jj>Jl ( J_*_4 j aJL>v_JL^xJLJ « ■ ■*> -
•oLliVl oIjuLw* J—U 1920 j 1919 jL. ol>jJl
fljjJl» JJ-b ojLlJI U5LlL! J^J *J ^Jl j L*j! ji\ -j ^Jl
Jia»-ljlllla . (bJall^oJl t— J jjwJI ^y* liLLjwJl
•* p
UJl jt-JLi'i/L io jj>~ 4aLx>«-^ oLu« jJ
j ( tL^jj) (etats multinationaux) oL~l>JI
( j^- a^xjUI ol (JjVl) AjuJLjJI j>JI jaJLJI
^ ^ * p
t LJL^j*) I jA I jJI <J^*aJI oAa P-LJL4 oJ**->- t <*w*LJLLJl
£r £
uiUi p-Ij->- ( j-a ol j_JLp cam?j JjjJl oJla <jl j
SjjjJ! jUp} ^..IgJJ j . «oLii^fi» 2uli- w(ipso facto)
J^>JLj C 5-^j JJlJl 4-wOwi_l-£ V I i jJ? ^ JJl
iaob Ailal^Jl J iyy^J
** *1
e jJl ^9 2..,<>o i s-Lklj^l IAa i J j>- ^Ja ^Jl
i ((race ethnique) ^ yJI j! (filiation genealogique) I
^ 0 p
J^b jlSLJl i J? J ^j-a LiL->- 1 I oL?
**
4j iUNl 4*wy> l Jij jjUiJi l ^ T . ^ j i oJuJ->tjl aJjJsJI i jJLa-
91
£
4 U jJ Jj (jLoJl) 4—* 1 d-^LU-9 V I OwLgJ C— & 4 l-L$ofc .1 oL>eJl
^ (J L* Ji^So V»^o t 5-sJ^>- jl A±y Lj • (^i • • • JJ
l i tgj) ilji (jjJb bbLvL?l ^llb*_5 .<LJ_^ ib->l JL&L*_« J bbUkliba >— S J&
ir° <j* Ojijpr* ‘^jj ‘^j' 4
P P
(_jl t (Heimatlosen) /J »j jjJb c— »bU tJj»JL>- jjJj jl*J
j\ 4^>j_«Ji oLliSfL ^Sll J-Uj f-l j^>j .(apatrides) jjJu
iLkXP-l LfpLtf>j! 8i>JU^)) jU t L$J V ^1 oLliS/L
*4 **
- | * ♦ I -
J*T;
VI jl
4*>- 1 I 4 0wL>«JL<>v3i d)l
4-w*-0 ^1 4 <L^jJ;?jJl 4jjJ-LS iJ J J *L*-*_*J J_P 4 0»-UjJlj
^ 4-jJpjjJl l-Lw<kJ 4 Lg-)Lo— 4-wofc»LwwvJlj A-sjJL<j! I
o* 4 (>y^' 4< S~K^ iljjJl 'f^s-
*4 *4 •* ♦*
Ul«J v—JI ^ L+jV ‘^LJLiS/l JS^-J pjAi-
bbl_P Jl »-) >w» j*> l_J— >e_ » ^_L_P OJ.i_>jl ^j. - O — *- T .» . ^Jl— S s .i. J 1
^1 k~«JL j-ZxZ ^l) ((^Ja^Jl SjIpI» oLL^ toUlj^Vl
rt *•
P £r
jl ^Loj ( 4 ip 5 Aj jl ^ l)U>"i *X** 5 < — > j>-J>
OljJjJ ^jj-L^2>* 4^jLJ|j 4(jU)j_>-Nl ^J>-»J ,4_wajJL] I 4 j1«,a)1
ft
^ *
(1)15' L^j 2-^5^ . Lla^feLj 1 ^ * 3 1—4 L*Jl_P 4 A-w^>*Lww^
4 5J ^ jJ Jl?^ ^L>tj I ( ^p (l)ljj>c-*j Lg^jJU 4<JL>Jl
Ujol i *JL>- 1 j (jl$vo J5 I ^tal* 4 ^^Lli jJ * J i» j\
*jA OJbjl j-laj ^9 ^wo-aI
** **
iijjJI jj wjsJL>- (^jlill ^^jJl (_jjLaJl Swb>- (_y^ oL«^L«JI jy\
brJa-ii ^jl ^
t
L |p «<Jlil» LllUj tjw
jl .^"c. 1 ^1 ^ _j^Jl dii Ia>-N L*Ja (^)
. la ... 1 all Jjc>- (^1 OwLj^ bll g aa ^ ^l
• j*4^j'
92
jii J^o AJL+/2,. > 1. g 2 - - JaJ y tij^' j»UaJl jlS
^ y^' '•yy 1 ' y ^ 5 y t/ ^jjj^' v^'
a-j^-^jlSI lJ_a> jl ^_pjj» .(ad hoc) yyJl IJL$J
t^lj-Xj! ^jLt' LwL 5 ^J..la « «« 4J1 "V) C6 y^-l J^S"j_^Jl (JJ>j!
^ tj ^ ^ . .. 1 1 ^ « «_ ^ *’ ^ c Lj
yj! oUly-V! oJla .(255 y dl c 1958/1951 tcuj)
+♦ +* “
^LSJl ^1) t l^Lbl ^ISLiw* djsJLjco <. l^J^>- ^jA jil Jj^Jl c-wolj
i j-a 4-^L-wwa> 4-!^^ c ( Cwfl jJiJl L^_JQa^s JwJsL*JLj JLiJi
wJujj oUlj-^'V I sic* ojIS" jub . L^JLl>- ^3 oL^o^UJl
♦* **
^ 4-Sj.jJJ 4*Jo 3j^-J ^*^2 Ju 2 j^ ^-t^L^Jl 0 ^Jzit iJl^L-JsJ
♦* **
4j>-j^ wL^> ^JLj j*-5 4-*i-Jl oJ-A d— ilS d)jj c <w? jL*-a ^^LvvjJJ
tjl ^Lp l « l?t jJ* (l)tJLS-3 tfj «£_$ l lLU^ ^ 4-sjL-L^Jl
^ dl C 1958 /1951 t oJLSj!) «iiJL^a *^>JJl
t ^pl AjjLoco i^Ji oUljj>^l oJjfc JL>w ilJL&fc .(254
V-“**H 4 yW^' yy^' cr 1 ^ t^i
•*
O-Ujl cy5 Jiij . Kiv» ji!l fy y l^Jb»- aJjciJI oU
y 4 jJu>j l» <uJl oL»J yjdl jUU! L^-J Iju 0 yi y tdJUS
v* *• ♦*
f-
c ojJJj!) KajlWI ^ ^ ( jL^ j>~
++
V-LJl '^j}\ jU toJbjl ^ yj .(257 y til 1 1958/1951
++
y^lW y JjujmJ yJl
«y ^ La j->bJ 1 olfr! J^y A^i>*Jl
t ^1*3 ^Jr' j3 ^ y yJtl t»XgJ y&i>S 4-JvO^Vl 4jl*Jtl j j*j
0
^UujJ I jJaJ to y y-* A ^^- £ ' oJlj L^j oly jJaJi ^a JiS^Lioa oJljLo
. . < g JrJl t li I^jj 1 in^vW J ■ ^fW 1 dj J* l^J ,y/i ^1 SjLNIj jl.
,(JU-I dJ ^Jl ^ 1 {£*
93
l^wvsdi jl?xj c I JjjJU aUslJJ <uli»-ta iJlSCa| K^UiSJi
^UajJl ( y^> c I^JLaUI &JbJj>eJl t cJlia^oJl >■' c>
C«^LjsuL^V^3 i ^ ^ \^mH, il 0^1 t 1 lS jLJLo}\
•4
j>IjjuI ^i-p 1 j4a>®j t 4 -oIjlII
^aA ,_^ij < _ r ~ jiLJl ^j-IUJi Lg- » - > s >j
.44 M • p r
MUJl
^Jki^S«WWW^iij 1 t 4_? 1^i«^A3 ^jJuXjl
c \->JjJ £HL>^ cr* s j-° <-l/^J l£-^
*UlL> ^LJiJLS c-> Lkl 1 1 Jw^L$L> ^ I o j_a ^jo>cJL^
c <L*L*Jl oL>Jl (Jl>t» ^3 Li ,S j^jjL^o ^>iLJi 43 I IgJb
( J^j 1 0 jJUUI jj * ,*, L 7 j ^1 Sbl 4_1^ ^_JL]I i j_*— > ^jJL
^ Lm J 1 j I i 3 1 ^«Lj£»^»%w£ 4^>^L>- *L*-^A ‘jK m ***/3 a *,m
.(266 til 1 1958/1951 cojujI)
L S j3 L>jjjI ^3 ^Ualil <U*<^I 1 1 j5L
<Uw^J oLj CT® t 4^0j-$b>Jlj Jj_)LaJ| ^j_P ^J^ULX-^ij
**
Jws3 l L*J j-i ^-3 <Lw**jJl oJub O-i-Lj *)Vi>9) JjJj < j-J->-
**
t Lvijl La .(jlSLJl ajuJI 10 t obJl 4-*<JLJi ^ ^>Jl
jjJaJ j /j— > /j^i L o ^3 ^3 c* 2 lla>l I <U^LjjJl oJ-fe j
4"U1 . ^ £U3 ^j-wJ L g3 ^Jl i^L-L5sJl <cdaj^l ^j^jj
5J jJlU jJLiJl ^j-Jsj ^b-> oLi-w t <Lw^>-iJl
^31wLA > \j J jjiJl C-^-wJ>o 4jJ->- t A-jJdjJl
p p 0 ^
J-A ; O Jj j! JJ-r^; (^il ^3 t l>- j3l>a ^*-L!l (Jljp^Jlj
♦♦
^>0 I jjfc L>- ‘Cjsl^oJl (J^>- wLlA^
.iJsjJl s^L*Jl I 4 JP ojJI ^1 C c£>^' tj-^'
94
Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. 1951. 2 e ed.
augm. 1958. Trad. fr. M. Leiris. Les origines du totalitarisme.
T. 2: L’imperialisme (1951/1958, II). Paris: Fayard, 1982.
Reed. Paris: Seuil, 1997. (Points)
Balibar, Etienne. «Fichte et la frontiere interieure: A propos des
discours a la nation allemande.» dans: La crainte des masses.
Paris: Galilee, 1997. pp. 131-156.
. et Immanuel Wallerstein. Race, nation, classe. Les identites
ambigues (1988). Paris: La Decouverte/Syros, 1997.
Canivez, Patrice. Quest- ce que la nation?. Paris: Vrin, 2004.
Fanon, Franz. Les damnes de la terre. Paris: Maspero, 1961. Reed.
Paris: Gallimard, 1991. (Folio)
. Peau noire, masques blancs. Paris: Seuil, 1952.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. Der geschlossene Handelsstaat (1800).
Trad. fr. L'etat commercial ferme. Lausanne: L’age d’homme,
1980.
. Reden an die deutsche Nation (1807). Trad. fr. A. Renaut.
Discours a la nation allemande. Paris: Imprimerie nationale,
1992.
Guiomar, Jean-Yves. L’ideologie nationale. Paris: Champs libres,
1974.
Habermas, Jurgen. ((Conscience historique et identite posttradi-
tionnelle. L’orientation a FOuest de la RFA.» dans: Kleine
politische Schriften. Suhrkamp Verlag, 1985-1990. Trad fr.
Christian Bouchindhomme. Ecrits politiques. Paris: Cerf,
1990. Reimp. Paris: Flammarion, 1999.
Herder, Johann Gottfried. Histoire et culture. Une autre philoso-
phic de I’histoire (1774); Idees sur la philosophic de I’histoire de
Vhumanite (1794-1791). Trad fr. Paris: Flammarion, 2000.
(GF)
Michelet, Jules. Introduction a I’histoire universelle (1827). dans:
95
Oeuvres completes. Paris: Flammarion, 1897. T. 35. Reed.
Paris: Armand Colin, 1962.
. Le peuple (1846). Paris: Flammarion, 1992.
Pisier, Evelyne et Franfois Chatelet (dir.). Histoire des idees
politiques. Paris: PUF, 1982. Reed, 2004. (Quadrige)
Renan, Ernest. Quest ce qu’une nation? (1882). Reed, dans: Qu’est
ce qu’une nation? Et autres essais politiques. Paris: Pocket,
1992. (Agora)
Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph. Essai sur les privileges (1788), Qu’est ce
que le Tiers- etat? (1789). Paris: PUF, 1989. (Quadrige)
5J!AaJ! 5J oil _ l
** »
^9 cJL>J 4 (Hegel) JJua iijjJI L^S c-Jli-i
£*
(Tubingen) 4 JLL>«.j 4jtajj*^j t4jLota.pl ^ * >*—#
^JUIj (1820 44u*JLd ^^L-a L.JJj-4 jjtaX^? 1 4^-wal j jJI
^ Lota-ww^i 4^ ^3 r
4j_^ oj^L^Jl) LuLJlaJI a jJLxJl ^lp j_a ( y < M 9 t (l’esprit objectif)
^xJl ji Aa^L>u ‘Lw.jjJb (J^i- AJi \ ^ (1817
*• C *1818 <c— 1 $j ^-p
•*
lLLS^ jl OjjLflJl \jjt JwJta>oO jl cLUj j\ Ls^eJjllll iJjjJl OtaJUfc
M
j J-j t U.^:. ^ j^aj>o ^LLLlSI
.(j 256 u 1820 t (Hegel) JJcj&) ^iJjJiJl ^j^aa a^oJLxJI
p .
t t* ^I»P o ^ aLIs 4^J-o.P 4JA jJl oj-A
j! (ethicite) «iJLJ'Vl» 4w?L>Jl -i JJca La^pJj ^i)I <UU-*J' ^A j
j . sijJujJl U_a J^U- ^ JuaIi j . (Sittlichkeit) ^LpL^j^-Vi ULJVl
Nj aJU^> pJ JJ-ta (_r— ^ ^~>l*-<Jl UUaJ 4 l ^aJ)/I
^>“1^ 4A * ,ig ^ajo 4^jL> j I ^9 ; c A ■ 11 4*oli ftiljl
97
*
c a>^p A* mvf i *■* 1 u Xo aj^La ^»p»^
^Jl A^dC-LoJls^'i / \ liuVl flJlA j j^j ^ . 2£ j^L .a jlL*# ^yO-^2
$*
j^" 1 4-pLo«3>e-U a-u1Jl5Ij As^s* ^L^jVI LajU^| hX>-
*
(bvirgerliche ^JJL^Jl *_«-jlj>*_ oJlj a_J_jL_*_!I : j «oUa_>cJ»
P
~ Jj kJslc.* olii>J La jL^j .a3jJU1j Gesellschaft)
J^ ilr 41 Lfr’i .iJbla Llij J>-l
*
aJsjI I Aj^llJi L> ^L^-oJ I fihJjb C-5^i J
ol^jj dj*>C JSLiJ L^£J <.(^^^1 ^>>-j J»-b Jjj
**
^><1 i,^* >gj j *^»Lp ^-A Lo oL-J>- jl Lio^/I oJlA ^j!>bJlJ
Jl£w ^^JLp 4.2k: Jl cjI kcJJl oi-fti JlJ L »J ^ Lsijl
J^Jucu tLjfc ^^.Jl jJaJ^JLi * (deduction lineaire) t _ 5 iaj>- iLiiJ
^ (La AjjjJl ^Aj ) l*Jl>- N aJJjv-
c ajL^ jjb jl?JI IwL^-? ^ LgJL— ,*> L
**
4j aJjJI aJlA A-laJ^j ^L*3 JjJb>nCLo {£\ <■ aJ-£JJ
Lu«LJ ojLjlpL <. Jl jJ! ^3 ^15" ajI^JI Ld-^^Jw0
4 * H
fr
a-^L^-J c i!lwL)j «Lg->ta A*Jy^-*Jl o*l^J aJLJjlJI aS^^JJ
^-lUI (J-a^eJlU a « 5 \aZj* a 5 jj>- L^jLs^j-j 3JL>bJ (jl A^g- L » j L » -^y 1 ULjNI
4 *
t JJcJfc) ttA-^ijNi a ^SCiJJ ^JLpxj jl aJjJLU t aJj jJJ
l i ^ ^Jlj^ iJj^JI Jjjl^J Nj .(333 ^ 1 1820
^ 1 i «.>L^M>wil OwL>-j ^ o ^ L^wL-^ - ^ A^j < <> ■ 1 1
*4 *♦
JbJL>tlJl iJj>-ji\ od-Aj .^■loJI ^p AaJIj
+m ******
^ I LjJ ajLl^j aJjjJI I ULJ^AJ
** ** **
(jl LaJU>- J aJjJlSI ol^-'°L» (jl . 4-4jL>sJU»J I A-o^AixJi Ajli-4»J
^ii jJl j* y? ^ J^ujuJI 1-La JuUj
11a j^jj .(^ jij^ W : ’^ Jr^! t4 —
.J»Jl iAJUJ JUufll J^Jl Ji-b aJjjJI vjhl Jl t
98
Ijjfc J*-!i I.>o Ll^»Jl t ./}t\ ^ ^ dj
J (b «jpJl» fj&L* Uis-l jl I SJNjJI iilj^l Vj! 4_^> cj~Jl
'jJj us^j-fr^' J^' 5 ( jr*-*
JibUl J\ t l^U- j£u ^1 LpIo*.VI L5J)fl J
^ p
. (rationalite immanente) LUt-J! L-gL JSS I
Li JU)I oU? jbJLJl J J yJ-t-i N t (droit)
*♦
p. f. #
Loc>-ji Lo bjj iJ-*j LajLjLpL If Ji ‘ ‘b^’ eJ'
0 J 0 JLP ^y*P AjLLoo (j 4 4_w0 jJLS"^ I 0 Jo wL>to ^J|
. a^S' L»jj>- I oL*jL_Jl j oL^j^JL! 4 j LLS'j ^j^Lw^IS* ajj->JI LaJ^jo
i <uuJ l 3 ^ Aji j^-i<J jj-j t La <j-*j
H
£
! Jl-^9 ( jji i Jo Jo>sJlU < o! jA SwlP ^j-4 J^Jo j I ) £l--o Jo
JaUiJlj i U_3 % >U>-'y I A-olJJlj (o jjLfiJl ^LgJti J£j>- jl) (b j^>mJ1 JjJI))
Ij aJljUJI Ai-b La jj Jo Jg *«*.jo ^xJl a^JL-j^H cL->iJl 4
^ H
^■^isoAvo^ JpA^-J 1 IJ.A o J^-' j o^oA%oi I ^ ^o3 • Aa>* La* 3 1 j ' SjbVlj
4oj_»eJU j-A JJ^cJl j-JJpl 4 30j 29 ^j-o* laJLo. ll ^3 t <iLb Jui-wA
LgJ AjjJ>xJl 6 j j-Lo oUji qA 4j>-j^ JlS (1)L&^ ^UL j ®o
**•
jl?A ^Jj^b D (etre- 1&) Lla _ ^a ajV c a^-
.(139 ™ 138 c 1820 tJui-A) l^JlJjJi>J
^j>eJJ ^Lp A^xjjbJI I J5 cjolS* bl
A-o>ioj j_) A-L,£? oJ^b oO L- vcaO^-^ ^ 0 U-i jJL^Jl ^Ia-^oJL
Lgjl^ aj j->Jl o I Lo t ajI jJ ^ jlo o I *j ^ * a jISCpL oLi c (aj
^ ^ p,
^jP ^pji j (J^LaX^jL LaLp (Ji Jj
CJj L ..^.J^J 1 ^ 4^?UJl p— OiJl 4 LoSol l ^ \ P ^JoiJLfc ^^ Jl
aJ'V^j a^jJL>J! a^^Lp tJJLjjh t^> ciLloj .jJUjJIj
••
JJi-— fo^Jl IJla jl .^^LJUjl ^5LJI JI LolL LJ J]l Sjjll
M
^ * P
jJ-P 1 J L» 4 SJL«L>-j o } j2*jt Lj^ALaJ bt»bL >- j Lpjlij
99
(Moralitat) iJ^Ai-'yij j^>J1 JlSLj! t la ; yi?l(j ^ j
•* ♦♦
,Jj»JI ^l) j^jVl j~-*->,j . (Sittlichkeit) U-Lw>-Nl LLjNIj
j^sJli ,*U Ijl^S - ij^>JLl ajjjjsJI aJaUJ (U*}li-Nlj
(jus UwJaJl UjJl oli C-»Llla>Jl ^loJLfcl 9yJ* y> J5U. ^JUl jJ>
(droit positif) jJl <J->*Jl 1 j_i ^ la : <Jl j naturaliste)
*4
(codifie) ^jJuJlj (jLJNl JijJb-- J^°) <_r^ r*-5tiH
4-j^.sUl 0 j^L-j <■ /»r s /v !l ijLj-ij . 4_ij j L i
*♦
oJl& 0-5 jO>~l Jli j) iOo~\^>rJ I 5-ol jj! J-$Ow <UlJiL> 0 <>Ji
L o> ^ jjLj 4 ^S! jJl ^5 (modernite) 5 jIjl>«J!
^"UJI ^jJl Ji-b (_$! t ((reforme) ^jjJI ^U»>H JjjJ*
i* « 44 ** Va i ■
<*
Vj ,^*1 IjA^. »jL^L ti-UI
4 jJU <Jaj>J l^JLSj (moments) ^^JLa j_p
jVl i 4iob»w*Jl ./g^bjj y - lli ^A Aj 5 la at U 4 ! 5j_jL>«^
O-^i £frj* ^ 1 ^ 1 A. J .Li! — ^*C— *- ^ t ^ 4 4 I*W | A—)
\ £ ->* l^_jLi 4 oUajO> (5-JjJlj j\ 0 L 4 zJL^S
J-Lol 4^3l>*Ji LtoJjJL >0 j»U2_J 4 (^AjIj oUa^JnSO
♦# 1 *♦
f, p f. p
J-S’bJl 1 -La p_$ij jl j .(JjAj*- jUs>15j ( _ # j*>Up ^UlS’
LO 9 4 <i ^ 1 J^h: jjJ-i <y
j jjJL>j_>sJi ( j _P ajL-J^ t L_-3^Li>-*yi A_oljJl ^J-iaJj t L>_*_sC> j jl jL5
SL>J| j^i ^UJL .US' U ^ ‘m j i‘.^.* i
V ^ ( _ r >UJl I^SLoj ^
^ ^ ~ “ t*
<l»,3 j\ g */> )l «uLl^-j LfcjLjLpI
*Lo— & 1 *dJLl_) (jLJLJl Lki' 4
M
j jl jLuJ jSLJ ^1 (anciens) «^L»JLiIj» 0 ^L^J! UjlJI
m
jj-5 jL-jlp^I 1 g • A fc 1 t. j —*» jj j_5-5J SJ^- 1 ^ .< » l ! La^j . /> 1
100
j-vgjjJl oli tsiJUi jLsit>ci— !
jl iwsj-vai- AjL ^ ^LjJLv^II
** ******
AjjJ>**Jl ^3 t 4^~JLi t jl *LotxS\^ 1 ^ * JbnJ
** ** **
.(221 y> <.1820 tJJcjfc) «(liberte subjective) iJliJl
Li^JJLo ^1 <t*Xw^o <J ol IWj V 4-olJJl 4j ^>cJl 0 juk (1)1 ^ P
a ~W| n . 3rf? 1 1 ol N j ^.j.jlail aJL>- JJ>-b L^j
aJl £ bLa (sujet transcendental) aJLcl« ob ^1 ajj~j-« jl aJ^-~
. la ll 4-PJjJl ob AijJla^Jl olilk^Jl L_A ^i^jIjuj ^) » - g i . LgJ
Aoy S^ljl ^\ _^Ij Vjl LfiV :
»*
^ Lgj Vj *^^LvvvJlj j ^UaiJJ Li? jJj Lgj^
os^. C A >oJ| 1 JlA 5 jj^f j'^ 1
Ajjjs^Jl eJla> jli tdJJi j-p *>L* 2 j J a . : la . /» .. ll 2« :; l*ll
^5-pUj^-NI ^LiajJJ lJ M w^-S' Lg-> ^JLj pJ (. ll *LO j-aJi
Jlld (^vol^Lo C 43 jJp ^LJl J
^ ** i*
0 j-A w ojj ^yg-lL JJLkJ) (^0 /»LlajJl IJla
*4 *4 •* 1
jj-* ^^SoJl ^^JIpj Jl£j La^L*-!} JJL j*J oj (. 4 « * « « L ll L^JI
( 4 ^ 5 ^>“NI 4-uijJl) ^jlAJl U JkSL*i<5^ 4-ol^ ^jjJl Jii-^A jjj «/? c
L*pL<»j^>“i 4-LsCslwo LajLjlpLj t ( 4 -ojjLdJl 4 -s-M 2j>t-JJI) jjli
^ s t tt 1 pf
b j->*-a wJj LwkjjU U>-Lij LajLjlpLi ^1 L>_m<Lw^ j
JaLoJlj aj^J' jVj Ai^dl aJl^wi j-Jcj La j .(presuppose abstrait)
j\ , jiaj .A^»L~Jl_J ArtpL*J^-'i!l Bl^JI ^<lLj
V-W 1 - V ^U^Jl b\Sj 4 i l 4 j l
4_L^*iwa ^c-a-s^-> J-j t L^-j j-^o (J^->" ^ N
0 1 5j^L^jlo> ll^ 4 -a_^w^^J1 Ijl_aJ! IJla
.2 t >llSUl \ 1 a jy» <Jj^ p SJ! jJajt (1)
101
iJLJNi j ipLkjl c <^3l j^jO jl
43 t 4jj^tJl oJl& 43 iJlJJl 4jj^tJl ^-Lol
* f, ^
4j1^j L^li o jSL^ ^JJ! ^Uaj A>-i3 t t_^jj
•* ** i «•
4j j>cS\ oJ_gJ (j jS>- ^—Jj) ^JLxjaJl ^Jl ZS jS>-
o jt-Jo (_$JJl JUJI ja j iiUiJl JIp iJlJJl
.((Le-j^js Jl
(J*^L>- t Ja ~^>-]Lj (_^j j-»-«-II J-* ^LlajJl I j_fcj
(2) ^jlJI j aIjUJI oUa>JJI
LgJtj jJg 0^*3 4j j_>rJI Ij^>Vj JojL^j L^-i-^jj t iJjjJlj
4jjJiJ( L)Ls t d y-dJl y$Jl l^-*3l^ 43 ^ ~ ^ jj -/*j) *
**
(jJ t M 4jLjjJa_j 4 ^
4-LjL*J| ( j^j j^LiJl j-fc (, (wfclS* L*^ t 4 _**u3j ^^JL>g-<Jl
^iLJl j-^Jl ^ Ji* c (( 4 J jJiSlj
** ** **
aJo>cJ (J j\S Lijfc j ^ )aj 4_l_s l_*_! I o_ilS L« bl_j .ikL- jJLS ^s£>L>cJIj
<Jl>- l$J ^ 6y~>^ V LjJli tA^pUj^-'ili ULjyi olli^J
**
p tf"
jJLSi j-A Uo 1 c ^ y>- j-! y*-J!
^ •*
^xJl j-sSotxJl 4wojJL*Ji t4^*iLuJ^I 4 _*j1wL>-jJ( iJlstJl ^Cf I 14jjj3
**
^>JJo ^xJl t^Jj^l! ( j^L v iJi Jaj (jj t LgJ^>y>- ( j^» 4JI3 ^i 3 l
Ho3 jjSJLa$ 4^-»l3 j-3 Uwftt 4 *j>-1 j_> LjI JlSLLj l ^ ^
aJIJUI o^bla jl ilJL>- (individualisee)
(civil society) jl I( JJAI *^x>J.I» iaiJ L* J^» (2)
jl ^S/l» j jLJl ^ caJILNL Biirgerliche Gesellschaftj
^JUlj yLp o jiJL! ^L-JI iUai5!AJ ^iUiJI <^«Vl jjjl jl?-! t«AjjjJLi5L*«Vl
£.• + ** ^1 j (David Hume) j> jJu\*j (Shaftesbury) Li aAu: y» ^JLJ
£■ 55 ^/ : (1816 _ 1723) (Adam Ferguson) o y j (Adam Smith)
sur Vhistoire de la societe civile (Londres: [s. n.], 1766).
102
y\ L4-JI ^ Vj UjU.1 ^ y
M •*
^Jg <? ** 1 i c 1 820 i t^AjluJ
aJIjL*JI ijjj a Si I (J-&J *(158
^A3 .A^LaVl <Jgjl jJJ t Aj j jj ^5Vl AJ>cXLqJi 4-JLJl dUj t Lg-L« JijOxj
*•
c^LJlx>w*J I jJg t aaIa^o <uL>- V ^iSl aJjIaJS (j ^ x>*j t ajIjlJI
ISI j\ t ^1 p a^xXai« l^Jjc>tJ aqL/3*3 V I
jj j * } \ ^ Lis^J i Ju^b t {_y^ aJ Lj^w^-o^. 1 I Lj^-aP L^>
1 l 1820 4 a*pL<>jl>-VI d^l j-^>J I jy> j JjIju t aJjL^JJ
Ajjj^iil aJL»jlJI aAjLjJLI ^JL>-IjJI ^isbxJl <1)1 t p-j ^ (171
^ Jl a^L<>^JI * Lg-*$ a1jL*JI oJ-fe j-jLxj
Sjili Lj\*j* JP-iJ ^ t (^"1 j+a^*S Ji-I^Jl <>* l$-b>- Jl
*4
t 'y> ^JaLioJI c 1820 t JJcjk) SJjjJlj *^-x>*^»Jl J^-b ( JJLi— »Jl
^juJI *^>~J! Jj-b >yi}\ j! cJUJlj .(180 Ji\ 173
£
• A*^&ll!Lo^ A?x^-^bwO t ^Ip
p
^jwL<iJi **qJv>w<>J t ® IAj^ */g « tf 2 cJ^I (_£
** ** v*_— <*
^ ^ ^
jj*t 4 ^'jj ^1** iiy^t ^aj jl
JS V ^ ^ ^ A^^ai^S -A^-lj
183 jU.k5.Jl cl 820 cjj^) ^UJl a!*IJLJ LU ojUlpL ^1
JJLoj 3 t a)jL«JJ */? >*yi ^jIwL>-jJ! j ,(187 j
** ••
03jJl ^ J <* ijJlAJ ( jP i! A-^glpxJl A>*-L^)Jl
oLi^>L*-S VI p , ,g ^ i Lo j-^ij V c A^il
lioV! oUi>J 4ia>J <1)15* AjI ioljjca
^bLo J-Ss-^j a-w-L^j AJi>tJ tciJJS jt^-I ; A^p-U>JL>-Vt
Lr i-;j)fl J .. /a _ - - « Jl 5J_?-J
iJU- ^yJl ojjJL ( _ r J caj! 3 ^bJb iJL^j . (atomistique)
I -La C^tfbcJt ^aUaj J^-ti J-) <L-<>-A ^Jl Ax— isJl
103
IJla j <_sJlS 1 (particularisation) ->Al
4-!jJl)I J ' 1 j ' C ^ *-11, i - ■.-■m^~ j ' tw — *J
^-fe LqJ? t aJj^aJI jj ^ as j]j
i y^_j o*>Lp * y*-» aJLJI o jJ>Li ^1 jLlI!
Jj£vAu^ 4 <Ll^ijJI j^-d a ^JuSJLj 4 Ij ^-L ajJ ! aA«gJ& .^j^>l^->eJ!
P
Lw>- jJ>j-jj jj -L_> ^aJI 4 I luIjlJI jj *& i
4_J ijlAS" J J^Jl 2 j-iJl j-A-*J Uj> 4 ■^L,/3t9 S jlj
4JL>-L>-j 4j>JLs^2->3 o^LLoJj j-j-^ Nl ^ siww>j <J^LJuJ
4 1820 4jui-Jfc) <L*^?L>tJl Jy$w» Ow^J-4-oJl 4 4w^L>Jl
.0 258 ^W!lj 182 ^uJ\
& &
c A ^ 4 Sj^JuJl <L w? j) P^J 1 &A& jl 4
^1 (<JjsLjJ(j JJ^aJIj ojL*jl!I oli^\-p) oli*)L*Jl ^Uij
J! <U*>La 4 j>-L>- ^3 4 Sjjj^uiJ! oJjfej .Sjjj^iJL ijxll
^^aJI ^QlJI 1aj& ^ A-s a-* L>- Oj-A^j L« ^wsJLl! ^Llg* 11 Ia^
jjb 4 4»ULAjJ *L^.y^->tJ I <LLiJl { Jj-J&J>zSS 4-1AoAj
— ' £, *•
4^2-jjJaJU o a^ 4 j-it A-o 4 ,Lws>o^ ^ ^ L<*Aj>~ A^^Aj
V $\ jiVl l) 1 t (Ajli-o 4 La J-^A *L^w^j4j
N j\ a-^pIj 4_r^ j^Lai)! JlSLi-l
p p
_ AlJlS' ^1 _ a^ Ot 4 dU^
p
L)| AjLp j 4 4j 3 j_i C-^IjIp <lL^A tc-JjLjjL» jAj
p
L^aUi) JJLujJ ^-AjUapL ' -5 1 j3Vl 4 ^ cJ 1
O^LLosAU 4 Jj^->B-«j jj - (3 A^ ‘ J-
.^UJI
5JjAJU LgJM>- ^A 0 ^^LaII A^-aj ^laJl 4 lAw^ L*&
(non ^A* l?'o5r^ ^ ^ A^t^AA^
•*
Cr 5 ^ 4 ( 4^*1 LA' ^ A 4 pathologique)
104
Ji-bj ,y^l Js-b ^IjsJI
•• *• ' ** ••
&
*• ♦*
4jLwg j.va.V- ju ^Le^-Vl i jJli\ jl5 lijj . (conscience collective)
+* *4
ewLjfc <• a-J^LjLjJ <lj j^3-^ aJ>L^-L^>-
Ula Js*LJL> <jl t^-S* ^ JJi; c^L>-U>eJI
? if
_ J) « M»J l t(toujours deja) L«ji ^j-aJI
4>-b«Ji (jjj ^ (jJ ^^-1 * »- -,^ .AjpL*J^-*^l ^ullj ^iLfliil
♦* **
^ f*
Lota t Lwta l A—^LitJl i_0 j-dJl ^LS
a^p L oJL>-^f 1 UiUJ ^1 L« 4-l^L-^^J c
** «•
(le besoin est 5_>-L>*JJ }LL«J ^L>Ji j_;JL*J C^IUI tfj.
#4
(J _f- jJJ jJL-J 4 _iJl c->L?-L*«Jl ^jls - j representation du besoin)
«* •• —
<ZJ L^P jJl j)l 4-ol^jJl C- *\jj j~>Js -] I JuLa C jJLSl ^ 4_«-*_w«-l? ?) La^jLjLpLj
j^P tLj|jp-J J“! j^*iJ t Aa^uWWU^^Cal l
oJla O^j .(193 _ 192 oL^-laA^Jl 1 1820 <Lw*o>->* c^*iLiLoo
cdUJ tf 0j& ol c o( t aj ^->* oL>-L>Jl
^ *
1 «/? aj ^Ul J+&+& J^ta L>-jj Cs*** ^ Iaa^m-o cjJL>»j! tal ^if]_
J-^l U ~* 1 ijJj-aJl 4^- « . Jfl l l 1 g : . • /» !-?- J-P
^ ** “
. jSLlo ‘CpLiJ^'I ^li J CjL>-L>bJI
t Aji j£ A^L>J| j-JJx-i i ^ ^^ipj
•*
^j J ~: .UaJL?- Ljy IJjI c, — clS^j jJ
Jlpx^j a ^>.^ a JlS* ol cLUj .JifJl cLo j^*tJ1 ^%JLp
JiCH t >w> *wJ^j ‘c5j>* C^ b
^J*5\Jl jf^uuMjl^L I
flUij)) 1 1 .iULi 0 oli ^ULj i aJl>-! j
' #4
Lo, ^ l j «oL>-UJl
Jl5wi'yi jjJaJ t j»L*Jlj ^?L>«JI ^JLoJl »^>jl>b^»J 1 (J->"b
105
4— o2j 1Jl& aJ»k 43 j^-qJ
i <■ Jj ld_to Jj*j2JL3 d JlhjlUjj
^jj i^/?L>Jl ^ j*aJ 1 jJaj 4^j>-j t <1 pL*^o JS^ cr^d ~L*j
ttJjUJu Jj^ JUaLj . (Stande) < JT! ^J)
ipli^Jl ^jUJlj ikdjVl Ji>o l^UV^I J^JL oUUai
L^ijLaj c (205 ^J1 203 y* ^IsslioJl JJ^jO iJjjJl oLoJJ>- j\ Js? jJlj
4*dJ Lgjco (JL>p1j u^L^L>JJ 4-^L>- 4-ttJajl®
( j-^w3j *(201 ^aJLjl t ( Jui-wft) SjjJiJl iiLiill y*j ^Lp jJI
d)1 U5 c Lj */dP ^ 4 -^p U»jl>- ^ 1 ^LvJ^Ui y*~oJLi c <u» 1
£r £s
jjLjlII c 4^.1-P'^ » *l_y2*£' LS l$_Jl o^>o. *■ * j
oJLgJ iJif-liJl j A& Laj ‘<~j£ j^l ^ iJlij '^y^y*
■**
^UaXiMlj) i^Old! plfJU ^pLa^TVl J Lff hhi\ J-*jJl ^ hi .^u.l a iVl
c(ol ^ (JjlJGj ^1 p .iL*aiS*ill ^*Ap J ~-* -i 5 1 ^AJI
^9 A^j^CL^JI <Lo1dJl^ J^L^jI IsjI ^IfJI ^jL^jJl yfr JlsAAIj
^l!i y* L>- aLJoj jjla.Xj t Ao j^o J5* ^is . A*P L>JL>-I 4_o j-o
^^p jJI ^p lLU-Sj t JJcjb JjJL t ^>-x^<JL! ^ ^ yaJI
^iJl^ j^J OjL>tl9^/ jJL^UiS ^!s-g-<iJl 3 ^4JLo jA ®
4Jo> (jJUl ^U-l^-'Vl j3-b j ^j# oJ-aJL*^ ^JJl .
4^o*t^v%o^ 4J4>s-j .,f^ xy.< ^jLillj ^pLoJL^-^I ^Jl ^XP^b/l C JjlJLoJL)
4* >•
.AXJbLij
4—3 1 ^IP^\J *L>li^j jJlo 4— o 1 ^-oJl j»liaj 015 lilj
^JLSJl ^^buJl t dUj N 4 JI 3 t ^o (J^LjlJS
dr 4 *(*^ j-* j-* 4> J-j>-i^
JU^. J\ IJ^J aiJ j^i cdUi
d)1 ^-5C<>o *lL^- d)l o-i— 5* t 3 1 ^Jl <U Juy^jj 6
.SjjjJL! (_£ ^Lv*o> ^ip
106
4-o w^jl 4^ - &SS^
u* cjl^p (, . . )
w 1820 (^LL*_qJJj a^*-jlU l yajl o^jJL>t^ V oUj
.(289 ^
fc. jJaj ^^-9 t ^.yg >Jj jl j_4-LI A-s^L>uJ| .,/? Hf). Il j| L<»Oj
^ ^wyg-i^ LgJli <. ^IxJ^J ^pL^a-iil - j-^ j-~Jl j>liajJl jJ
UjLipb (.^^jU ^jJ pj i^LJUJl o^UU^ oJLg-o^Jl
Ol ^>JJ SJLoLjl SiLjjJU iXajJl ^ ^ak>J> jJ-
Jb!> <llp L« 4 a_s^Ij>c_J| LjjL^Ll—<kJ Jul yS j_^jlL1^
Otai-A 0| » ^p L ^>- ^-i-P SljL«^*iU!
«i>JL ^ }) ^1 jjJLl^Jo V ^jUl (Pobel) «^I^jJ 1» ^ JiJ jx**
JjO^J lIUJuj .^\J?j I ^ ^Lx>Vl ^UiJl *ljl ^
^wws^ j 4 /? j>cJi j! jJVI oL^ <_£jJI
4_^1_*j 3J| O ^^oJl 4-Li.^j J L -^® ^‘-i— ij c O jJtSuz ob!5
(classe) ^ ol^-$ (_J L ^'^ o^jJu>w^Jlj
^ p
I jj-^>->- ^ Ju t a^Ls^I 4 _^L<jJl >-1 <Lj> ^ o 'y t (Klasse)
p p
jLs^ 2 -X>-I LojI l^I ^ U ~ Cj**
£.
o ^ ^ 3 ^n-^w^-4-vj L^i ^At+m+3 l aJ L^ isiw^tJ 1
Ij j j^w v J t OfcAjiAj ® ^ L^,L*^.«..> A-*wwX^Jl 4,<M^vg^J I
*4 «4
<K x«*& ) j ^ ^4-oJ-Pj <d?Lij ^cjljJl C
4 J Lo JS* ^J-P ^i>c^j 4 -Ia>BJ ^yJl Ju*ug
Lo ol .^IS* L« xS Ajta ^p **_i ^ cJLj t ^jJwoJI
J^. AjjJaJl JaJLJ ^J^\ Ljfc
^JlIslj ((^jLjJaJi)) ^ jj ^ j3 a. 1 oAjv)^>-
^(^ 1 !^ ojLjlpLj ^^i^wwJi j->«ji 4 jLlo-j ^y * «.& jllp
107
( j-p toLUL^j ^Jl t Vl IJu ^Jl
j j lalJJ ^bJl l^LaJol <■ ^Ip j-A LoJ Jw^tSsJl
|. - ^ n i* i ^j-^-jLi- Lr £j-+0j^> ia-^jJ 1 jL-A : 'Vjl
** ** **
^][ 246 ^ULidJl 1 1820 c <LJL> j^a^ifij
LoL^isi jJj^ ^JJ cjL-^j^5Cj ^(248
^ JuJL*Jl la LoJ? c O^L^LJLj 1a g » lLLIJUj 1 j-^Lwo
p
(■ 0j-j*-Ls^aJL> (1)^ K<LL^-JL*J| Ji-j^_>tj^ ^JLp
^liil t L^Jl^ AJLJo 4j>-jJL^JI Cj\ *,/aslnU
— ^£^_«dLo) «_^>^| ^yjLp l_g_l— 4 ^Jl d»*l-P , l j «/? ll
.(48 _ 46 ^y> tl984 i (Macherey-Lefcbvre) yJ jJ
jrr~4 ‘cr^ - '- 5 ^y^y ^*y :LJU
*♦ t*
»ka <» )1 cl 820 JJi-jO (Police) f-^U JJ«_wA
4^1 j-^JJ LoQaj Jfliai ( j-*-J 4*wo^vjJl ftJLgJ ‘(249
i>
£ vXp L ~ J I j L«Ip L^*Jg.x > ^Jj t
fi.
(populaciers) *L-»L*Jl olj-JLJl y* JL>tj| ^Jl ii^LgJ!
A ' ^ ^ ^ Li I f t ^ Lp - Ja Lfl ^ cJl t ft4-iJaJLJM
. (3) r U jA lo ^UJl ki
yy^y ^‘y ^j-^a^JL iiliA bJU
44
5_u?U- i-JjA ^1 *L>jj*^I jivSj-d <_^ij
ft*
LgJbvf*^ 4 4^^2 j oVl <^P j-Jl Lf>JU^ ^oj>xj J
jLcdi jllVl ^JUxJi (Polizeiwissenschaft) i LU (3)
.1 -tJ^SlI J^iJl cjUJl t ..Ji l l Ja. j 1
108
Jl3 j .4_oL*Jl 4 ->?-Ls*2-JL ^p jS l ^>Lp j-A L^j ^p^J| ^.Lp
^t iJi^JUl aJu JJ^ Uo
jjq lLUJu (.(corporation) ^L>*Jl»
4-jLpJL*-4 LlS tl)l 4,1a « KjcjJi 1
jLlpVl S^LpL V 4 <J| ^LwsvjJU .*LP^xJl
£5 j*ojJ N j ( JU Jj) 4-Jau^jj-SJl Aj^Jl CjI^U^jNI XJliJ
jl j^-JJi J^JJ v, (j-tfy) u,!>^_;ni iu+Ji
wU A j ^ (jjwsp) JjULJl jLL? j_ Jl jjLJjVl
+*
**
Ja_jL^jJl St ol^L^c-jVl 6 -La 4 dUAj
^4^2j ^jJl) 4_0 yUl ^JLv 2 -<Jl (^j-° ^iJJ j-s^-lt
l ^ J-LLoJ
^LUl c 1820 cJJ^a) (L^Li. Jlp ^Ji) J jjJJ
3j_jLLJ ^5^1 o 51 j-j#bD oL-Ajj .(256 250 j j_*
Ij-jJ a ] 1 4 L J» j j LJ y\j 4j 4_$t ^iP^Aij
JjL^j Ls^LixJl 4 j L?J-^ ^ jAll
Ufjj -ajUoJ If; ^1 <uJs.jl!j
ijjjLiSl 4jL^>«J|j ^p jLLll c-il y^p^fl jU^I 4 ^va.*.a JS
♦*
^i-P f-LAs^j ^-Lp J C >■ ^j-A LJ
Lo i 4-J J lJ*y J ^-P 4 4-*^?L>j! 1
^p^LpJJ IjJj>o^ ojIlpL k^i^JI ^Lxj'yi
JjwUl Jl?^j ^Jl 4-jJp jJl ipjJLJ L-L-l . ^LLl Jl>-L
jli tlJi^A .(j 289 ^JaiJl) I 4 J jiJ AjIJLI
^Ji^JJ ^iJJt pJiLJJ JLSJiU obUcJ^I
j *.^?>" (stand) io ^-4 ^ 4 A^pLaJw^-Vl
C^ i^U^Jl LfJNi Jj A-JlUl
109
XV. -Jfl * ) s* ‘W My^wJ
J) ^ ^H I* !*■«■** a-«IjJ! 5j»JLaJI L5LlJ ^U^-l ^L-ls'
#* ^ **
^LaJL iJUa^o Ay g ^ il oI^LstljVI ol t
c-^»L>tJL)i 4-^! ^5 la^Xpr-J ^l51 ^ A^xj j_xv_*Jl E jJlJl <. M J-Jj |
V*
Otri 0j^^» j-kj t l^J j
-288j 252 ^llJl iji**) Sjb^lj v^Ji obU;Nl
j-l2Lw> A-Ss-JLj jl ojj j-s^ i Jj~^ri .(289
*«
tf-
C J 1 ^ ^>j I -o 1 1 1 ^ L^x— i 1
i#
A ^ I A^,^*Jl Jj3-b Lww. l t J^2lxv-l! I jJ^XJ lIU^J
.(311 Jl 302 ^ ^LUl t JJujO ,yJuJt
4^-1 a lljf A_*^?L>tJl Lyg ,x>, 1 t ^-»j oU?L jJl oJ^A j^«_S
_ a_^*i L^ 4-wi jp*-^ ^5]_ ^j^xjJI ^p-4-wwj c a^ L*J I
.aJ jA Jl ilP ^ip
ULJ^AJ ^ jJix» -Lj wL>«J l]LwA t aJj jJl ^J| JuvJt ^x>ji>e_xvJI Cy 3 ^
aj*jL> ili>J j^*-i V ^ JlJI jL>*jVl ^UaJLil Lo2jI iiLjfc t4^LvJ>-^fl
^Slj jL>-b ilsUi] L>-Lol b» jJJL c Lg-)L5jL-vJ Ljg . l ? * *a
* & & p
ft j1 ji\ L^o L^JaJLvs^j tjJ ‘■W-’^J Cs^*-* V* *- (_5-«— *1
JjjLJwfeJl 4 4_«L*Jl O^JL«/3 ■» ,ll A* o j <jli c IjlSL* .SJpj j_^f- 4jL>^Jaj
»>
^y2j ^j-®' C jJy^X^a
9yJ> jj> C Am^Oj (j'Vl <_$®J CaJj-UI A*Avi>- Si j-*-* ^J^S 9
>( _y>-jU- ol^l J5 ^ Uajlj ^U-- JS' ^y. 5j Siik. Siljl
^-j^JIj 4LJ)|I o ^iU J^Ji}\ JJs^Jl ^ iJjAJU»
LgJli yp Si^ L^jJJj LgJli j£J6 S^ljl5 S;V)M
.(257 ^JaiaJl t 1820 4 ( JJuJfc) &4£ yC bo jJLfiJ A3 ^*j Lo
110
4-wO^^^Jlj 43 OtaLA ^SswwU^
** **
C- P
J jusAA^a j^o Jj-LjCj V Oli 4 l*LgJ - V I
AP Lo»>tJl 43 jJC£ ^A 4jjjJli ,4-oli 43^*-^ Jj C 4-j3 j3 4 j j j c_3 j-U
♦» —
c <u^Lw^ 4 JL? LajLipL L^jIJJ LgjlJu
f'
1-LgJ^ *o3L^^ LajLipL) (^1 1 4-^4 43 oJla
0* p-
o^lj^l L *-*&\j c <w3 ( <S~JJ) ^ A ^ lU-woJl
t y ^> Jjj <OjjJiJl 4-jjJg/Jl (1)1 J_^sip . 4 J j jjl |JLw 4 Jj>-13 ^oUJij Sjj>Jl
t L-L? L-v*(^_LJ .* 4 ? *»jl (j j) xy. 11 Jj j_>tJ «p
4->t-L^2-<>J I jjL>cj ^.Lp Lo-ajLjlpL>
^-*-^-Aj wL**>cj C 4-A*JL>tJl ^3 (JL^-aI IbljAj .<LoL*Jlj 4^UJi
^j-4 . 1 — » p jJt 4 -L>-^jJ I jj > 4? 4 1789 4L**t j^j-* Ja.5^u
3lj3*yi ^Ij3l_ t Ju-J ( jjo ^j-o. *J?1 C^i\S ^Jl oLUL^jJl JLg^aI t 4«g_>-
^L/yi jj-laJ t^^JLilljj ^Loj>«JI oLj>-
4*^ ^Jl Olil^eJ^I *L*Jj >\ £ t'Ljj ) ioljtll Aj>Jlv2^JlJ CS^^b c5 ^U^-'yi
** **
a^>- ^jA t (Ua>Jl lAA ^ylp i aJI?*- (J^>-
o>L«Jl ioljVl o jic^. iJjjJLJ (^Ia-aJI ^ j^a ^^jJLp
kJu-w>^ t^yfcj^Jl LfJj.
tj*
C Jg «,tf. >4 f-ljLj o3Lp| 4-^jL^4Li jt— A^Jl ^L^ji'yi
4^JU^Jlj 4 J jJL'l { y*j JaJL>eJl ^ ^V 3 li^Uajl
M ** &
(Verfassung) Laj LvsjI^ j-^i!l j
^ L^Ljuj iiSwJlj Lp ^JL ji oif-l
(j-° 3J-P ^51 S^ljl 0->L? jJj ctLLj jl 4-^LitJ! S 3 I J^\ 0 j-A
c 1 ^^-Lpj .( 3 I jiVl
j* f.
^jj)) 1_A jL«JLpL> t 0^>J_>s_o 4_^itJjlj A_Ji_o^«J j_fc j^>- ^ Jl j-*
111
ji 4jL*Ji /^-s3 iS}^ y ^ y ,a * 1 * 6 ^ j * ^ ^ AAb 1 1
4_L*->isj j 4-9 Lilli OjjJaJ ^ 6 Jl ^^pLo^tJl ^P jJl JlSL »1
** « H tt
t* *
^S*H 4 ^JJ ^'j Lf^' Cr* ■^-^' '•*■* J -^A:j
oLS" jJlJI j oli^L*Jl t ^jS l ULj 4 lj L>^ 4_jj^Ja.j jl^_j^
p p
j' <>“ J-*^ ^ •tjr*''- 0 "^^' JsL^Jtj
p
• li^«n i P C +/3 A ^(5\^0 Lmv%aI ^A — I 3 jj*ywil 3 ^<3 1 ® ®
l&jLipL 4-j^o 0 6 i 41 S 64 *y j\ oVj^
f. &
^3 ^ * '6 6 ijj^il (ji L^J^ t L^3 ^p>"^-) 4^plj)
S^LxJlj 4lli>Lp JuS* 6 j->L5Jl c 4. *■*■*—£ j 1
p
<-A3jJu iJj^a j jJL *^0 o |6 tail ^-il ^P jj ijLjyi
*
^ 4JL9L5jj ^jlJJl 4**Pj 4jaj ^-L p 6 fl
^JLxJLjj 4 y*~ y*£«> ^y l*L&
* * **
.(274 ^jg.S.^Jl c 1820 t ^Ji-jfe)
J6>-|3 {£y* ^-> 6 l 4j*3lj iJ^uJJ j *L>z-> c IwL^-A
p p
^1 y^jJl ^ ^'i/' l^-f5 ^ "r^-j £JJ
^JLJLj t (269 ^JaJLjl t JJcj-a) «jl ^L p yt Lo Lgj
0 L 1 JI pJb JpU; ciijjJl I 4 J «JS 6 lS» ^1 <LU*Jl
^3 Sj^Jl 6ul6Ji oUl ^rr^l j 4 w ^3^^*Ji s jiJU _ iojjLi3l
p
ijJ 1 ^jL-^pL 1 1 L*>*> 1 i ^^ 6 .^ Lj jJ 1 ^^-s4z6i IwLa ~ 1 1
il.%>wa 4 j2j U fl *>, ) i E^jLgJv^ CI^UsXmJ ^^--»-p^cj 3 y*-* ^^6a61
1 5J^ jJi Jt>-b o^LwmvJJ ^L«jaJi jt-JijJI
o J l-j_9 • i y *-*-> ^j-P L^-vi^-> 4-Ls^a-Al^ Lg. 1 1 -gj) ^ 6 i
•• ••
t L^JLS Lg-9 j^ilt SJl^ jJi iJU-xiJ 4Ji-b oLL?>cJ
••
^ .ijiL*Jl «t3aJL— 11 <ul<kp L^j[ (J-^J jl 4 Lfjli Lgi»Lc»-l ^
J^aJ)) s j-^-9 (J ~LaJ J_s 0 lj j a ; ll ojLp) t dUi c - yjs
112
Ufc j j-U ^iJl 1 Uo LJ I ° ^ ft l laJ. «.»J 1
l)LjL^ 9 .^JljJjaJl j_U (Jj-s-S'j-waV I OjjJaJwoJl 4 j-;-SwJl5 j-^o
."jllal ...ll ^JlC- jliJlJLj jb j^iJl
~&^k*S itaLuJI 1419 ^ jj^s . j ^ JiAXxJI <— JUJl» j
** ** ^
.(j 272 <, 1820 1 , JlA^jO tt 1 4 ^? .j 1 j ^
f- **
C)Lj I j*JLx*j* i j j *,& «Jl l-Ljfc ^JLp j*-*"*-**
jj>c-< 3 j t(LgJ LvLli c o l I 2 .I ^ 1 1 Ojl^-j 4-JL^-Jil ^xJ!) 4 - J ^A ? jJl
%♦
Ll-Jj! Ot-wJaJl I dJJ^ J^L>«-oj iJjjJI 0 j-SJ i-> oJ^>- jJl
l ^i_JijJ! jj-^aJ 4 -^ ‘<-1^ <_ 5 -^*-® -o- 5 ^ U
^ 2 jJ| jj^^aJ tjjl iSy~ — 4 (_£-!-*-» -e-sL: — L!
ajL^« ^Lp Jaib-tj (_^t c aJ jjdl 0 jJ ^jLa.xS" L..».m> lj
br 0 J ^ 1 jr-*iJ 'W*ri (*-j'-SJ' ^-UjJVI <_ylc-j Jj olia>JJl a
Ai^l <UaJLjl cj^jh UiJb- ^Jl ;ikLJJ aM J&jftl
I 4 N t Lgjli AjiOl Ailla-i® <Uaj j tz . Jlj
4 1 820 c oliaj>sJJl c aJLpLs A JL ; Lgjl j ^J_s»-I.i
JJ toUJLJl ^ j -^1 ji <^Ju U c (272 daiLjl
cr^ j' tf-UaJl AjLS'j J-*J ‘ J^
<j-?*^-i 4,j^J .AijjJJ < _ 5 JL?-iJL3l ^yid LlJI oLJliba^ oL*_si>!
“ V*
4Jl»UI J y>esS I Li t oLj ^ ^jLwwo
* £
0 jjJaJj U^L^« Ljfe O^Lw^Jl 0 (jJj a^^^LjOaJi E^Lw^Jl ^-9
t» * 0
U &jj-*^°j (J ji ^ 4<]jJiJl ulwjjj JJ^b 5 jw?^woJ!
oli! l 5 JLp (coup - apres) ol ji I ol jJ JL^
g l l 5 Jt>"b ^^ojLSJI
JujjuaJ ,jL$bi i La Jj>- ^J| 4jj1 jJLqJI
L^Usl>cJ AjLIoj C O jj^a V Ij <Uaj j-JLxJi oUaJLvJi ^Jl
r **
:U^!jJI
113
^ jij ^ c 5Jj jJLS ollaJJlj
£ P
(pour soi) LjJlS J^l ^ ^-y V Lyy O* <• (par soi)
^s- y oiybu w>uji jp-b Vj
*♦
LftjLlpL) JjOJl oJo»-J ^JS-b ij* c# 5 ^'
** **
JSbd ^a J^oJl oL^ bV b-Lb t Ja^w-Jl L&jb
^ *4 #*
.(278 ^ja.Sjl 1 1820 cJJcha) k^OjJIsxJI
tOljbNl tJ»j5oJl) C->lia>JLll oJlA ^jA Ji>J Jib jU c I JL^sJfc
*b^wbl l dil ^ t ( i 1
Lo 3 , < ^^>UL*Jl LgiLJLjj L^jls j Jt ^ a j LgJblj^ J'-^Sio cr®
oJl>- j bl *■ 5J ^oJl Jii>-b d>l kJJI Jpli; ^ JZJS*
4jlS JlpLaiJI I j la ^ j\ JShj i jd\ ^ J jJlSI Sji jl oL*Jl
^3 JwflLlJl l<L>-jjJi?Vl odA jjJ J
.coLa^JI^ o^jiii p
JaL*Jl <dp jJl ^3 ^j_<k^sJ cSUa-Jl S:>L~Jl dolS bl
*4 4*
i_*L*Jl S:>lj^l ou^ j! Lolj LJp i(vouloir universel)
t<(L«L>Jl S^lj^D) _j j-*jj Ly^p ^yJl (volonte universelle)
0*
LoJC-P l Ud>- L$dL (1)U (_£jJl i j0J-<0-d\ t*jA J j->eJL» 5Jlia-0 do IS
IJdo jJfcj • SwLoLpJIj d^dJJI ^JLLojJIo L^Jajj jdo blS
dj^~Ji-* y* L$J ^ 1 b J'<y a u^l
j 301 bb* lg tf ^ )l 1 1820 i^Jl^^a) j j)«^»->JJ oj^iwJl ^1 ^Jl ^
Aj^bwvJ I jl 4 jJLp ddJ I t lLLUJ .(316 ^La JLjl j
p
3kA^c_^Jl ^aaJIj i K £^*** / O ol I ^
Aj ^ bJl oJl?- jJJ oJS 53 t ^jyJa^JI Jl^-Jl^ .^Jlj3
o)|^ ^ ^ ^JSb*vj j ol t oO,^^^S c Aj 3 b 1 o^jb
4* “
J_ft J_^>-jJl ^yJli ‘•‘4-9 t^^j-A»«Jl 1-^4-j Ai^ft (w->tjj>-
114
.4oUfe <LoLw-«J| S jJLM (jl 0 J_>- J J Lob 4J^5 oqo
M iXUl Ol :5JLJl ^LxJl ^j>Vl t^Sfl IJL* ^
^ ^ <* ,
**
<L^jgj^f i JJ-ij 4 j I J-j ^pI j-llj La ^>" jj l aJL ^ J l Jww>“ jJl
w **
^1 bj_*Jl yw*_> V oli *<5Lb £-»j .^j^wjbJIj
dJLUl jyu iijlytfl iUj'y UaJU- Sui» ajLxpLJ i^Sfl ^iwJ
• o-L^jj oJ_?-lj bljl IfJ^S’ ^ilj ^j-ll ^pL«-j>JI (*—*’'-!
d)l (^JJ j -5 H /w* 4 jIs t 4 jLa A </? lljxjl <LJ bl^j
£. f. &
LlU ( 4^ ws _* w Jj j\ 4 « ^ Ij) 4jL*-& ^»Lp ^L<jjLp' , yLj 4 *iLpL&
* * £
4 J lob Lp^ 4-l>-l j j-lo i*S j*-* 45-J& ^lp ^j-* 4 4*P
•(385- 283 ^UJI ; 1820 cJJ^) iaLJl 4>J^uJL ilj^j
S^JlU ^ ^-s^LxJl J->-b <LobJ| 4-1 ?Lv*» jJl 4 -wo^I j ^-o Ll&j
j 4 4JjjJl e j-SbsJ ^^LL*Jl j^JajJl (jl bJJ^ .4-J^-dJl
ii ^3 4^/?l>6j| l g. * x*. A JjooO 4 4-^L<*JsJ>-l iJU 0 JJ) j-s^aJb
*♦
4-3l>*JU 0 Jok 4-1 L>J 4-al*J( ^Jl.p3 _J j
Lj*}li*Jl ij jjjl b} 4 4JjjJi Ojbj OloJL>- 4^4>*lxJl
t ** t*
(die ^ o^-^-3-^JwqJ 1 j[l^ 4_3 Ajjxo 4 j .^ >■ 4 ^ yS j-A
(l’individu - ^^oll :>jiJl <1)15 blj ^ LS ^> S/I j Gelehrten)
iUjV ^ aJLi«- ( U-iS’ ajtwwJJ 4j^ r SliJi sJLp-jJI princier)
^.SJljO-^JI j-* Loj jii tjlj_2JI
O jllai oi^l ilj-Jl ojbl (agents) *>k*s- ;ioUJl 4>dva^JLj
AjjJsj o[ .^JvLgdl 4^uL^-xjJi 4^ob^sO>cJl ^JjL$~QO (Jb^ul 4.5^^
^ W' •*
Cr° jr^ ty^' U-uj ^ }i yJ' jU^'
<u_p ^j-w> L^5 Lw>j J-^>0 t (gestionnaire) gj*. jJjJI Lajl»«j
blj)U 0 (JysO <1)1 V i«L*j| *L>tLv3*<JU
*#■ *♦
.«i <g ■ » 1 1 »^b CjLp^-«->»-owU ^jL«_ 5 *-Jl ^-ll ^3 j
115
Lp I oAa f'Li.P'l j ^* jl ^ L« • 4«^p L« j^>- ^y I
\? jJlS <LoLoJ! Lj iJjjJt o jb j-*
<-*tf>L>eJl 4_>J ^ 1 1 Aj>tJ^ ^S\J t<-^L>cJl ^JLs^Jl ^jS' L^*!)L5JLvuV
Jl^-I L^-L^p I^jjap L fi-sJL>tj ( A.-jpLgJs^-^y 1 ^Jl>tJl oA^j aJLL*jaJ0
**
j-J^lxJl L^l>I j j ** A i J^J ‘(205 c 1820 tJtA-w*) k^Ip jj* Lo
1^2 1 ) 0^L<wwwJl LiA ^ <j ^ Ail 1
C-j|^L>cj*yi L^J ^JAAj ^xJl <2iJASj (^jo^AaJI iiai**Jl
J_g_a ^ (297 j 295 o L* ,W 5 ^ Jl) ^j-LaJI « o 7 - >»-»-Sl ^ ^ I '
i^ijj jii ,^ 1)1 v*\ yj^Ji c^uiyj'yi ^ j^aL-j cj-bJjij
** « ** **
4 l'? l «.*.> ^ i^, * -Vi i A. 1 1 ^tJwa ^Ji 4 iJjAJiJ <l^jLxJI caIja^JI
JpLJLJJ <A*>UL*J! aJ^aJI ^^JLp j a-sJ^LapI
~ 4*
(bUJI WUlJI <j1) ^UJ! *sj J>\ iU^I J Jl^uJl
jt— JaAlJl ^JljP Lg "jAs ; AJUJu 5J jAJl 4-J>tJL« ‘uA^' t/^A lA
iJl^JUl ^>1!
*♦ **
. (autoritarisme) iJUaLJl j (liberalisme)
4 -LJI JL-ftJ J\ ^L-Jl J&)\ ^ - 2
~ **
L»S <&Jl>*Jl iijwUl «uaL« i ^Jl^j Aj jS jJ^sA pbb 'y ®
«5J jjJl ijfcLa J^sJL; r*J^9 J-* b jl) ^j^ol -bV J*j t
(113 ^ cl 1843 c(Matx) ^AjU)
^Jy> ^L-i' cA^ ^"JLiJl CLw»-A
H ••
^jU^aJI j a^Js $ LaJI ol jLaJI lLU^ L^j c 1 830 — 1 820 oIjA-^
**
* .a 1 • . g 1')) jLa I JjJL*J *\ ^ajL^JLaJI o aa <j! jj ^paJ ^aJI
^ *♦ ♦*
f4jjJl ^yjj ^j-^bJl /j . j <jb ^jJl
<u*«ijj^Jl aJ jjJl o^A c ^>^1 J 4.<Lw~ J .aJl ^JL^axJl S^So
(jAAA' !) A VAAi*«i«Jl aJ!>Ia*JI LfJ
116
^ 3^ j-* JLii ( j^ a -
4^Jjj Ju^3 £j i \aj aJa 3L>*-^J! l^U^Lwo^ ^iJl j-Jl
<u>-y - 1840 aj^ ^ ^aJI (Frederic-Guillaume IV) g\ J\ ^ jJ*
£,
j^ . ^ - W . 1 J^b- i . /?. j I^q jJi}\ 2 jyJl (Jacobin)
coLUl ^y (1883 - 1818) w»LSJ! ^jL. jl5 aSj .iJl^J J^\
**
,yj-P (Berlin) gU sl^- 4 ^jsJl 11* Jl ^ ^1
I^La ^_>tjl ajLvvA^ tJ ^ ^ Jww^-Lt ^-A ^ (E. Gans)
^u2->cij ol ,(3 4 ^w1jUJ l« jjj oLS* aJL L^JLp 4
^j^^SjLoJ AjjJajJl j^Jl L^j AjL» ^J flJl 4 o Jj>- 1^ A^-s^aj
**
j^-pjj 0 j-So oV 4 1840 1830 ol l. i 1 auc^ cr $ 4 aJjjJI J js^
<U->- jJ !oLp| ^j-a U-?^jjJu *Vj ,jJ t aJ SJL>“jJl
• aJ 3 j_v^ L*-<J I C^LjiajJl oL>cj AjJuJI A-isljpo (J Ala* > ^oJl AjIj
^ e.
^J-p 4 aJ jJlSI U A^-^nJi JsL^>t-U L*-o 4 Ij^-a L^Lp 4 ***>t*ij
*UJl ^ 4 K^Jii jNl ^ a^jIjJI aS j^]\ ^pI
^ ^ ^ aJ jjJl J jj>- ^-^L-wvJl j*£jcS\ j_S"
**
4**%*jJL j ^^ d!l aj j]sl>
&
* Aj^ wL?" Lp L w^Jl yi5"L) axp j^ci\ Ax3 ^-4
A-Aj *-laj 4 iJJ^ l)IS l)}j) aJjJJIj Aj j^xJl A-3 C-n 1 ^ J JLJl JL>c*<jJ|
^ **
4 J-S” I^La f'LiJ^ (j| -(^ jjlX-w-^a J^P ji A-JL^JjI
A-l^ i nA-^*“^-^WwV 4— .4 ^ 4 ^ ^ J 1 -* - '^ " ■ ^ I -* **
.AmwuLwiJI^ a^Aa^LaJI wI^ULa Js? ^-j>* ^JglJL jj^p 4 Jg ^ ^ 1 /? )L>
A-A-^^LiJl ^ I ^wLo ^iJl ^jjLlIL) aJjJLSI A^^^Lp 4il)L^j
V JluJ ol£\^ 4pUtf>jVl ^JLp Ja>-Lv ^L-*i ^J| a^s^jJL 4
ZjjilS 1 <>-^Jl Ji^b
117
jJlj c aJJL iJjjJI ^ j^aj* c3^ a d
fir
^ ^ ^ US ^ i ^ 4-Ja— L-iMk-k- Ow l 1 3L-j Jl IIjjUlJ
4 _>jl«j*)LIIj 4_a_iL<JVI 4-jL^JLjLII jj ]g. 7 4-JL> ^ la j (Heine)
<LwLi^Jl aa^aJj^SI d^-lSwt I^L<»J j^vA j L* # ® L^xI^jJ a^Lw^JI
*
i y ^\ oUpL*»jJU JjJlxZj La Ly?j «/g^ toLiliJl yS y *
. l$j 4-o j-g-&4 4*oO^\Xa ^L-flJ <»i^]l ^ip Sj^LS
f- ^ f
J JjJi>- y* 4 JL t L/zjI AA^JliJl oJia (2r°j
^JLp 4jL^JLL!1 oj aS J c ^cjjULj Lgj^s^Lpj 4jL^LaJl
UjU^SLj j 4-w^LaJI _ ^LpUjo^I 4 JKJ! jl LLab-N i
Jl L^i saUI SjJ-iJl ^ j * JJ-IjJI
** —■ H
£ , ,-J *♦ I 0
#* *► V - #* *♦
c ^^Sll Jj .jLti) J-«-Jlj J-* JjVl J- frl- ... , >■
** w ** **
1# p.
<_A» i^jJl ilAi. ao lio J LiaLJjl 4 la,. i jA > iJ^jJl db^^a Jj>«JLa-o
^ J^ b ^ ^ >ai a*. e>- J 'V* ^
4 J J jJL ^Ja-J jA L&jLjLpIj t iJl^JLa LsAjI Lg-L^Jj .
^woJL^jj AJujJl Lgjblsl £a A#>-\ JA ^ OjIS* 4^>c^*av<JI 4-o La ^>*Jl
.^aLgJl 4j*>L?-jj ^jL ^LJLlJ i^j^jUJ iSL^Jl cx&
UjJloj (1856 . 1787) (Heinrich Heine) 1 1843 41 *^ ^ (4)
f. p ^
^JjLLa t LJllL) ^u-L-JI ji^LJI jJa-L« Lj - ^*
m ** ■*■
eJu&J .LwwtfLw^ LmJ ji «UJ>cjI La jaA3 AjL-m-LaJI ^3 uj Ullli , Lpj^j I (jl-O-JU
(Ludwig Feuerbach) jJ jjl! LaJu^^- j J -*^ 6 tlr* fi 4-4— UWh^
Lq-£-o 2 j dJ~JL# jL^j j LAU-hjcLuwu-w^ Lo.^ c (Moses Hess) o_^ j
.(1845 o) {Ideologic aUemande) 4Jtl\lt L^-^l^jJbVi j
aaJja ^3 (1872 _ 1804) o^Ll (^-LS! (5)
iJjjJi jlSoVl oUJ ^iil ^>- t ( 1 84 1 41 ^) {V esprit du chris tianisme) loH_lt
* a
i jw& Jiy^j ,(Uj^«P 4 a1a^JJ 4A^*Lva) O0^LU-*Vi ^3 4j jJiJ dJj Jj>- 4pLv > (J-’L-I
.coLaJI j-JLi-^Jl jLj e jji> ( J^*Jl
118
4j\ Jl 1843 jiUaJl <JIL« ^
Ur* Cf' -5 **~jJ*^\ ^ ^ (j-S’j'- 9 {\s~r-*
_ 1809) (Bruno Bauer) jjL jjjj-> (( t-jUl ^JJt-^JlM Jj~JLiJl
**
^Jdlj i~*jj Jl iJjJllI JJ*-b jj>d\ jl IjoLLa (1882
i L» aJ t <Lo c-£jI jiall 4 j
^ ‘ L ? ,J> - OW^kj • i >^ LiUJV L— Jl jy>»^l
** i»
^jA *X>- ^ 4jU (, j iJjJ iijjJl C-^al^Lo
P P
t^^LwO 1 4-!j).AjL3 . ^.*-0 J (^1 ^.5
t ^ I jl C 1 1 J.^-J l ^ K ^S«J^
oIjJl5 jI ybU N! c/tf UJl ol*, cJl N c~.bU
jJLpNI j-o-% j I oij*i5* ^v^vJj 4_jwO
iojj^vaJbj iJjjJl jj^o j( c
♦*
< ^^Ls-*wJl j 1-La ^ Lg-^ b\S Lo-iL-S" 4 jL>J JlS" £jja
**■
p
( j^a oJ (. <jJJj j) <uJa jJl <u5liaJi eJ-A t^JUa-a jc>- «>*
■**
p
t/** -012*^* ^ •£»'■> J^
4jN c ^jJI cJub jjIj jl- 1 j r**^* 1 ^ (Jjl
^ ^ t 1 4^ ^ 1 taXjlyji la > ^ j^^*" 1 ^ * > ** A
j jJl j ^*a\***jj jj.a^2^ 4j L pwLwJ L j
¥*
0^3 c cLU^ j JiwJl IJla t *^o w^jLmJ^sII
cLw^Jl ^ J-*lXJl JL) *J1 jjl ^ jil ^ j-f-J^Jl sJLiJ
AjIj^ ^Ll>iJ 'y (_$j-ll ^ ^£?L»t-Ju j\J ^ - « ■ - la ll
: ijjjUl
p P p
Oj-^j ol Ojs 5 jp- l)j^j ol Lg_x^*j iJjjJl (jl
j jl ( j-^ 4JU ^LJLj (•*.)( j>- (jL^Vl
**
. AljJJLo <~~1pI (JJij ( 2rr > ' c tjrd-4-Jl ^y> iljjJl
119
Lg->V 4 LfLj JJ S^ ? >-'^l ei^J
t+
.(56 { j^ iu 1843 t^j^jU)
0 Ai> ^ijUJ (^AJl t JJ L 4>t>- ^JsSJiA J J+ J llAj
p ^
I * ii " a •'V ^ I t 1 A->“ ^ O jj 4 4*4 ^ 1 ^
J jil <j 13 t Ail) ^*a*L^J| j ^> tlJL Jjb i^JUa LoA*>e3 • 0 1 J^ejjj
JU^» J^J J\ i ^>j^aJ^J\j ^J^JI U_AJ tjJU^. ^s>lj
01 L5) ^*«-^sJl !.Xa >l? jJl<JI aJ^^jJI
£
ajIaw ( aSi
*•
<\ * « t a . 5 .1 1 5y>-j}\j ^L^Jo^l ( ^-j t
♦* ♦* **
^ljs 4->j L*- vJAj J j'AJ L^j c- 3 jA^-o-J! <U c La l </? " ^ 4 ) Oj-SLa* ^aJI
I ^^wSjLdl AiJl ^ Au Laaj .^yljJl ^aJ *ui*jiJl Aj^>tj|
jjfe j-jJjuJI 0 -0
pL_Jl J-*l*Jl ^yj jsr^\ ^
^A-*' crr>J dA'-A'-* tij'-A' AUJ! (>riJ o-k'j-^b
^a ^jl^->-^^-Jl ^jjs sLaU c < ^L r J l jL^jNI
j^/j? ^ A>*j (^JlJl A+**Jl) ^^£^LaJ| _^-Aj
p **
4 ^ j-M-S* ^ Lq ) ^ Am» a > 1 *«»? L»wL I 3 ^jii3 ^jjAp^Jl
T* ** *•
.(59 ^ c V 1843
Ocwlaill l^fl j jS w ( j-a iLwwLwvJl oAjb 4-A*J Loj
**
j»«W(*J cAL* lk A>Ai ^jAJI Ja^ygJlj ^-A c 1 ^ tf )
« 1 ** *•
(ObLaJL-pl) ( _ 5 ^-jP O j_o-v<i-« J^-^ <jli j_P (^l
L?-
aL^JVI ^ jjJ-oj (>bLo t (oiJ^»w» (dogmes) ol-LiUjjj (croyances)
t ^c-LoJi>-'b/l oijj>-jj 1 4jb ijjJl J^b ia^UJl j j£- Uawl j
120
I
J i tm ^' ^ ^ ^Lla c o J_2 j j** t Ax-Jaill
. I-**** Lo oL>cJ 3 U tf,3^o
** V*
t ->3 -JL>b J l U o^J 4 ^_*>LwwJ| aJ jjjl <^**S*- «i] i-LA ^
^ gp 1 J , J lP 1*3 < 3 ^ C jlvU^/i _) L***^* - **
t*
/ ^ ^ ^ ^
<L>jL*_^ t Aj>- SLu>- t Lu2-j I SLw>Jl
f. f. t*
,_A»SLj I ^Lw^L wwJ 1 4P Lu>cJ I Mj>-L Aj L^- ^1 C
♦♦ v **
I Jb.>-I^ aJLu>-j c L^pL»->- Luis' ojljLf'l) LgJ^l>“
t>0^ JT*-U
j>~ (jl^uLS c-9
jJw<Jl
£r
4j^Jl ^tw2 JJ aL**jJI ^y~+A ^1 A~*AJ i-T^J
oL>u ^L-ulwJl aJ jjJl ^-3 jA t /3*~ l I Jl^-fc ,A-u>-jL>tJl ^aJ I Jlo
0 L^tJ L ' 1 A 1 V~JJ
.(59j 58 ^ 1843 t^jU) «^jVl
£r f,
(iu aJIj a^a^I^m^II * L<»<w^J i I® jl t 1
Aj^S* J> a *l*Jl j*P AAA>UJ AuoljJt AlJlSlajj jj>*lil <llSljL«
^*Lj> J jjli Q ^ » * /? a ^Ji>-b o la . 4 jLa^j
A***J ^j p ***-^ j»aj 1 ^p3 1 jJ^l^i J 0 1 (^5^-4^) ALnn^ljLa ^
QLjN!» ^ i^r^J' Uu® ,(75 - 69 ^ tu 1843 ^jW 1793
talji — » t^) j]p\ j>JJ (droits formels) L15LJI j j^U J*5U* ^ j^-j j^»5
(* >4-<i» JJ-b aJUl- aJlw? Jl^I ^Jl!I (civil bourgeois) <j}\ y>-j jJl . jail j j^^all (j*\
t a-«aj jS/1 ^ 4-s^Lji-l AiOI! jijZ IJuJlPj o
** 4* ¥»
O^lil J-^ oJJJn! 4 A^liM L lLjJL^- 1 ^<w>d.l
A-mL^JSj t_il bLJl jJ* \~o%J .(i(-b As^liM Aj^ill ^ J - -/*j
■AP t ( ^^L>Jl>- s l/l Jb^b Jji-I JmAo t OjwL?- J-*J Ioa jIjCJ j^i u LajLw**
ol-iAL^i \j Au^Lj-JI j i JjLt jj aL? j
O'Lf-l j ^ a S i (, ^ >^UjJ A^Jaji LftjLXtf-Lj t 4-JJ-iJl
,L^1 jj ^1 I^.. I p SJUl A*-waJl ^-LLuIj ^ Amja oNl L^-jLi>-|
121
JuS c 4 «^LwmJI j J wJLw^ j *a_1j.jJI
Ju tjjL Jl 5I L^5 t^^Lw^J! *L*J^/j c*>L,<g 1\jjJ\
** V*
^ IgAi* t^^iljJl ^jjUi (Grundlage) j ^\J *
aj j j^-5.Jl j t (79-75 c ^ 1843 t ( j^?jL») ^jjdl JJL« ^Llta
j Jw<Jl
J1
j m : m ' *
ii
^->1 ji «_»L y jj-^ L^>j (biirgerliche Gesellschaft) tjj\ y>-j j-Jl
p
4*
AjLasLjJ ( ^pLaJij>- V y 1 ^JjL>tJI ^.jJa^i ( jj» IS^UaJl tA^wwuL^Jlj 4-JJjJl
Ujj ‘ aJjjUj LiUAJ! dUi i Uj tUi-ljJI
**
jyj2zS\ 4A-jLJNl <Li jJaJl tLojI <L US ^3
** •* M
A-JL>4jJl oL/liLllJl ( Jj>- ^ lP o j^U c <lJL* 3 o j-A^ <J jJlU
J_J o fli lo y>j Cj*~* cr 1 *^'
p. p
J^cJl JLdJ j| jJL*j {J&-* c A* a/2 *j jj\j oL>j j-i? V A^JLjL^j
*4
Ai^A ajJL&JI 0^1 j-ilt oJjb ^yb .(1843 Al*-*)
*• *r **
J J) > ^3 j-LajJl AJ&- w mJL>
**
oM jJLJl feA*fcAAafc*W^aA ) 4 lwi^-A . A^ii^Jl Aj jJalll A1<WJJ 1^5* L -iJi
fc*
Ju>^ jJ>j) S yssllaJJ j ijfcUJJ (categories conceptuelles) 4_^>
(jiJl iwJ-tfJl P jc^lU t (<— aJ <^i ^ cy^i
. 4-.l»..,^ll ^JljLoJl 4 j C-^l?
«* ** V «l *
aJjLJ ^ JloJo JJu^J ^ ^1 Ua^Jti))
jl ( y^ m ^ iOj^J^Jlj 4A-JfcLoJl jL>-b oXp^^S SjJfcUaJi
'Vl ^3 ^-> LaaJI a^w^L«
.(148 tl 1843 t^**VjLa) ^b3bx]l
♦♦
p
^yJiXoJl ^-^Jl^w^Jl | I*Z~} Lya3 LixJl J^S£*\
** “
aJLj L5 <J lZjJu Jdtd *_aX>wJl j jii) ^y-^> LHjUaj>cJ Sj>iA
122
I
yj y® y ^1 CjUs>L»_jJ| JjcOj
ii j*.* toLs-lj-^aJl *UJj x*-> 'jjfjxkj yJlj «lfJi3>
^ *4
,aJIS Ju>- ! Ju^J l <LaL*J! aj>x^1 a & ^ ll
j-s^ <L5l ^)fL j>_^o N jJl IJla j jS ^JLp ^S'jU
aJ jjJU .^L^Lkl5>*Vi ol^Lxll oJl^J ^A-s^jLv^NI^ iw^L>tJl j)a\ ll
^X^JJ JL* L5 lijf3l jjJLdl yJI y
Vr> « ** ^ **
c — ^ (_r*J L~~>- 4(jjl_p-jjJl ^xJl
•» H W " W
t ^*iljJl j*JL*JJ Jj j->^j Jj A^*SljJl C^Lp! j,^aJU ^SC^SsJLo Jl>- AaLL*j
aJLw^JI A^-^L<jjJl 0 J-As ^y^OJLi j~s& QjLS?- 3 LjJ 1 ^pA>o
oU^LjJl! A-Jli^ j-flVl jJLj^-wv- Ul^j* * (idealisation)
i n ^ p
^Jl ilai^JJ LmSjIj (Sj^J-^JJ-?^
iiJjjJi J-?-ii yj <ysL7 y cjjs^La LgjL yyi j
IJ-* A^aJIj ^-jLj ^j}\ t J_^Ij (_£^Jp y*-^ <L>-J_ojJl
• Amo2j
p p
La ^1 ^a^L-aaJ! 1 JkA ^JuL>sJ 1
c~~Ji *^I^wwj 2 j aJjjJI (sophistique) aJ>U -j ^wS"jL« o
p
C-JIS I Si AjI ^Aj k_£3 j-a jj j-jJ oJL>-lj aJL ^-U SlllA
+•
c Ja^^JL ciU^ {_£**** oU oLi?»Lj aJjJlII
dUJJ .4 j1^ ^j-JI iaJLs Lw-vL^v ((LgJL>o^ LgJ!
Js^-JLww** j • L^J 1*L*J| ^awJj JJL J - * oLsajL^JI ^Jl>- oLs
JaiJ ^ Nj • AjvhAj La Jl^a IS-A
j~~i Jj ‘ ^ Li J->>AJ ^ : la: :I l ^1 4 La
yj J^-b LJl ^ t'y-A' J-^ J-Jj Sljf
.cLiSLJ «J^-» J\ 4^-Vl IJL 4 J LJLJI ^i^Jl
y (ysLJJ jj-s^ ^ .fJaw) t Ij^Ia
123
♦♦ *♦ +*
^-wfLwwtf JlSj (j^^j tl)( *if ^jjuJi aJLj .juJI
C'
^J^aJJ aJL ^^>w« o^ ^J^aJI AJiiJ *V *aJJaS t ^jaJJ
**
fjJu*-j ^LajI oN j .J^rJJ j-jLi AJtJ ^ j^- 4 <J->tJl AJiJ N j
£
dl^>3l ^ ^ A^ii - -*j 1 1 1 J A 1 * ^ A^w^>«-A^^^3 1 LsmWicJ I 0*il<jjJl
(societe ^iL^aJLiNl 4_Ji_»-ljJl oL^JLuJl <j~*-*®
* & p-
LjJij ly-Vl 1JL* y jl>*j jL ^_JUa_4 J-IjJI jli teconomique)
•+
4-fl-^JjflJl ^3 ^ Ia&J) .<C 1 >Lpj) 4& j^^jj> t LwL^P^
■ * 1«? 1 1 J I *»„ i - - * t £ Lj 1^ Lp«MWbJ I
** *
( J_>Jlj «J jAjl jUU ^_£Aji j- 5 ojJ| ^£LJ^-*A ^w*e-J C \ jl
olS^Jl i-ljju dJUSj ^LJI ikL^JU J^UaJl
♦*
O jLLJJ ( _ s JutiJl *JI jj| iJu>«J yJl ijjUajJI ~y^ j— j'
4»%jlJw4»J! a^«l^jJ 1 y ~U>- ^,0 ^ Ig,, ll j}.j>kj l JUL j t
O j-ls y> 4J jJLw»Jl l ~Sj\ja (Jt jil I .ii^ajJ-oJl Ift-Lo J a»uL»J l aJ1
Jlij^l IJl* j^i t ( 1 895 - 1820) (Friedrich Engels) ^1>JI
Jji ci5! yiNlj ipUoNl JSL~JI Jl ^aJUJl S^,LJI y
{La Gazette ^LJL_>jJl 3Juy--JL jU> oL&jkL^ y oL_L><J
“’ ,**
1 1 843 JjjjI /oL«_J Jl 1842 jjLj / ( _ y jLsJl jjJl5 y irhenane )
JjJyJl ^ j ^5sJ L jJLoUJl oLl>- j£?j j*S) <a^I jj* ^Aj>-
ji\ o^LliJi v— ^.1 j>- a3 j . pwj ^jLl; jJl ^ j-JLxJl (M-Oscllc)
oLflJw* ^3 1 1843 4j^w * (Silesie) Ij^-^Lwpvpj l)^-^ ^ j -&->
^jl) jjjJlj ^JljjsjVt ^j-jiLs<aXS*y I (JL^N a^jlLa «LorfljJb 4 jLJi
(David Ricardo) ^—tj ^ a jb j (Adam Smith) JL, ; ^ ^»
(Jean Baptiste Say) L jL»- j (Sismondi) ^JU j.
cLJlxJl *^J\ y t£$y~* ((Destutt de Tracy) yl y ji o j
j\ iJN ^yL^jAlIj ^ j^Jl S^LovjI jU»I
124
/
JJL Jjl Jb»-b cdAJi ^p jJlpVI
.(1844 ( Manuscrits ) oLU^la^) is^UJt iiduJLSj (rargcnt) JU-U
c LjJb AjJiiJl 4- ^ . v J g ^Lp d 1 <, LJli
£f
oULJJ <us iJL>J (_$JJl dJjJl ^ 1 $Jlp
** H
i)\j ^pdaJw^^l JLfljJL) ^ jjC dl t 4-j-LoLdlj
4id<il ^iJ! «Jl^JlJ|» ^3 ^^jlo t^^S” Lodj .JLajJl 4*J_wd JujuaiS*
*** •*
Jpd! jJL db^ I ^Li-^gJl ^t-Jl jjxJI 42J 1844 <c^
«► •*
fW* <_5^ (J-f ‘ <j* j'yi (_^1 <_#*-'~d ^ ‘ -uLolJl
p
(la d-^— -o—l 1 ^ 1 t LgJUJ ^ ji . v ^
♦♦
^t JSwj JSj~*> .(205 ^ it 1843 i^^jlo) pratique)
) Jjp- ^jA^I
t ^ytvJLdl JtiJl jjl>tj *i ^dl dw>l>Jl daiJl oJ Jfc ^JLc- t ( 1 845
L^id Jj 4 <UjUJ| oliddJLl' <Lw<d-«Ji dd j jJl jJ>cj Jajl3 ^vd
d^L>Jl J i*j| jJl dd>“J j-d V I) oli dddl o J la Jlij ^Jd»jJl Jj-JL>tdl j>cj
V*
J^ b ^jJU ( _ 5 a«JjsJ| wlaJl ^lj.M ^^Lp JUj di .(« j-1p
^jA il jiV! ® LiwK V I ®— < j*^/t AjJjjJIj 4 n L. ..1 1
** .»
LfjjJL»c>oj (etre generique) ^Lp jjJl *_$jJ ^lS ^p
*
isliv-Vl ^^Lp I j«azJu> JL«j *J U5 ^ (l’hypostasiant)
* p
J^-b j ^ dp-LoJ^>-l d^dj^vwqdl j-iVl d^L>- ^Jl5j ^Jdi
id^2-d«« (^1 L iV^J Lw^ ^pLoJ>-
p p p
J-d . ^ g ^jd^^idlj
p ^ p
4 <U^fdul (^5} 4 idft ^-113! ^p ^J l i— pUj-j^j L a-Lwjio
^1 oUaildlj ^ ^ LrfQkjA-lLjM l
Ula ^Li»] S^L p|j ^LpL»j^>-'yi SL^JI Jsj^JL) ^ • - ^ )
^ oLpIj-^j jUsI ^ i jJLJl U^^p ^jLoj j (♦JaJjJl
125
L_Lo c^L^ 2 jLjJ' o j»& ^J*>- l)^*..* la, ^ *<w ■> N -t ^ *1 4 JUtJIj
C— ^.1 a J*2-*.A 3 \ , ^ 4«-*-U , ^-^»ij 4 ^^LrQ^P'
** 1 *+ l «4 |«
& jjpJ I ^1? ^P ^1 4 L^-L>-l Ju o > .**»*.* Lf ^xJl A^pL^JL^-V I
(7)~ I vr
JlSjJI JLiol „ 4 jJl2jJI a-J-^JI ^ j^jo ^JLp ^JU&Vl ^JLa
jJL> JL^O t_5^i Jj->- ^JL^wLa J l *wwfe-LoJi JL^O ^J_a jJajJl
14 **
<Lyg i_) J-Ji-Jl 4_*>ujLgwoJl (JLSjliIj ^ ^^uL^-wJl ^Ls^jl&VI
~ **
U j^y\ Jl t ^LUl ^jLJ O^JJl j-S-ojjJi
**
w j-i.— I JLs^> 5jj^>tlJl 1 «/3 4 1 1 ^JUaJ 4 JlSj^Jl
^L«-9 ^9 4 4-L*lp a /2 £ « 1 1 wL>lima) * 4-^l^eJl
Of'i jJU 4 *,/7 «9^\J 4jL»Ij^ i\j\ ^j^5*jL«
^^SsaJI Ji.) j~w*j^iJl
(A. iS Jtj J jL~Jj (Guizot) jyJ>j (Thiers
4_^j
* f.
jLjj (P. Leroux) jjjJ jLj Uajlj <u^aj jL—j Jj t Thierry)
JJljVl jjj-kjwaJi rt_«> j c((P. J. Proudhon) ^Li_jj^-
laJ*£ i S^JLjCuJI j 5JI ^uJl ‘CijuySj oUJaJl ^ Jgd* lyj ^JJS
I 4_S" j^>eJ ii JJL> Oj 4 4^ljjJJ 4 j>-
4-^j^jjVl 4_JLo4-*Ji lLjLS* j->JI 4^9 C 4 jLS' ^jJl 0—9 j-J! ^_9j ,4 *** A j
** ••
*51 jJ! is4>lj.> ^pIa? ^<w» t l^Jli n^Jaxii
^-IjJLilj JUu Uj^) ^JliJl
jJajl t AjjjjJl 4*Lw»Jlj ^^jjJl jU?l ^9 4JjjJl iJL^fl 4 ^-Ijw j ../ 2 j >- (7)
.jUJl J^iill
\jjt jiajl i 4***J A*^l ^jjjUS ^j, 0 j.s>r*r •, (8)
.2 tJjNi J-^ajaJl t^bSUl
126
j I JUjLII ^.Lp j^JL i. aJLLs-JI 4jV js>zzS <-^>t^jLxJl
t LgjLl? L>j>eJ ^xJl 4^L»Jj>“'yi AA-JflJl t 4 j J> jyaJLoJlj
*4 4* *♦
p
U*A j-a^l Nj -(^J^>tJt J jJ>*Jl <15* ^>- t At*
~ ^ *4
^SL^J! ^aJLjJl A-jllw JJl-j* \j*j~xe-\ <^1 (populace) «o>l*JL»
ii &"
4JL«L>- oIaS' LjLlJj j_JLj ^ t^^j-LoJl ^.yg $ VI wbJL^jJSj
Jlw! ^Jl J*>U^Vi Jlp ^Uil C^UJI s ^j^Jl lJub JljjJ
c 1845 t jJL>tj| - jU) ^£jX>- Jl^JLj ^Uc* ^*sj>r~A <JL»jj>oj
.(55-51 ^
£ jJiJl t JUwL>Jl j-lll iJlA t SJjjJ! o jJfeUi JL« ^A L#
JwJ->sJ ^j-oLwjI ^JlP 4-!jjJl oJjfc ^2>ci ol*-^ ? Aj J liJl ^Lo-*Jlj
O^AmA ^t-X-O^ . 1 tf ^ lg»l l 4u^^CJ^LaJ|^ 4^) ^ I «/? ^ l «K MlW il 1
p t*
^ A^>i L^ ~ J 1 ^ ^ j^.&<v.l Q 1 1 (1)1^ L^? j yg>~ C
‘ tHiJ ■ >£ J5i > UM ‘iJr - ^ c5*
olSC*5 l* jJlUJ /^JUl ^1 ji'i/l f>lAjl> L^jIaU-o c~<J ^1 <Lu»L^Jl
•* \ 44
jj» <, 4**P L$Jw>- V 1 QJ t «,<3 9 IjjJ 1 (Lw^-Aj) 4-*3 t
p p (i*
|j® i % j^ J oJla ^j^-AfcA-^ 'V
•4 VlfcM -
1845 ^Xa>» ^1>cjI ^w5^L4 apL«^
t ilj jJl j^JC^\ tcyaJj-^J( \jjt> .(Jj'ifl O JJO Juo ^|l
•♦ 44
oL.^.ltf,oJl c JjVl JaieJl j*-i ^ ^jJa->- ^UL2J
^^JLp ^ jiJ M ^Jl cj^LSLiJL! ^ SJUwi>Jl
cjii^uji ji^u i <lLlaUNIj a^i jJi ^jl^^ji
Aj^LJI 4-1?^ j-vi (. L^J^>- 4 ^pL**X>-VI
1-A-gJ Jg^>tJl .(34-24 c 1845 - ^«SjL®)
^xJl (Jl^ji^ll uj jjiaj t ^cjjUI
127
JlSLif £-» l jJ> 4-jli*-; jJ> hj] jJ ^ t J-ojJl p-^vJJ
*djL- jJj ^IxiNl «ia 1 ^>c_oJ! LSCJUl
^ p. ^
Ijj AajIj & 0 o ■, ^ ft ,AP 4 ^a^LvmJ1 C^Lq.,* ja-XX^ 1 i
iljjJl JSCij jl jj^j .41 iiLkJl «_SXJl JLSLiVj ;_J
f, £- p
4j>tJ lJ L^->L& t t 4 ^jLwj! jl lySj
OjLj3Jl 1| oL£*)Lp <L*Jo eJ jJp ( j r fi o^JL P^9J
oLLJaJlj oLlJflJi oLplj-s^aJlj i^o-s-gJl oli*>Lpj
p
^ jjJJo j) _g £* I J^-P 4
) LgJL Ju 4 iJjjLiil J l^jUaJL^j iljjJl
4*
oJLfc ^ J^JjJLS LgJ 4 jL jJaJt 4 jj-P (Loj3
Jdj^J J- 4 c5^' oLpI ^M aJi
1 1 1845 t jJu>«jI * U^jjLj li-Lfc
I jp i^UJl Jaj>«Jl (JjJLwi ^j-Lp L#l
ioLpjJ! jiJij tl^j ilaJ^Ji iww-L^JI JlSwVlj ispUi>-*yi o*>L£2Li11
^\sj*)l I ^j-dL-kI ^1p t 1 j&L>aiJL^j j jJa^i ^pI>&xJ
^ -■•- 1. *0 !j
»t ** *• **
i ^j_P 4 mJ aJ^ULX-v*Lj o^y*JL® t 1 j
^ •* *+
^pjJI c^L>-Ixj| tjl jLjxpI ^Lp t ^pL^-x^NI
** •* ** V*
oJla Jij ,(38—35 1 1845 tjJi>ol _ ( j-*SjLo) j»Lp
p
1 I I 4 ^y+*Si L < <> 3 *lJ 1
*• ••
ijiUl 1 ^La. ) 1 ^aS-Lp' 4 Lj L ^
( j>» o^jl>c- 4 iS" 0 (j j5 ( j» p-P jJLjj ( j-a » ^*-0 aJU^JI
J^j ^Js> ^1 4 4 _^L_>w] 1 jJl oJ— A C-3 jb
oL-LS" tjj* J^j^lJI oJl & ^5-Lp LjJl N| 4 c ^U>jxj>'VI
p
aJs! C 4jb ^A>tj 4^J Lp d»> vAJL^-j (j-* t O
128
£
jL La tlJi t . (conditionnement materiel) t_pLJl
cs ^*- 4 ^ 4 Aj La Jj jJ>tXjl aS j>~
&
L> (T^ Lj Jh
1 ** *- w *»
tlr^ cSj^' J-^ 2 -^ mJj^I fLUJl t J_<^«JJ
44 1 •+ 4*
j* ji jlS’UJ (_$ <a ij \> ^ j .^jjoJl 3 I ikJLj'yi
4* H
P ^ P
^ jl ty 5 ^ LJ Hi yj
*4 *-♦ H
^3 <OJL>t*Jl ^Aj^aS\j OjLiJl OlS*>Lp ^ 5 j-<kI-o AjL 4 ^Iaj ^Jj
OtaXA^ s,j^I «/?",<, ,*,*> 4 p^wwwJi i Jl ^Jl *3
: LpI jJl ^ jiwwi) ioLJI oUiiLJl
& f. \ f,
4 ^-oJi AS L^Ltl Ad.x.lgJl
** 4*
^a ^xJl A a « laJl oli jS-\ aJL^sjj ^
** *•
4 ^
SjJLlI LsJLjt ^a t AjwO. * ^ -» J 1 A—OL^Jl bjjA \
44 >W- 44
44 ^ 4 1845 cj-UJl _ ^jL.)
.( 81 - 74 j
1 1 1 o^A_A ^ ^ ^ ^jcJLoJl oH ^>-^ll ^A Lo
l^p aIjIXa^vO 4 lg« s^gllj l g 'O P>Jj Aj^LjJI AJwQm^JI ^j*P A^jLdJl
^ **
A-* « .*,/? II frLi-s^| aJL A-d v /r> * La <J^i»- ^ju 4 iJLta (j| ?L-«-fcj
p p
Lf^dl jlioVl ^ylf- (universalisation Active) L^_a jJl L>i j^>Jl
id-A f i s a li C ^^A ^-Jl ! ; < _P ILa
- 1 ** v> ** T*
Lg-j ^jJl aJL> j lg ll Jl^-Ljsxj ^Ulaj^Lj c ^jLiJl >L>Jl
J j-o Ll-A^ *(^5 ^J>- 1 ^i-P A-dJg AJw»-»-A <i^Lp {^jJUj j j^J
j-w^ ^\-J V 1 ^ 1 aJL$ A^>- 1 A-wo^Jk ^ I
A-^.,i ^ ^ ^ c^La^i^SU iH^Ld^Lpu Ja^j I ^jUJI jAj
P, ^
jv 5 jj aj^w>^JI o-La p-Li^| <jl wJbnJij .L^Lsax^I^
jVl ^3 i aJjjJI Sj-aIJ? ^ ^ 9 t ^^jLo u-*> tJjU^JL
129
4^<bL*Jl 1 j j)*^Jl Ip j^pNL) 4 4*w*iJ
p.
j^J U fl ^ Jl £-Jj Lfj (_^ <_^J' tiljjJl L5 iiS» jl aJU-
L .-^ .i«L*Jl 4^**Ly2-oJt <Lj J^o i^l <W?U>J I
4 ^3 jjJl u^Lwvww*j^> 3 ^.o ^Jl ^xl(
4 AjjiJl 4 j^XL<J| ^a 0 ob 4-JUa^o o oJLa tjl ^\
*• 1 1
^A^) J^-b IgJp ^j*aSJ
.(^U^^ll A^J 0^-s^bx-oJi 4-Jlj^*iJl Oj L) o^P<Jj ji b
4-s^L>dl ^tJLva^Jl ^-Lp <La . «/3..1l frLLy^li
4 IwLgj ^A 4 blp 4 >**Lv£L 0 (_^i
( j_p tojl b bjj .i!jjJl aL^]\
4 Li I 0*A.^^^li p— A^ ^)| 4
4 ( ^SJa]l ^^iLxJl ^j-W> IJLa Ljj ^Ji j^p L_iJL^o
A-^AjJl ^Uj>JI JioJ ^P jJl Ji~b Js»U>Jl Js j
*♦ *■* ”**
d*.A.>cj 4 . (^Jl * * • ^3 1 1 4pb^“ 4 ol ^b*^>Jb 4 j ^> tJi 4pL^>-)
olS^bJl jJi c-jLjJI ,%p 4jUj ^> tiii Lg "L 1 »*> jju
0 **
p
la \ ^ 4 Lgjb <iL^laJi qJl^jj ol ji'Vl ^j*j 4^^^»bJl <LoLv£iIi I — j-^c* ^-vJl
; ^ ^>-1 4^^ ^JL-U iw^A 4 I iljuJl
jj9 ^JUl Jl^iJI ^a 4JjjJI c^obUi))
** ^ **
p
^^-Jl ^^-Aj 4 ^ *^3 a g »o. J i A ,tf.< !<y It ^1 j-sl
^c-lo ^JU 4 <LL^o 4-b- ^9 J5" (Jj^pxj
p
aJpUj^J ^b>gj <UpLoJ>*J! ^|S* ji 4 ^Jp
^ (A
O p— A^Jl LLA^ wL>*_Xj Lo^S" 4 J jJlJl
(>* J-! t «' i b^' Oj-Jl-2-il
p
— ® ( jjj ^_o— LoJi ' g • ■ ■■' A 1 ■ /■» a '. a <.0j^- 8^lj|
.(106 ^ 1 1845 tjJUf-31
130
tlrH L r < 2- 9 '- : -’ lS' J-i ^ U_* J_4J
<L»L*J| AXom^oJ) AaJaJJ
t jJJ iuLgJ aj jl^^/ 1^ iujjLSJl d^p Ls^ j ^J I
iJjjJl oJL& 0^3^ 4jtJaJl JLo dbi L&^L%XpL^ . L^J ^ >- i
^2- ^Jl
^3 t ^ aj ^ -t- t (JiLdo t ^ ^ * »* tf >
£»j .(106 ^y? 1 1845 tjJu>«Jl _ ^j^SjLa) «Jl?-IjlJ! ^ j\ ^jL>Jl
C iljjJl JuI>cj <j\S bj Lo A3 J*ja (J jj>- t U*-J J&J* (Jlj-^l JJij t clLlS
iiJij jLUl ^ j-v^2>dj t^LJLkJl oLpI^lSI ^ dJLiS ^ Uj
♦♦ ** *4
O^UaJJ JJ JaJl jl tJUJlj ^LjI
4 la 1 )l l «,<o j ilj 1 850 — 1 840 ol 1? *Jwo jjw« 4 »JLq*-*JI
( j^S , jLaj oLoJ-wj l Lj ^j2j iojLojJt <J jJlll 4*c**$JiJlj 4jjb)fl
oL^gbJl j iljjJJ 4-jJI ol^LidJU t aLJlp^J ^Jl
. (9) ^L^]\ Jlwf ^Jl Ji-b 4jJaJl
£?V
Balibar, Etienne. La philosophie de Marx (1993). 2 e ed. Paris: La
Decouverte, 2001. (Reperes)
Hegel, Georg W. F. Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (1820).
Trad. fr. J.-F. Kervegan. Principes de la philosophie du droit
(1998). reed. Paris: PUF, 2003. (Quadrige)
Kervegan, Jean-Fran^ois. Hegel, Carl Schmitt. Le politique entre
speculation et positivite. Paris: PUF, 1992.
Lefebvre, Jean-Pierre et Pierre Macherey. Hegel et la societe
(1984). T ed. Paris: PUF, 1987. (Philosophies)
.2 J^aiJI c-.LSOl IJu y. jlill - all Jii\ (9)
131
Marx, Karl. Critique du droit politique hegelien (1843a). Trad. fr.
A. Baraquin. Paris: Editions sociales, 1975.
. Manuscrits economico-philosophiques de 1844 (1844).
Trad. fr. F. Fischbach. Paris: Vrin, 2007.
-. La question juive (1843b). Trad. fr. M. Rubel. dans:
Philosophie. Paris: Gallimard, 1982. Reed. Paris: Gallimard.
(Folio-Essais). pp. 47-88.
— et Friedrich Engels. L’ideologie allemande (Premiere partie:
Feurbach) (1845). Trad. fr. R. Cartelle et G. Badia. Paris:
Editions sociales, 1966.
Renault, Emmanuel. Marx et I’idee de critique. Paris: PUF, 1995.
(Philosophie)
Weil, Eric. Hegel et I’etat (1950). 6 e ed. Paris: Vrin, 1985.
132
t*
JlS^L; *>U jJl JLo ^UJl ^SUJI JJi
^ ** •*
c£j*“Vlj 4 j^5s-^P j 4^1* jJj,} Lj^ft|jj>-I 4 J^j
jtJliJl JeV ^ ol Jr- JLij -V^J
.4-^>tJjljJl <_9 jL*^qJ1j ^L~Jl i j-o 4 4-jJ^jJl 5JjjJl Jua
oLjUaj>- Jjj>cj ^JLp ^jUJI ^ «*mJiJ| ij-te ^3 cJ
•* i **
c j j-JLp ^-LJl jJL!l Lg-SLS_iJl Ju*-<aj t4-^Lw^Jl
U ULp ^Jill) *Jlp : U_fc j
4*4b^wOwVvwJ 1^ ^liJl j^il' (_^l c-jurj!
^^p ^xpj p-5 t(^jjj^xJI j»JL*J|w -> jJl& ^*>#LxJI o^JLll
I <jl t oL-JI
5jjJ (J^L 4la*J 4j^v^*Jl d-*V ^J>tJl \*y$>\ jv-P^3 4
p
3 i ^ Jp L oJ I 1 ^ ^ J lp) *UP
o^jl^lo c^ 15L-J> I J-Lii Lo^jJl Vl (JL^aJVl oV^LxJlj J j^*Jl
jJauJ pJ JjjJl ol t Lsijl . Lg-^g-g Jl>-I <wL3\jlx*j
t j^Ip ^#Ul j^2Jl ^ ^Uip^VI Vj (^LwJl .sLaxSVI oLw
p. ^ 4 ? 4 4-UL— > J±*^> ^3 V I (1)1 . L^jLyo L^J 43
4 Lw>- jJ j^aj j— !l ^^JLp jt-j 4 ^L*Jl ^UaxSVI ^JLp iJb>-Vl jl <~a-£
135
iljjJ I ^ O ' ^ ^wL&^" Lf^J 1 Jjwl^sJ £ ^ - -o- A i ■. .ki
H
p p
4_i-«J_4j| jV J .^e»U*JI l^jja'. -a j LgJUL- JJ L^_5 I-LaI J_tJL>«J SjLpIj
L> 1 j ^ ^ LgjjJ i ^S'La^JI Ula A-JUa» ^Lw^LwmJI
^j^>) j-o L*-^Jt jt y[ SjLpL ; ,1a. 3.^ LaL^L^ ^aVl Uju j*J .L^jcv^j l) j->*j
t- ^
jl c <01*3 L^-wLp (j;JJl L« j tiljjJl o l)1 »«. ~?»j i -~a*S i
aJpL-wjsj jj^U 4 *j.X<»J|_ 9 <■■».« ..Sail Jl L«j aJuo pJlc-
t IjlSLa
JJ1-*
Jl
^* 19 j-*-«- 5 i (J^i- 4 _^> L«..«J I 4 -i*«JL 4 jl
^Jl t «J jjJl J JUeLil J& *_S^u Jl J k:-Jl Jl^I j Lis’
f, (. ?
A-ws^Lv^'y I La^IajI !Aaj LajLjipLj <. Jj>c_^
p ^
.iljJlJl Jl^-1^ ^ j 3 j A^LwvJI
136
AjLu\jm]\^ aV< £yjj
sji^jui a jjdi
elJba ioLad^l <Jl -JUI, i^LJl Ul-JUl (V Jsulydl
f,
J- 0 ^ tcilJi £«j . £a Jl ^jjIj ( _ 5 1p
J j>-1 j^a la-fUj j^-«-Jl ^(_y^ J^9 .SJjLx* JajljlJl 1.1*
M
43 jA-«Jl C-^jLU ^LS' il , L>. L./?-i^oJ ^Jj CO I ^xJl 4-djjJaJl ilp-L^o
**
^ ^^<>d OhXjwL?^ 4.*^ 4 Ia«a ^ i-w<-J i ^-1;2-J Lj ^ ^
**
lfJSS\ jLLl ^ LJl^JlSl oJub ?«oj U a^Vl ;Jl^JlJl»
t yLp x^LJI JyiJi ^ l^Jbcc C^aJl ^1 O^JJI il jJlU
I^-x-Lp <jl j\ t £^C>e-<>J! Lias, A? ^3 Jl>-J£j ^ I <jLi jl
f ^ f ^
A *i J L J Lj j-*^' jV jji JiL I*J jl
iLvali^l pJ-P i-j jJ» Jaii Lg-o.^ 9 aJo iJjj-wJlJ AJjU>t» O £j
0 * IA-VIjIj .iyaj^xJl S^all ^l^lj jja^. Ji” JA J^»wjl
^3 ^j^zj>-K . iij 1 ) 4*^j}jjj jj^Sn <i jp««^ji jaj & ^ .jlp (J ^sji
t(?Lgj U j t aJLj^I <* :: LJl Lo : Jlj^Jl
4* •*
LJ>1 jjliJl j^aa j\ iU L») ijy^\ Vj
137
jlJLLJ! JlS! j La jJI <J j-LpxJI ^j-a L>) a-jJ^jjLiJI
M M **
o*>L^S Oy-^L^-Jl q j 1 La l ^a w { ? L^i-^-OLs^
►* **
^LoJLP^ 1 ^JLw^ Ju iA-J)L^jJl I^jLjLp j L^_&IJu5i1^ aJjjJI J^c-
;Sljt yJuJi LJU .LpL^/1 ^JjLcJl ^L-Vl
JjjJi ^j/ 3 * j d*> ^y»JCLi-0 i-LS* o-La Oy^-*
Sj^JJ *c.^o 1 I j-f5j • LfjJjW ^ >j£j jiu t <U<al>«-<JI
* f-
jl yS V t c_» >c-Jj j-^jJLlU LsAj I aJjJ->- Ay ^\JLp f-Lu j
*+
^A^ i ji£^ A>tv? jy>> aL^JLo jLUj A*-s^> JJJ IJla <U^aLj
^ .*-^>e-H a3j j iw^AJ^S' aj^Ls^xs^I aJI j*0J1 oLJL)
I H •*
<Ij»\il ^JJl JuJl>J 1 J-ygi^lil <Jl 5LL« jlisl y <L*-mS > j 4 ji>-l
iUJl L-jUoj (uyu£) ^LJI iUaSf I ^ t-uaLaaM V'^ 1
A*
. ( aJ j jJ I 0 j j-o«aiJ aO jbS) a^w^LxaJI
Aj^Lm^JLsN I ii j-X^_U K^Jl j-~JUU (Jl^xJLwo^l L)Ld i Jl-xjlIIjj
aJ jjJL aJLUjuJI a^»Lwww-1I aj JajJi aJLl^VL aJI^ *L2JLj y
pj t^LoVl IAa 01 L^-S" . Lg_>Lwu jL^-^J <JL>«_4J!^ Lg-A L 1 *+> j
1 A^ws^LwwJl aOI ^JU S 4yx-Jo i t _y> J */? >J I ^->~j ^J-P Cj^~^
^ jjb>- j ^jLU jj 4\a«i j^Jl Ao Lvvww^^Ol JlS"LJL^JI L^LoJIaI
^jLJ^Jlj ^l_'l olkJLJi ^JLJj 0 jJLsJl
.A-s^LiJl (j jJbJI j 4^L*Jl (j j-0>Jl oli'AxJlj
Cr° l ^-d' e-LiJ-xJj ^Lo^l li_gJ pj J_iJ
AjL^-i La CJ j,-^ -L ^zJl A-SjLJI t-SjLx^Jl^ cLl^LQajicJl /y AP ^oJ>x-a
^ ♦♦
L^-Xy>J><J j*J t j-JLp /yaliJl J j ^~ Jl AjL^-»J j-^P Oj^Jl
(sciences camerales) (s|t) iLoL*Jl i-JL^JI j» j-L^ j*— >1
Lg 4 -»jJl J ^Jj LJliL (sciences camerales) ^abJl aJLLI ^ j-g-J=» (#)
- y» JJ] j ; j ^_)L«JI (jyJi _lLJ^ cjIa>»L>t_j
138
. (polizeiwissenschaft) As- j\ (cameralistique)
Cr* 3— j-Jl ^1 \sj* (police)
j^L ^ ^jud ^Ua^jj j\ aj.u^ji
o. A/a T j Jj t( jmP j_»LlJl 0 j_iJl Vl 4J— fcl jJl
^ '- ^ .X^w4 Aa^k^JwwWtaJ t ig jJ I
: ^ (1776) (Peter von Hohenthal) Jlx^yk j y yS)
,^w 2 ij L S .(321 1 1978-1977 . (Foucault) j5 y
tSJj-OJ Jj-uji »» ^ ^ji oU-JaJjJl j
^Ij l$_L« ^1 L y-^i
^ JfljJ ^3 1 i jl J . UbL)LpjJ JoL***Jl ^yJZS>zJj Ublj-flJ JL*>eJ(
♦ . * * c^L»LiJlj &jL>txJl
£r
eJ U* ^ *> ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
t C 1756) (J. H. G. von Justi) L y~^ j->- Oj-i jL*j_j)
.(337 ^ 4 1978-1977 jS y
♦*
^j-o >*UajJl l^i-A jj, la «,«,«*> ^L^aJliNl (jli 1 1
1 *+
0 (r ' f.
LuuL^I l-Ldi t ^ Oywa-jj
C L***3l^ i, , ^ l f>r I ^
-k-LoJl Jl oJLg-; ^ . «<J jjJi \s iJ 4_i_w? J^L>-
l)J ^) L <. m JL».wJ. 1 .^Jlilj *Ujl +& ■* I ( < 3 ^_P J jjJl
tj»UaJl (Jp -IpLaJ -1 ^Jl ^jbNl jlxJL L^jJu
rr Ji
(^a 4 ^-L^jlJ.I JjL- jJl t (polizei/ police) ^ ^^ixj (-:^)
Aj^*j J l]i <J*>L4 aJ 1 frli- jJlj Ji-ljJl oLwiJ i iljjJJ
ilr* J! L J jJjIU' t (wohlfahrt) *L>* jJl 3 J&j ij
. j (etat. de police) IkiJ ^ l JUJd t ^Jl J\ ^»UJ! ^jLl
139
&
JlJlSiJI ^5 OLiJI ol5 U5 c jJI 4jbL$lAL-a AaJ ^a51 ^^LwwJI
JlSwo iljjJl c j ^ t ^L? jl i ( j^LaJi ^UaJ Jwiil iolij
i~ ~* y 4^-p jj* ^Xp^ ^Xp L^^LJLjjj} a*j>-
4^^\JLp Aj Aj>x_j j j Lo^oJ I ^Uaj ^woAj Jo c (JjIp Jl^JA
O j-SnAoj *AXJJl>j . 0 j_9j *L>-j jJLSl «J jAJ! Sjjli
_i~j stal t J jVl aULJI ^ 5i
p *♦ 0
^LJlj ^Ix. ^LJI ^ y >} I J!>U- t Lli US' obj ^1 iljjJl
Cj* »' <J (physiocrate) (v) Jp\ A^ 1 -A*
*4 *4
^ ^ t p, p.
. l^olj .*»A^£Si 4 ^*<xlj*»Jl </3*9 j I Jj 1 .
p4?&A*u j*>u- <y '>^- jL— iJl Ula ^IAq^o (jl ^LLb
^.p lj_*ib ^Jlp Jo 44J jjjl iiaJLo JL-s-Aj ^Jl o^UaiSVI
■>IAJA*»Ij t^JbJlo Ij^loj £jUJl oAJlo j^P ^JaJL o SjJj-*^
jLi cIaSj* ibL^ JiCJ; t (despotisme eclaire)
a t jS Al I <JjaJ 1 oJla caIjLjljI
^ *4
4 J ^-Jl ^JaAul j ^-jLpIi^H 00 j^j>iJ| jLjc^oIj}
j^_>Jl AwujL^^-1 L>coj LajLsApLj 4 <llLjl*JI^ ^a>o3aLJ A-^j
HP
t ^^>*3! ^3 1 Ij *lLs ^ i ^ 1 ^ )^S\J Jo ^ t ^ ^ L*-vsJ 1
0- > ^\^ , aa 3 Juaj>sJ! (.■.*.»*! Iaq ^
jt-p^ ^ ^Ls^xi'yi ^JLp jUo .^juJI ^ iJjAJl
coLJSll jt— <J jaJI <lL-Lo ^j/g . 1 tf ■> 4 joIa-^JI <Jl ^JUl ^j>^o>Jl
^JLp oj^Liilj 1 Ji^io Lob AjJ>L*2lSNl Jj^JLS ^iocwJaj!))
^i^>- L^J j-*3j <CwjLw^J d i^l ./g 1 ! jl Jo ^.P-
JjAi-l uAJj-o 1758 al* jJU^l (^JLlI (F. Quesney) \ j i y y* Lg H 1750 k~*
yz. jJUl oij y l)I 0 ^ip*! J 3 j . Col j-Al oLAS <ui
.<Jj jlSI 00 1 ^ Jao ^ jt
140
diJ^LS" i jJl ^LtajJlj j-Jt l)L<^s^
p
^Ls*2Jl 4 j^-la^sj *^1 lx>lj 4 jJl ^-Lp
♦* **
P
ita—* 1 Lis.^" ^j-3w*»*V*0 (_) i {^3 ) 9 1 Ju t ^LOwW^hXj 1
^ lS^JI a^I*JI aJUJI ^>JJ j*JLp *ljl aL^SNl
&
v— flufT <Jg J ^ II o-A-ft *a4-^2mJsJ LU
aJ aS* A wwyj ^J^LLxJI ^Jlj^-JJl ^a^L^JI j^jaJl c-LsA^
'O^J* o* ^
aJ ^ : ^L~J! aUaM Jl i*LJJ SJUt ^JLp ^ _ l
<LJ1 ^Jlll aJjjJIj jpJ I SJ c ij^li ^]|
t o ^ Aaj a^jjj V I JjjJl p-Lj S^LpI
♦♦
A £.
jl5 U U*j^ ‘^L^jOs^L? (jjUJl ^UJI j-®
** "
4 Lw«j^i ^9 ajj 4 (Saint-Empire) L>.JuUJ( ijjjisi^^l; y^_
j~*jJ-ZJ S-L)J^>- kl^LiMjL^a 4 jJ^f- a_iL*^J| o j-i-'l 4_)l JLj JLL<a j
p
ojL>*jJlj A_>«^aJlj I O^L>t» ^ gJ Ajj-uJLj C^L_J jJ p-J? jJj
o Jj JmP wL^-aIu j-oL^j ^jLaJ| J jIju j ^jLlSI oli
0>LJu>tJ (_£jJ ^j_9 JbJL>tJ ^_Lpj
IJLfJ ^1 (1984 . 1928) j* ji JLI^ ^^iJI ^j-JUJI
^Ua->cJl JA ^Lp Aj|j«Jl JLA3 t J ^>wj!
t 4 *jlo oJlj^I j 1648j 1618 L« L»jjji ^ cuaJjJI ^ij| ji-l (■$■)
■Aij ,^ji4 < 5 -^-j>- f jji c^Jl :„ . , J j ^_Jl 4jjU3j t ^j_>- ^j-a ^l!LJjJl5L!i <lajU? UlS* L^i
ikLJl v >l UJI^I jJLpl ^Jl Ulii ^ JjMl vl » , g„ i.l^. j ^
lljLw jJl J5 ^ J-b ^ XUj^^5 (1)15 Aj Jjb l J^o^ 1 1
4
<X-^p d- .1 15 U-p^ 1 4w*^J^j L^J I LjL**^1 Lm«j j^j
p p ^ p
c Ljw jJj ‘U-^Lww- lil-Lftt ec-ljj oLS IJla jli t L*_Js> 3 JLa
.Ljjjl ^ O Jji-1 OiJj'S/L <^yu La ^3 LA^jIj LgJ il>
141
® t S^LwwJl J j^- ^^wuL^vJl _ ^jjjLaJI
I »* w
^ p. ^ p.
LiL*Jwa { 1)La)Uvw4 kSs* 1 (jl t— ^->tJ oLlp^j^ ^JlAIaJI
<c-$L«NLjj aj^LoJI p^-gjda-JL> L j j j^lJIo
^^ip Uij! . ^1) . . . LfU-b ^ ii ^Sj
j^-jUJI pi llj ( _^Ii»-ljJl ^LlaJl J_*_; pj cl»~>- ti_ij_gjl
£ £.
((Ljfclij# jjh J jVl oJl Jj c L-fc jJz jj-i
UjLxpIj C iljJtll i ji j\ Jb>»**J|)) J ^>-1 ^aj Jc^AA; c AjP jJl
crTJ^' ^UaJl jJ> L^ij ^
^ pL*_s . t _ s ip jij^>tj ci j-»^-i
4j|Jb jllp (regaliennes) ILSlJLJl oUl j-^-VL> aLaJI J.J j JJ» ^JUl
*
<LJjjlJL)l ^y-Jl {y> L>*jj.Aj jj* lxJI i jA& £ Ul dyJI
Jr?. JC- J! *«WJI •■4*
^*P C teXpl^AU ^A^^aJl j 1 j la"ll ^p C poJw>s^JJ AoLaJl ^cJ 1 *\ 1 1
Lc-? j .(348 _ 347 ^ cl 2004 c (Foucault) j_SjJ) jjJliJl
j-oJuJl pLp jli cjQ?Nl lj_ft ^ ^_w^aJ^>t_«Jl J.ygJI JLs-l iaj»-M
^ M) SJLi^JI J JSLi-. J c (science de la police) ^ j-£> Jl
*+ ** **
: ^2Lp ^lill j jiJI
pJajJij J_W >- jj ^3 1 J *g >rjs_a pL*Jl I J_A J_*-J pi*)
^ #■
*Lw^ b* - /c-£* i > I wJCmaT . |j i 4j2jL**Ji *L-*/
c2007 c(Senellart) «ojbVl iJubJl j jJai^ t y>
.(101 ^
* ^Jl*JI J L?t_« ^.3 sjlsIj aJL^xj jL 1»NI l«i_* o jj-> -Cjj
(Teutscher o!^p o~>«J c ( 1 656) jLs- ^LJI j^iJl j!>U- cAjjbNl
(L. von iJjjj : ^ . ,.x j^_s jJ ( *p r i j_J c Furdenstaaf)
^jjg ^<jl JLf^-o ^ c^iJl c(1692 _ 1626) Seckendorff)
142
t (due de Gotha) U y J} jJeJl 4 J y* ^-4-*-^'
aJ_^JI ^la s j ,a_ 1 »/j i_-' j_>- Lg _> a ^ 5 la ,. *
^ hAv^wSi^U L^* I-Xj 1 I
^Jj-^Lr r-*^' oyLi-M pi-tiJ' y
(_^j>L*Jl ^jJl y» (_ 5 ^Uaj'yi yz- J L l ».li 4 _JL>j_w_«I a_ijLS-« <wijjJLl^wwu
• Lfr7jta| J^j tiJxjjLlil l £J . * - J >J y>j SjjjJJ
( y a ,■» la P *)J I A^ftLs^^ <LpxJ-sALb ^*Ji>^j ^A 4<dJJ^ ^y
yj u, ~J6 u^fi y (wohlfahrt) a^aU J\ &Xa *-*j>tJ c ^—LJl
jV) K^'jUJJ)) ^Jjj I y-*-*J b «oL» 111) l^-JjJI
JjjJ! y ijjo cJlS" t (episcopates) AjAJL/)/! olkLJl
/»*>LJl bJLaIv« JCjo JJUij S*l iS - ((Lutheriens) ajjjjJJI)
p
JJxJLj dL!S ^yasJuj .(1555 A-i~* (Augsbourg) <jyy~~-*j\ y
Jl*JL)I C-AjUaj J_ALj>I-) A^Jjj|_*«_«Jl A_Jj jjl jJ-A-SxlJ 4 j_4_L>9
c i 3A& 4_9 jjJlSC^ Ljj JUajL j LLpjJl Aj y- *\ys~\j tAjlpjJij
'■Jdey L ^’ Uajl t AijJUJl j A-^^Jail
‘ aJjJJI o_^3 j AjijiJl Aj^>JI ^ 4 Lift (UaibJ <_£! JU>- jj ^ j .*ll^t>U
J-visI Jl» 6 ^JaJxJJ ^jsSl! AiaJL^i y> yu V ojj^JLoJI ojJLaJls
M
J! L-.U^I oLi t iJiSLa .^JU^ljJl oU^la-y^l Ju^ aJL^ws 1
L a^* J 1 ( j ^ c j) li? a ** 9 jjaJ i L 1 j..a,U 4jwLa^j^aJ[
J5Llj jLSLJl *U»^j AJjjJl Ji5w ^yxLj (pax etjustitia)
l _ 5 lAl!l Aj>-yJl jj jjial^Jl Iij 6 j y ->yr
(_jJJ! jA t ^S^Li^Vlj jjJalaJl i^y^J 4 (^iL^sNij
y o>UJl aJLJ! yJu ^JLp , !!"•_- j aJ’^A-ai^VIj ; --•
(A
bJl^oU o Ls & Ujh (JL»L^o i ‘"• r> ~ j . j-S^c* (j j-5Jl
aJUI 1 *^ ^Ijil : yj 2£ y]\ 0,1* Js-I y y
^y AJjjJl ^ A Ja yt yij^sJi <.fy0y±S A_«_«L?xJl A^oLsJl
143
Cl)
c oUJl ^lJUI ^^151 jj ^ \
^jjJaj I jJ>-\j ^JJ>4jJI ^jA I^JJj>-jj L^5w»LiJ oUJ
. 4*JL<»J! 0iA^J
^UJI iJUl ^^15^1 ^rjjJ! jL 5 lily
*♦
; (j^i^LJl JL^>- jjJlj ^ >r^ ^LlJLj
C r-dj-^- J c5^i
JLjJI jli ^iJjjJLl jri^r yJui> y> ^1 c (cameralistes)
cp^ wwte4 , <5 p 4^!L^AJ
L5 Jl i5_ ; j»Jl ^ j co'yi^Jl
t* **
*Lol */$ ~ 1 Lj ^La ^ w o^ I I ^-Lp ^ 4Jj-lU 4u^jL~<J!
fr
^-^Ln„-wvJI La^uJwwwai . 4wJL^-J1^
.(103 ^ c2007 cj'^) «iJUl jJUj ij\>)l\ pipj
j tioUl aJUJJ jjJI p_L*Jl ^Jl ^^jolS'N! <>- yJl ^y*j
C (1771 1720) ^Lkm yPy Oj-3 l)L&^j >-
*0 “ “
U jjJl 5 jb^j JUJL?J1 p-UJl li-frj 0 >LpJl 5 aLo : iMJ kjy£ jr J>\
O^jiU ^'■^ >■*^0 f /j « /3 ^ (jJUl c (Staatsvvirtschaft)
1 1998 t (Stolleis) (J ^J_ ? ^*-) j'jUI aU aii\ y,yC> j LjJLj
J sl ^»l 43 c ^ j «,ig'>^]' 4 j>-j ^1p ij~* .(580 553
.(l^y ^1) iJ jjJl v^lijj (o%‘UJl jl) alyS/1 i^lij ^ ^aLi*
SaL>w»» aJb»o ^iJl JaLuJl \>\ Ul» jllsl ^ Jjbbk
4JL^LLjT ojtil t2^jAj*sJLl LjlJl i 1 CO
j^Jl t mJj jjl ^31 ^L.^.3^ 1 Aj\^\j
(Oeconomie-Policey unci JLLl ^--jJljJI j ^ :_i v Jl 4^^^L*_Jl
*(Francfort sur l’Oder) OjjiS^I yj (Halle) JU oU>*L>^ 1727 k«* Cammersachen)
144
«4J jJlU 4-JL>-!jlJI jj>zJ\ ( j-a ys <. <LpLw>Ji
^liJ^Jl l)L>JJ| 3 J yi
LsU iJjjJI J j-dVl oil-K-ou o^j ■ kaJj-lU
#♦
t ^ i_^ 1 i ^ *,& l
J ^U-^O ljj.> Ljk ^ O^-LUaI SjL>ti!lj SJLJl j ^L^£3*yi
4_>- j^».4»..>q. Il *-*j l— i 4 -wO j-^*-*Jl fi^J-li ^J> J^sJi ^jg3 ^ <A^cJwvmJ <1)1
^^JlJI *L>-j JjJL>tJ LAwL>- j ^Jl oL*-^Jl)
f. t* f,
jl L^jI LfSL*-jj t (burgerliche Gesellschaft) ^jljj^jjJI
OjjUl oJLgJ AJL L!fl-<Jl 4 Ifl 1 -M ll ^pju ^2 t jJJS ( jJ» l j-vJL*J 1 ^^-Lp
-110 t2007 t j^L-^/) kJ jJVlj iJjJJl ^j.^1 Lj C I
.(113
£-a SJuaJl *Jai ^jJlp (raison liberate) ^I^JllI JJL*Jl
(l’etat de j-o-LxJ! 5J_jjJ <—Jh j-oJI IJ-*
( _ f i^> j*- AjjJaJ £a cJi5 Jl*J L*5 Jl 4_>-jj ^1 t police)
ioLi^Ji ^l!l 4j^l wL.wj'b/ 1 j! 4 j^jVI «laUl < 02 j^j AjJjJlj
(etat <lJ j a Jg iJLj>“ JLp-jJ
<.bjj}\ AjiU-1 c~~J Q J , r JLll 4-J*>JbJl oJla jJJ . d’infantilite)
JlJLoj LgJl>-j u— *..^>bj c ^L>tj1
. ^y^rfL*.*** ll J 4/g 1 I t w J uJl>J( jJLpii Jl LaoUj^i ^1 4-w^Lww J l
(jLJjJ^a l)Ijj-v3Lj J J^i I JT^J
<4>-J cJbJL>“ ^ bjcJ U lijj .4JjJl Jl>-Xj JL>Jl
Emmanuel Kant, Theorie et pratique (1793), trad. fr. : ^ 0 ^ajLl IJl^- JiJI (2)
F. Proust, GF (Paris: Flammarion, [n. d.]), pp. 65- 66, et Wilhelm von Humboldt,
Essai sur les limites de Vaction de Vetat (1791 -1792), trad. fr. H. Chretien, revisee
par K. Horn, bibliotheque classique de la liberte (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2004).
145
p £
o* ^j' 5 fJ-H* » Ljli ^ia-J
f.
to jJl j \ j^ijdl aJj.s aJ! ^mJiJI
^UaJ>* j SJjjJl S j-So /^o LwLSJl SJ*)L*JJ ’“dL j-?xj ^ aj
~ *♦
< 3 CU-L^-*^ v j^XmP kl-JLiJIj j-JLp ^jUI jJsJl t ^Ju^-aJLj^
4 la 1„.,J| J^S* ^<>JlI obi <Lj l jg, ,1 1 I J 4-wJ^- J UiJl
C-ol5* ^iJl 4-Ls>JL>t-<Jl j SJbJbJl 3 ^ojJl j ^La^LlLoJl 4 > J^T 4 <uSCLJl
♦4
a]j 2 ^y> ^ya. . d*. 1l ^Lf-j . A^C-Lia3^/! oLlaJL«JlJ Jjtx^Jl fUixJl JjJUij
J^JI uls i j-^ /«■»' — N cy* (_s^l t ^jJkxJl
«• *4
4 J j jJl 4-y^>Lip ^jLS-^3 c I . 4 J jjJl 4.1a \,*a ^yi J^iJU IJl^o ^JUL^
^->s-Ji c 4_^_1 j>“ I kJ_l ! 4 -ojL—*^JI ^Ji-^b 4 J ^ (^3vA-^J 4 * ^ ! a ll
cl979-1978 4 jSji) L J^UaJI oJLa rj li>- J\ i^-jUJl yaJJsXi
V* IJL> j'ji> oJ-oJL*-oJl iu^jLSJl 43 j-*-oJi 0[i c jL^>-Ljj • C 1 5 — 9
4^^^UL*Jl oJla Jl^5> j 4 J jjJl J^JaJL* Ju^ J^-*-3 3 jS jJlJ c ^J_>tJI <L!j3
^3 3 jJl>ioo V 4olSCoJ (* I^jI Jj 4^3 jSoJl
j5" jA ^3 4^l_Jl 4^j jjLaJI oJ-*Jl oJjfe ^L5 j j^tJ
JUwbJLl ^^L^LS" 1 1 J_A IjLa^j jJz+s* { 7^-»liJl o j-5-U
— **
C L^-owaJ 4*Aix>e*d oJLP cl) I 3 C 0 ^s/3 i 4^jL-v4-ouj-^Jl
OwLaL*.*) C jAm il ifl ^^ 3 t ^S^^3
^-_L~ *4
L^->L5LaL)j .aJjjJI aJoJLw*) (J L_5s_a1^jl^o 1 ^A-c-
• I ^^A 4^LrfWVbj» 1 1 4 mV«WW^^J| 1i ^ 1
p ^
( j-p 1*-^-^ j-^j <* SJj^aJI 4.12-Lv^ I
4-J*>L2jJ| oJla JJ^b JLpI ji t4j^JLJl LgJLJ*>Lip
5J JjJl 4iaJL^ JL^C^oI ^3 Jaia-dJl A^j^St N 4_^jL^_4 7^0 ^ Jjj ^ LjJb
4 l ^ ’ 4^wa^bs^>i-J 1 4-^jLa^xJJ ^-L>-b p M » lg * > 4 LgJ b
146
^2-wLoJ ON) 5-^ j-Ssj>bJ! ^1-LaI J^JL>t_^J
dr^ - 1 6 ^-* ^ Lr* 4 -^’J j.* ^Jodt
lS*>Uajl _^jl! aJjUS JJL-j ‘(^L-1 jL*^ ye- j' J^i W*
^L^jJl wLs-4L«<>Jt i i—*,. * m LxJ I j ^ * *> Ll^J 1 ^
L>1^ ur°_H-^ y* u ~jj *j~4^jlj
%*
I 0 ^ L^uaJ i 1^ Ip ( ^^AjJ_S 1 ^«nJ l_A^O
ikJlvJ - lw>» i^J U-bJ j jib ^ j bl jJlH kLj* j'
c ((_$ jj^-lJl jl ^ * bJl olj^/l jl ^ycvJaJl <j>Jl Ju-o) iajjl*
4-^L>Jl LgJ U : lg:;j j j-a I jJaJL 5i ^1 £->jb
oLpI j+& H ^*-p • jl Li L^jL^L* ^/5_j Li^»J I_j o ^» ji^w»JI k<jlj s }I ^Lw«Jl ®
jli tVL^\ Jj .oUjlyJI SaUI j jlJuaij iLLjuJI c/tfjLJIj
4*
J*JbcJl li* JJ~b bp*V%*J ! j L </?p^ ^f 1
^ ^ *♦
Ju-L^x^S' N" t pJL^il i J l& * i^woj kj j£L$ oblij LgJ
.j»Ip J£wj Jj tolj^l JjIjJj
*
*1 J^- y» ^j tj^uJ ti*J*>U*l] J ^L^Ji AJL~P Jjl)
(raison ^j>j £->* Jl J_L*JJ 4 _JlJUl , /» . 1 5 r H , t JJLb
♦* *♦
yjJC w» c flc- t » . la '■ : ^ gouvernementale)
l |»i_^ ‘• ( _ 5 ->ij + .. la ■■ ; •> guuvernemeniaiej
cl979 - 1978 i j^ji) (( Lgjli oLJL*-^ ij-w*
.(15 ^
J^»L*Jl ^vjA t a i ^jJ c^Jt J lS.^-U JpjJu>«Jl wU J u>sjJ! IJl »
v >J1 ii jiVi v-j t4^h^Lwkf*yi Jl J-^Lj o^L^j jjt*
t ^O^jLaJI *- ^ ^ ~i^ ^ 1 ^ i I ^ ^
- 349 ^ 1 1978- 1977 c jS ji) ((^^L^iV! ^LUJl» j^: ^
Jl V-JL ^UaJ'yi jli t^J-1 li^jj .(362
147
juJ j t (Polizeiwissenschaft) ^ j*-Lp
o jJLJI o ^ x »» frljwo t
* Lo*a^ 4^L*Jl i-JL^J! ^JL>c-4 Jl^I^ jA jamS*
^***&-j ^JLSwf^j iol^Jl ojJjili j\ il jJlll
tf. p- ^
LgJL-alj-^ J^J>~1 JL>tJL^ 4^J *)ULL^> ^ 1 oJLfc oLi i (_£ j->-1 0 j-- 0 t
C'
^*,. <>JL>c--q— ) 1 )) ^1 c ^ l—^aJLS *)1 1 « ia t i ^jL>b_II
( j_o <Ls^?L>bJ| oli*>L*Jl 9 c IfljLiJl IJLg_> ^L*-l
\fcp- ♦* **
frlJiSfl j_^iLuj jj-L)l*ijj j jlicJo LsJjlp i^UI
**
^i->t-Xj ^xJl -UjLJjJ! (jjl c j>*Z-i*j La
jJUJNl {£ ji U5 tl^Jlp iy^i ^Lais^l Jj^Jl
ti*^l>Jl LgxxJ jl ^ jI t(A Smith) ! Ji*
( _ f U- Nl i >cr SUJL J^ju jJ c li-* jl ,aJj-UJ J>-Jj J,\
£
( jLjj^LsJ 1 r* 1 1 ^ P ^ 4j ^ ^ 4jaL>~Nl ^L) jJ>tJ
L^? j^j ^xJI oLi?:ilL 4 ^ « „xJl (( 4^-JaJ I )) /^jI jJLSI £oL>- JlX*Xo
ial*Jl iJUl JJp JLij .i^JaJl yhljJi
jolygXftN 1 jAl^laJl (Jlxuil <i jjco Ojj*Zju & ^0 JjJl j jJiLoj
^L*^ajLsNt d)| ^ 5Jj J lL! ol^l LajLjlpL
4* 1
iuLgj^Ul o^LwwJl Ji-ju j u - ^ wL>- ^1 1 N
( j-« . <LolSCol5^ ^jJL>t>i*>\JI «lg^il i?LuJI j t L^il ji$\
•4
t aJjJJI frljj ij^Ls^s'yi ^^aaJU 4^^jJI j j^> t diJ^
M J 1 ^ 4jL J? aJl <1 )Lj jl iJ'Vi 4jjLs^3 % yi 4-9 ' yA Laj-Xp
«Ju>-jLj jlpIjJ)* Ju>-wLl!I Lj lil ^jJaJ
IJL* ^ 1 C 4^ww»J 'L<wwwi^ I 4 1^ 1 li
JfljljJo oJL^j j . J-P- Ju J-SIj is <JuLs J*fr\ j£ ^\
II4 J S^LhuNI 0 I f HiHB 1 C i i A Lb
f.
<l)Li t Ijl^-a .o-JLs^ LgJl Lj-^ t_5 ^^ 5jjIjl!I Ai-l^
148
oJufc L I I Jl>-1 j*A**j* ^yP yA
<JjjJl ija y£p- ^JJ UL^o t ^bJL
w <ujLj>*jJI (O^y^LwJl ( yp j3 jL*^Vl
s_ - — ^ ./?.».> ,*f Ju t(^Jl . . * *P « ll Sij^- t <*iL*-a
4 J C ^ jJ Jjjj! J ^*2J>wLlJW j\ K J^JL>*^JJ^ UL^o yS yi j— -_*. J
p.
1# *'
C ^LjLo3-^x-JJ Iwwfl^a C (^^.^wvwU JJI oU^I
~ 1978 t ji) l^jL^jLiwaj Ap^>^pi\ Aya j5\P*Jl <L*jl*-*Jl
.(365 - 349 ^ <, 1978 - 1977 *34 - 33 ^ c 1979
il <k/3 * 1 yl I C
SJ-pUJ 4^»-ljiL dJUij 4 SJji a-J*>LLc- Ji>-b ^ 4 Lj&
Jvsli £*- t d-US ^L,ii j ^^ii-ljJl i jpAi~\\
) jptJl iJji LajL^xpL o^j->e_^Ji S-Jt j-jJJl OjJlII <LJL^-j*I
U;UpL s^jl>wJ 1 UI.JLJI iljjJi 5JLCil, GLJ Jl ^Jl _JJl jlJU:
ii ji!>U j j-i>eJl ilSCJLa ^^JLp j5 jJ jl <J j-~Jl ^ ji
Lol -4-]jjJI ^ jjLiJlj ^a-juull J^->- ( yA Lg->U-J> J
♦*- *+
ojUaiiNl jJkl^JaU SJUL«^Jl oU'^I ^ ji - jjJ 4LJliJl
^| l .^/g...>&j L<u t A^z^p\y}\y o <Lfl-J^XJl 4£
^llal^ ^jp*\j2j ^Sj V C^>=-> C Aj^[*pm9^)i 1
^y-*py j-^-& la j 3 JlJ til j_>J Lg_aijJL?-l J^Li- ^j-a iJjjJl
- 1978 t yi) ^<l*\ y^-\ L^JU c5Jl 1I JwJL^^JI
>iJJ 4-**wJjJl jli ; j jJaJL^JI t IJla ^j_4 j ,(63 yp 1 1979
aJjJ ^ 4? , fl J l jjp (_5^® ^^Lw-Jl j j-j JjJlj
•t ** R « **
.Lb-^ ^ 1 -
149
4-UaJl j t ^-<Ul jjiJl <y ^I^JJl
Jj jJL>" ivvvs^j^jl A-Oj-fijl wL*_j ti' cri^-*
f* £, &
4_w* o j JL l l JUJ_j ^Lp l) ^-j li ^JLp L^2-il^) L— wjLww»> Aj j) <wv?-a
^j-P JaJ33 j-^c^Jt ^4-jj->Jl^ Jboj c (LJL^^j-o
( j-P ^XJLj ^ I eJ-A <Jl ^Jj j-wJLij ,<L« j_Sv>J| A-wwvjJL)
*
(» ; la . ;:l lj ^■■LjL^J 1 ^^ -P La C L«— 1—*— Aj^i <►. -Jl (3j-2->s-5t
Ji JJ <Jj-^Jl J-^-> A3 ^_*-oJl JJ_&j ciUij ^ A^aj_o*^J 1 3 jJLU ^j-wJiJJl
oJufc /^o oJL^JL^w^JI Sj jjJl Jj»-Ju A-w>-*>Ls^ j* -Lpj A^>~*>Ls<2 j-*-)L*^a
,43
^Lldj ^_^_> J^-~T j (j j-jLaJl A_-JL_3 4_JjL>e_A
JLp J^uUjJI iJu *Llo <ibdLJl c (1832 . 1748) (J. Bentham)
JuLl ,jUs»^/I IJla I^JlJ o^: 1 jL>r^Jl jl5 1 j-a t ^
$JL> ^jLtj\ ^taLJl j_^js-<JI 4_jLjlw oj-^lpI
p p
jl qj-Ul i^_fcJu>Ji j_aj ‘cSj-^ ^^JLpI (utilitariste)
<£ j -~ <* t5 ir° U, $-3 (j-*J (legislateur) Py^Jl j jij*Jl
P P P
3vL^>- jJl ^-L%-wn jJl l)Ij C ^ LJ ! ( jj* 3*Lp j-^V S^La-w- v w5I
t IjdJl \Sa ^ jjLSl LgJ*^>- ^ alaI jJIj
^^JLp *1 t oJla 3JL>cJ ,<w?L>*Jl 4 JoL*-^ JJLodJ
**
p p
\^jlj ^JIp jl
JS - JJ j* Jj ^ y»«» c~-J ^1 (utilite) i^oLJl j*
p
t Aj)LlP fiSl^P y ■« | /? ^P t
p p
oIjlUI t ^ g — ^ L* ^3 ajjLp^JJ^ jv-v^5clU aJjLSJI Aj^'b/I^ Au^^JaJ!
c JjzjJJ <L*^ ^_P 4 A^-«-fljJl ^LLl> A^Jj d-JJ^
cilijjJl jJUwO ^Lp jl A-Jt>L^Vi AjLwvJ-flJl ^ ^jip
^ * ^^31 I*xa ^ 3 1 |fj '" " ^ *~
150
i~-*>*J 4 •C?'^"'^lj ,jj>Jl j-jl*-* 4-o-JiJ
t j 5 d)l caJIj-JJI ^LJl aJ}U*JI ^ oJIa <CA 4>- <_$ JJ1
p P P p
jyaJ 3^*1 -X^l O^i ‘L^'j U5j .JJ Ug~ ..i (W
3* JUliVi J! grji .^L-Jl jS^ll J* oiLaaVI iJI^_JUl
aLJLwJI eJL* £JU-1 -&) j 5J uli -oLo il jjJI ikJLu JlSwX~*l
i . U ’. r 1 1 ^__iL^jo JlSLl^-l i ( 4_w^» L«*> I (_jj_i>sJl o>UJjl
jA\ j&l v^j Js- JuUJl p.b::!! jAj) v^U-Jl
0 oIjLp LjjjC-^il La ISIj .(aj.>L* 2I3 ^/Ij ^LpLj^>-^/ I
^ISL^-Vl j\jt—t?\ c *_> A^arfiLww«Jl (JLio! j! (J
AdV^jl t plLj (_£jJ Ja^-^LoJl (jLioMl IJl* j .(JjJt>tX!l ^1
o'i ^ j (conceptualite) 4 _~o j g a* 11 J* jSj- 3*
i>*4 N jJLa j->tJ 0 jjliUJj ^JjJ>cJJ <Lj jjLaJI
**
^ tiisLwwU JJL, JjSfl s^Sfl oNjJLJl jl JJla
** 1 '
t* 0
^ • L1 _a 3 U L^-JLp
**
P p
jt-jiJl Oji (j^o Jl j^J-J 4 <_^U->J| j'
I « It •• *•
LI jjJl ^JLp j j-oL*-<iJl jA *,/g " ji L>_S* cjl^^Jj ^L-Ji^Li
^ ^ #■
,_J-P Lt^-joLljO L^uLi ‘tljLs^e 4 -j*}ULp i J_>c_> 4_jj .(JL*A*i/l_J
p-JJLJ ^j^JUJI oaUJI JSLU ^Jl t /ni J olJQJI
P P
jv^L>tJlj (3->tJl JLpIjJj ( j-JI j-Lil JJi-j to oJ-& J
.(1789 t(Bentham) ^y) ipjli oly^L
^1 p jl t olJUUl ^^5 oLjJU j-& LaJ oJujlsx^j
*+
i ; J'>Li*Jl iaLilj <utAL<>Jl i_jL^>- t^VVi ajLjJL! { jS**S\
LJjJIsJIj ^LaUjutVI JTULJl J5 UL^J l^iJ
1 ’> ^ p
^UJJ L^pLs^j^L 4 -^^L^VIj
4yLaJL>-Nl oLa*-^yJl JuS* L/7 ^ 1 Jo C 4 j^ yJl ol? jJLvJi Ja_i& ypi V
151
. j-jloi j ^soji dji o i j ^->01 ^^ooLw^Ji d-^iji yi }\ j
^Ip <ws^jj ^ jO*aJ L»w?l>- aJjJlJI Jii>-jj ^w2j c IjlSLa
p f,
3 j-b>- L«J 4 *.ftj J -4 J j->- (Jlj-wJl ^jP <_^>tJ 01 IgJOol AS*
•* ^
oU 4^ j->-( ^ojLsi? 01 ^X-4j c 4^-*PjJl o-L&
^r ■ w-*l JUsl 1 ljLc-« pJljL i. 'L«^>-
Jlsxj V _ /= i-S/1 11 a jl JjUS -cSj^' il^UJij ^>UJl <1) jJLaJU IjJLva-*
j5L*_> <Jjl>Jl (di^Uj^^-1!) oLJjl J-i-li 1
11 * oJL>tJ (J-f 1 4 _pl— oJl OjJLlI A La! l_Ajl^_)l
o >JI f>y% olUJl JLSLiSlj ^JUa
Jl
'jj
jU
Jl
h O^LjjJI lOjLO o j^js} AvSla L^o j**j)j Lo I <upLa*>0!^
V c <l^LJiJ ^JUJIjj t ^sLl j-* jI^*aJ ^-^L>eJl 0
£. f. ^ £
La-4 ^xp! l$1 0j 3 ol ^jL^oLjj IijU Oj£j 01 4J^a->
?-**(' #. p, f.
0 1 c— J l \s 1 ,.* *.3 1 c j uS~ J J I l «/3— ) i ^ ^ I IkA^wO 4 jI
^i*jj ,^-j1wL 5I e-->L^>cJi l*XgJ c jl jaJ^L» AjLOjpJIj
t i] jJljl* ^^L*jlaJ! l-Lw»Jl Oi-ta ^a -L*J pj iJjjJi 01 4 0 JJ 3
^Ia-IpIj 1$. lA M ^1 J 01 4-4 ^S^^*-LJ ^j-SLa-j . 3 ^3 ^JlS"
^ « Id « t ^J P l^.U Ca^U Ju C 6^jJ>t-gJ! A-ol^Jl 4 >cJw2aJ1 jA
P
^ Jp 4 -^aL3jJ 4>0-s^2-4 0 OJJ-Ljj £ JbS* ^LJfelSj^ ^tJLs^-4
p p
{^3 *^L«-ll ^jiXaaaaJ! ^1p ^J. 3 >1 4
43 ^ 4 LOp ^JL^A Lg k +0 yJ 4^a^-SC>eJJ V 4
^ p
^^Ip cJlSa^Jl ji^\ ^ ^ jpj o yj>- ^1 oJUg-3 h 4S* o^LjcwJI 4a-wJ?
^1p SjJlSJI L 4 j3 I^SnIiaj 01 j*-g-Jp <w-^>tj -^1 c->l-U-4
4 2001 4^liXj) 4 -wojajJI 4jLJ^jJI J y&j 4As3lj>>
.(139- 101 ^
0 >JJ ( ^L*Jl Jl J> J~S ^1 ^yOJl ^JlJJ 015 wLSJ
t* H «•
152
p
t A_rO^ * ,<*? 7^ wLJ *>»* t A«*w£^J ^^-*-<ol_ Jl
p p
^ ^ * * *.j jj— ^-Ol */3 * S^fl /2 ft i ^ 1 j ^ 1 ^g-J^ ^ 1 ws^Ji
jJ& IJlAj ,<L*jLwoJ| J j-P- A^jJl Aj jjaJ t j^vww^lj ^j-*
p fr
^W.'.Va-, 1 L 1 (_) L^" ^ 0 £ g 3 ^ ^ .AAiAAsJ 1 j^—hJ ^ l w S l ^^jl *'^■^"1 O ^A***
** ^ ^
c^L-Jl A^M y ^Uj AiJ>o yi^ (cJLJI (1832 _ 1767) <jL-
«► «* **
0 0 (*,
Ij^w^S* L>-L>tj l aJU JLt- CIjI jj* A_*J? JL*-cJ t 1 803 j^L^aJi
fr ^ fr
(Auguste Walras) ^\ _jli c— 1 jl y-J 31 t Lll ^jUJI y y>-
o'yi^.w- y ^L- j^L- jloJ »L^Jl I j^J o!j
p.
yjjj*^ V'^r^ y?r ^ ‘ * " a ^ yj^j-??-^ <_ri ts ^ 2 -^
M
p p
jjLJ.'^l o jJ? y« aJLo-pI I jJLl^> L*1 ‘ {Censeur europeen)
y* U a y&s>- i ywuj^a-s^ jL*Jl y jt- 4 » _ylj LjJ jj5w^j (JjIjVI
■sUaiiNl <u»tUj (^jJI (entrepreneur) JjtiuJI yu ^L- j!Ai-
*4 •*
P #* **
t JyL- jl j yJl (capitaliste) <JU*J jlj Lj$ y> Ijji ^L^Jl
lJj -W 1 * r^' cs^i <jl Uyt»J N <U$Cj
++ Va ’ ♦* ^
0 4* P
c L*-Lp^ oj LjLpLj k,/s ^b^L>t-AAAi i j^^' S ^j t
y. C A^w-Jj Aj jJij cl^l AJw4 Lx> 5 t ^ jaaJL) A^v ^ jg > iiJij
ysyu ^LwaJl jj la i A^j>-Ul d-^Lj n a/7 ll A-g^-lj-o
jyli» y*j t jUp)ll 11* .yUl y* >±* jS\ ^J>j\ y-^J
I Uh j_L_S^lj oL^La^i j j_iI ^oJUJL->s-Jl
<uSlyUiN! ujjA*JLjajSy 1 4 (1825 . 1760) tl)^-®— -**» *1)1— >** ^LJS (^f)
*L^aL? ; ^j£***J aJ^^- i
^LuyLil jLi • >1j (_)LamJ| ^|,*jr i t*y^ ^3 ' * * ■ ■ * ■ ■ ^' ■ ^ ^ I
jl jN j (Saint Armand Bazard) j! jl » jl «j! jl j (Bertheelemy Prosper Enfantin)
^j^aJhu LsJuti Lpt jl j jJjI 1 j^J ^JJl (Lazare Hippolyte Carnot) LS* ^ «■«! 1
* * ^ t
{ J-3 1 1824y 1817 jyj L« c jj-o-o^< jLJ L^s\i>- 1 jl^ Co ^5^ d-*-*pyl j! ^
p i*
JUiil iji j* ia^-”)UI a jiiil _lil y -^1 >( y<J _pl <u*ju ( _ r w«Jjj Alt I .*<■■ 01
.(li^l^Nl
153
il (XV 1 1803 t (Say) ^L-.)
<L U> J {jA J?~\ twoL>-
*♦ - - —
*
.Jjojl OlStA^ilj 4^>-jl>sJ( L^L~Jl> L^ jj y3L>»
c oJUJl^JI (jlj-Mtf'ifl (Jj-jL 5 jli t j_A jj>-
^Lj^/I (1)1 ij C JJaJl JjLi&J j_*Jl OL
! (j ^ jA* Lj.} diL^o
*
CA i?_.pl l j, A « ^ * A r O . 1 1 ^A-P OLS* La LS^)
P^JJL^a^ ^ 1 ^ oAjA^jtJl 1 CoL^ C oL 1 ^JDwa-Jl
.(249 1 1803 t (^L*>) ^Ax*-uLi^
LfJj! ^LiJS ^ t^-jLiJl {j* JuJl^JI
^ p
^ <h/3n&* Lj^Cj*MlwA> l C 4 -A!Ab> %^Ti^
fr £,
(, ^ ljL>^i 1 jlj 4»ojl (J tj a/3 >• 4JL>&X*^>I t (_£ ^>- 1 4 )» "../? ) Jl ^ j^gJi
I jjfc ^JlP- ^LtjJt^Jl tiLyaJ'Vl iJjjJl A?-JU Ml ilajj-i
*#
^yO" ^ i'-ii'Vi f *yi 0! *y o->Lj^yi oLa jjl* o| *0 j^uii
^JL- 4-JtjiJ J_« IjIa-juI ^AiLa l g.y3 ^jIj C jJ ^JlSI KC^Lj^^JI Jj*^P
**
£
jJLaJ p\ y* i (symetrique) iJUU^La ol^U ^lij^ll olpliai ^yaj *. j
JL «JLJl ^51 j] ^1 iL^jJL (penurie) Sj-uJU y>Vl
.(257 - 253 ^ 1 1803 t ^L.) >^l r Jl
jUfc^jL LaJ^g^a JL>-lj Qj^sSh t4-A_>-LjNl oLc^l la fl-ll J-S
o^IpU.^JI Lw^La ^LvaJ! ^ jUjjl
oLg-LL?_tfJl ( j^sLjf jl jLjloI +&-> ^JLJLj ^
* *
o jA JN JL^A>*y I I-L& ^Lo ,£p^>j>dJ LiL<a^i 1 j-Jza t 4 jjUL!j
154
JUxJM Jlp I ji ij-L>Jl 4 -j«J Ju~iJ
*4
ojIaJI j] jUJI ^U«jI t-\j~j> l l g ... aj AijJaJL LwuLwjI
: (JUJI j\
jJej L-~jJL> (jj ? j }^>-j jl»
A^jJL OJL« j\ 4 j&-\ p-^ U j ^-Jjl
jljOjI AoL*_* jJi A>^JLsAbo ( j*o .SjjL>s^J( 4j jJL )1
Cju*« H IJLgJ J .AjL>-j 4
julp ap U^/?J 1 ^Jl
o J la L^Ja»xj ijl d-olj! jJjJ . 1 $j a 1 s^>c^JI I
iy> £f.J (j^-i ^ ^ < -J-!'- 2 - , JU '-rr*
4 1803 4 KAjt.. «,<»■■) Lo Lg_J jj ^ jJl
«• *" *rr
.(255 ^
(J LL<i-J I ^<3 p_o ^JJl) j_>Jl JjLJl eJjLdJ As>^s>~ 6 jjfcj
i^L jli dilJbj ‘ (^pLaxS^I
SJbtXoJl oLN jJI (_$Jl!I j) (*-^^1 £j+> <_pL<2XiiNl l ya\^jd\ A^aj
oLjJajJl* 5_f-?-l jj> ^ «. (^J J_^_*Jl iijJLxJI ^L5j-woVl
jlc-I jUI dJJu (jl tiljjJl jJax« J j>- (funestes theories) jjJLJl
**
( j T i&LJ ^ ^ cjj->t^Jl Ljjjl JjJlS SJL^UJlj A-oL/a^^fl
<L^0 j5L>J( io t)LL«JJ IJLft (jNl
L)j ^3 Aj^Aj jjJaJ (^jJl ®AJjJiJl JjJalAN <Uw*JL aJI ^J lSl
4 JlJ ILL jlaJ .( jJlp ^w-LJI j ^J l jJLp ^^LJl j ^)
^1 ((a^ALS jJI aJj^^ C^Lw^-^^o 4 lJLto aJ jjJl lg « a ( *j^ *,h") ^suS
^L^LaJ! tA-jL^-aVl C.^w^>" ( Vp« I^jJL>w 0 \ ^AJ>- JLj t ^ j-jJjJi
«i
^^L v a_ii'yi ^ g l^ Lljj LjLp j]\ oL»^ ^ ^ \s3 \ ) ^Jb-ljJl
J-* .(^tll . , .^5lsiJl dj^ij Lf; djj^i yjJ' j*_gj>-lxij
155
p
^3 iaJjJiJI ^LkL- C~>- jj ^lil ij^lMaXiil e^L~J1 oJl* jl
* f, f, — *
L-L-! aJLL*jj> J I t olJUbl ■» 1.4* 1 aJL-ojjj ajIp 4<l**o2j oVl
«/3 7 4 Ll_a oUtj l >v L^w'
*1 31 5-^Lw 51 oli (JjjJl oli^UJl
(Westphalie) LJU^j oIjlaLc* JJw* ^JJ! jj^axJl j_a j
A 15 1 4 A^jI Jill j 4^*1 La jJujJl oJ-*Jl <L-**wL« ^3 4 1648
(jr"^ L ^ e ' iSj^\ <J>\ <l)l^ r »Ji ,)
\1a oi .(66 - 54 ^ t 1979 - 1978 c jS^j)
^£*aJI jjb i L)ji JuaL*^ (J j_>-
^J*p oli*>UJl i ^y*+*j * L <oIpL 1 4JL^j>tj aJI j**JJ! iu^Li^Jl
<j j-iSl L>^j^l Cw^cj tOLl^j^L! o j-> Lp aj^L^jlsI
*♦
^j*a Lp jj Jaj>-*>L LsAj A-pL^N I Al^^Jl ^A 4 jJt+fr ^u*^Ljl
*A*,/2JLj>, J SJjjJl JjJaJ^a <1)1 ^} 4 e-iij-oJl ^3
aJL>-IjJ| <L^L^%Jl ^5 ia j 5L>«J| Ai>“Jij JJL>-j ^-51 U_aN I (<4jJjJL>t-a
*•
Ojl jjJl jLUj ^3 <U^>-jL>fcJl A-*>jLwmJ| 4_5I-LaI (( 4_0 j 4 4_^_>-
**
• c^ a^_>- 4 c^L-mJI <u^>-Ls^ ^ jJaJl ^SLwaLjjJl
** *•
^Lp LLjjI aJI j-JJI a^o j5L>J1 aL^\-S^JI 4 tilta ( j^a ^Lp j
a^j L> c_^Jl cjLo^JsjjJIj oLULwaj^l Jj3jj aJL>-IjJ( a^Lw^JI ^ jJA~vw4
jt-?^LJl JajljjJl j-A j ^ Ax^>-jL>tjl A^uuLw^Ji a^-^JI oli
O j-^JLww o AJ ta( <>^ ^ ^cll oJjb jL L<LLp) S-JLij-wO^flj jL^AJL^^fl ^jS“
*
4_5La-^?! t ^LJL j 4 (JjjJl o j— oli^L ^j/s ^ 1 a 7 <1)|
*4
aJL^sJI ^ v ^fsJUv> 4 Aj A^ L r ~ J I oLpI j^aJl C^L_)L$La|
4 j-JLII d)^ o ^jl .11
156
a^-woLlo O-djJl f^j t 4 jA^jJLJ t>LoLp
/j-a j j) «,< g j U I ,jJL« (1)1 ^j-5wis-^Jl
1 4 A— WW*J aW-s J5 Lg-iP ^y*-^ 015 o^j olj^L-^Jl
(_£ j-lll ^j-u ^Ij-vaJl j aJ jjJl a ji jjJaJwa cjIjLaj apL*/3 U SL15 a!N.s
^< li!l o ^JiJl ^-L>- lLU^ ^-Lp -i ^ jSj .aJ jjJl
(F LjL^L cLLj Jj j-J A^L*-wJI J (_£^L^JL$Nl j laJLfrJl c j^JLp
4_)L^_>^Jl a_p>J ^ ^JL* c (1850 . 1801) Bastiat)
^jLijoj a^p ^ib ^JUl j > Jl J^LjJI J^l j-a t (protectionnisme)
*bj ^ ^ <■ (Manchester) y^l JL® a^ jJl * j (R. Cobden) oju^S*
c 6 aJ jIjoJ! aoI \ A>*->Jl Li^L l a **<?«*# j>n->
Laj-whJ aJj^^oJI ajL^j>JI oboj-j^J o\ LaoULa ^jJlj
*+ **
l yS~X^ r Kt«^4*t4 - ^W t ^-Lu>jj ^ SjLjJI jj-p c
** “
i>w ^ \ OjJiLa <^1*215^1 i£iy^> A^U ^ j^a!1
l w ^
(regime <<oL>_>Jl ^UaJ)) oi Ljl-L «. J^*_«JLjj
*0
A^JjL» A> A^jL^wj (jjJl LoJL>- »/? fl « A*i protecteur)
** *#
( j^j J^ljjJLJj oN^LjJLl jjJajJl ^a A IjJLa J Lol « 9 1
*
• Lj-J C 0 jJfl-f ^3 C i pjJL t
44 44 1 *4
•Lw>L%^i I ^ * , A l vi ii ^j| oLplj-^aJJ ljJu^2-o l ^iUa.^.11 ajL^j ^
♦* ♦*
Aiajijj ^->Ji J^LJl c^U^A-^J^ oL>xjVI
Ajr-jsy* Ac^-u ^ e I jX^i t ^AiJJlj
\X& J J^e^jnj oL>0 S ^s>-Ni ftJLgJj t Lgjl ol>tJ
aJ jjJl ^Lol iili» ^ t dUi jjl (monopole reciproque) J^LjuJI
^Jj to j ^xJUk-oJI (a ^laljwo_jl ^liJl wijljvo ^j/> tiUJt^ t
(jJ^LvaJ^S ^ I la a +t 2 ll (_^^1 t 4_Jw^_*J| oj_& woi^jl LsJlS"_9 .oJUJlt-
157
jJL>- 2 jIj| c LgJl aIjaJI
^3 ^JjVl oLjj 4JLP L^ C ^6^ j-la-wvJ
L^JLaLS^ (Jlij|j -j! j.+jd\ ji ^ ^JbJLj 1 1 ^.L..v^
** ♦*
p
4 4jLL*-*vJl o jj-jiJlJl oJl& * MJlp^L l ^ «*« a j la,) j
j la. ^ a* * i c I J^jb < 3 1 w ^- 4j ^Ll t—
p
^j-4 cl) IS oJLj Jl>J| J^lj^Vl ( j-» 4-«jjj>t-<Jl OjLwCLw^^ 1 aJjJlJI
•*
^ p
to j->«J! j*w0^J ^UJl (JL>e-^Jl ^3 ol
c ^.sxl^ ejlkj ^-Lp ^Lijj o3Lp| ^JLxJL^ <u jL^-^jLw^N I
o^LjJl j h <*~J? j jtS ^AJI t ^3 L/iX3^Mj ^^LwwvJ! c^j3j-oJl Ja* .^U
Sjj-*JJs 4 <JL>-Ijb OJLLiJl (^JJl 4 J^>t-U JjliJl J^P ^j^LsljjJl oJL>- ^3
t jjJ»Jl a ^ ^ tJLJij ^jj c->-«!jLo))
<j-»blp y* \jj2* \ ^Jlj i»i!Lli j^a
i^cuJl oVl SI . ljp J^/L <Jli^U t JUj lL,
F- (m? ♦ * ♦ C_p *
**
((^JjjitJlj JLS->cJij jJl>«J| j_pLJLa (£ J-**> jmJu jP 4jJ-*-U
.(65 ^ 4 1844 4(Bastiat) L^L)
^ ^ ^ a * ^ 4jL$**-^^[i L^Jo ji j 5 jLqj>sJI <pjj d)p 4 j[
Uv g ip j-5j L<>S J 'if I ® jU^? 4 Lji*^L>
*«
p
ajI o j-^-® (_P^ <J*)LjLL^'Sl^ iSj^ t ^JU lILj L^j^p ^ j
ol Lo -iibA
v (. . . ) b-J|
^ys y£]\ y> J )) iJbJl ^w<>JL>Jl Aj>^JuJ| J\ jlLJI ol y>^> uJLkJl
0
LlL^ ^Ap La JS ^>» Ljj*lij
AjJj>tlU iUL^j oj t ^AjJh>JLj aL^LS
4 3JLuaJl lJufe Ll^j>-I^jj .(55 4 1844 4 Lj^a»L)
158
vilk Ja ( jZs- £~<u1) j JfA\ (jXa { J& S>^ZUa
£, P f,
^ 4jLo->eJl ^>bJI (J^LjsJl jLs^2j( ! l
^.Lp aJ^jJI coLSt^ta-AJ j -1^1
+* 99
(J 3 LrJ I ^-Lp A-wU ojU *A— *-j t 4-ij^-^u^Jl c^Lc-i j. -,<s Ilj 4_>_woLd ^JL jJlH
eJufc JU>*JLm. j jjJl tj jJU— *Jl 4jJLgjJLl L^l Jjt5 t ojlptXJl J
(jjjJ *AiL« jLLlI L» ^ i ij jJij o^LSLw^j
^ j t(H. Spencer) (A, Comte)
p
j (proto - socialistes) Jj! j*i/l l ^~£\ _ r xJ>V I ^JlJ Sj^-aJL* 4J15L* Jj^xJ
. (C-H. de Saint-Simon) j oLx ji (£y* * jl£
i-j-J'l JUiSfl >J*J _ 2
jiLtfJl cilx>w« Ji»b L_~<li Jl>o
J-Aj ^3 JlLqJLj i ^_JLp 0 J-5-U ^JjVl ^_3 j-iJl
■** ** **
(laissez faire) # <uo» c-^-Lo *» j ^LoL^a-zi^l iJlj^JJl
^ <dU^SL t i*UJl v*U^I J\ *y> jJ ^Ul
(3jIj- 3 (_$■)} <^£^1 J*CL> ^JJL jtJ j!) 3^ 1
CoLs^Lj ^Jl C COl^ ^Jl ^ j).yg.>o <Lw«ljJLa
♦*
coLJ-*-p ol ^*-p .Lg-# jS\i ^iSl l - * ^ c ^LoLv^isl
h>zj jtJ ^L^J^Jl p-LvAa]' J>\ coi^ll&^l dJla JlAj
* I «jL^jwOl 4 ^mia/LmaJI 4aJI uwJkJi m^IaP u2Aaj Ja^ia ^* I *u9
•* *• •* J •* ^ MM M • M L | 7 * f (^7
4-Jl co ^ t-il-ta ^jA ^i-P
oAA JupLio^ C-5^ 0^ ^ oVl ^3 l ^.7
**
0^ 3^ 1 5' t I l *^A j ^ wO L J 1 g ^ ^
(1821 2L_) ^L^aJl ^UaoJI (1825-1760) Oj^^ oL.
oLJl jLcJl ^tSp (1823 ii*^) apLo^JI JW*j
p
159
^ jJLxJl ( ^>cj ji*- -\ « ^.,Q. j I ^-/a Ji (JL*J| 4pL-*^J! <jL>-j)
& & £,
L_~JI L»La 1 jji c c-i->r ./g. Si ^IjJL* -j-a jl (polytechniciens)
M
cLL^-^Jl *Ll> j-Jjj I ^UajJJ
£
tsjtf y^j v-' y ^j-
^JjLajj ( _ y Pj_-.j^Jl <u>- *_«Ja s^JsLL^ (_$ JJl (D’Alembert) ^^VlJb
** **
^iJLwJpAj j»L*Jl ^jlSJI ^ j»^Jl*Jl j jbu 4-0 Jj ^jJI jj j^2j>o
wL>ji A^-S 0 ^jj 4j^j jj>wJi <—j j->eji
**
olkJl l*i OJ^I U Jj-b IpUoJI ^iVUaJl vi«>. tJLfiJl
P P
t wXj wL>- ^J-P OjIi-L2jLa^ 4 0 j j->cJLo-ll 4^*3
4_^< !_<*_>■ d»>V^>iy! ‘,* - S ^1 Lmu (_ 5*^1 ^-b_j-^ -^-^'j . aJ^jLa^JI
ol^jdl Jibij ioLaiiVl CjI^JuJI
p
Vl e j_A 4 J oJu jJ j .!_$_> (jibJ ^iJl
** +*
i *_^j^_<JJ j^_p (maturation) ^^ 2 jJ J-aJ j) 1 (mutation)
P
frLoJLiJl ^yo OwL> Jj>- <U^ej ^L>" AlpUaX^Li
{? £*
^JLii; LpLL^j ^JLi vau jl (^JLJl (conseil des lumieres)
OO I J J j->“ t J1 a_j J_>Jl £^*JL>c_aJI p « lg 1 7 ^3 4
^-Lp J-*S>UJ! {O^Jl
l Jl& S jjs JjLaax5 . j jJa-> j ^pLlyaJl ^L^idl
c) ^QyyyD tl)L^ CtASI L®
Crr^ — p j' rjl^ 1
■LUI
I J^w^j-J iil L 4 ^aJI (Jjl
Y
JiJ * S^LpI 1814 AXf^> (,
LJLJI J ^ Sj^>-jJl ^J| t Oj. jL^ •‘ui Lp-^
.(supranational) <3y ObJ^j S^L^. ^ o L -■/3- 5 <.i v> xi>bij
<Ja.>^l jj t^»_«Vl oLpIjjJI ^^3 djb«Jj-Jl iJu jl j£\ j
160
4—4 SJ-jIjsJ| CO I 9 4-0. « LpSO ' 4-4— y%J0 J 0 joLfiJl
& f,
^3 p^Lwwwwyo tLoL* 4J^aL,/g^.4> O j_5sj Q.~w>- t 4-JjjJlj
t_5*j 4 <_s^ ^ISOlj ^jj ^ vaJl 1? ^iJl J^LiJ
■h 'Jr ** ** ' m *
jj- 2 Jl SjLJti coJL5 jlSJ)) i-wisjiJi ip^i)l» jj jhj
£. p
oL^) 4i" O y>»j ol - j>t*9 t ^ t' u) ' ^ “-** u • ^
^ ^ ^ 4 * ^ ^ ^>. ^3 .*. * 3 1 Iwl— fc 3»-X^tO^O «(l814 t 0 ^wvv* 1
P ^
lOww*oP^I t e j-^l wLyo-i-J ^Jc)i 4 J 3 , j JU I
^-9 laJoJl ol Lo-jj . ®Li>-N jL^joNLj cCo ji*
£.
^3 j v?>pJ ol Lg.x^oj ^ 4 -^L^vJI oJl& 0 L 9 c 4 - 0 I co*)L> wX^jJI
^JUI C03^Jl ^j 23 C IwL^-A . 4-ypLoJ^Jlj 4-0 j-aJI <jLo-s4?^ 4j>Lo^-
SjjjJi O*>U- 0 j ^ l/ ^JL^Ij ^Lj ^I^JJl ^lia^Jl j!5
oLpI 0 j -ow-^j oLc* Juo-p c J^LoJlj (JjIjoJI <0
♦4
^iJl *,& ! I ^^0 ^ 4-> o 0-o- l i ^ ^JjJl Ct* l3s*^Liajl 4yo*L^-wJI
. * v^woL^ ^ ' ^ | ■ r ^ ^ j ^ 1 c / * —‘ ** j E^d 1 LaL*x« 4 j, ■> -,/?■- ,*
d> 4 r^' O ‘da-Jodl ^1 ijlj ip c^UJlj
aU^oI j^oJU /015CJI (capitaines d’industrie) apIo^I ibli j
0 L 0 # Ij~& ^-Lpj ,jL>xjJl j ^lo. lj
£,
IwL>w 4 4—fl— s^^-J O J) a i-i| ^ ^ . -.^ I i i - . yy 1 1 9L.*,<3 ,.*i 9^/ I O o *■».**
** *r
lwL^o.S ^ypl < yg ll r^LLi^y ^^^JLo-P j*J-*-; <, aJjJJI Jl>-»Lj ^a-J-i^JJ
^^wuLw^Jl ,/q“*')1 I Op .^pLoO^-NI ^UajJiJ ^Ja.'-'vJl Jj-JcdJ
a^-L-JI o|j® t®A~uL— J lI ^a»apJ 1 j.®
^s 1817 AT. «« o ot*<u a<a?«J L« siJLli p""^ ‘ j' .,/-»"-»-l .
y> j^Jl j ojLj j*-*X iilsLJl 4 ( organe-manifeste ) jL-Jl 5 .L j>w?
(L’industrie ou discussions politiques, morales et «a c- 1 -. l l» ,
philosophiques , 1817, dans: Oeuvres de Saint- Simon, Paris, Ed.
(Enfantin)).
4o2-w s x—
161
>J^I» —i j-o-wwu OLi t jJ-o Lo ^Jlty
♦4 **
(5 1 ^ ‘ J? 5 Cx* b -FTJ-° iiil " V O 5 ^ r 5 cJ - ?J '
f*
jjJajj 01 4 o-xjJ! 0 y-S* ^Jl dLta ^>-y> ^ j ,5Jl£~JL «
0^* ^i} 0^^ °0r^ <J* li^UaJ 4 t _p|jJjl J-^-^
LgJl^l Jjbaly oJLy^ jJs» ( Vp^ 0 j ^w*> jLa. oOjJij
*
J* LJL*_$ Owo-^Lca/ j JLiJUl JU. .mV i* *i l IjlJ S c^lS'
(3)** *
. AaI djLg_>- yjy OjI y y Jy <bo> x&Zj Lwj 4 Alj'h/.i
( yi-*-> ^Jl <Lw**jJLj 4 4**icjyLlJl <C3 jJaJl y -Lo Ib^y
(Pierre jjjJ j^h >*J <( ^ y-iN0> Jail j&ua jt Oi y? y^aiLl iJy SjLtNl jjb£ (3)
JJ aJI^JU Ab^bil aJ oLJ! *£ ybb ly^rj SyAJ J>di Jb (1871 _ 1797) tLeroux)
a®1**Jl 1 iU^-l O^ 1 j^bi \£jy&^ jujl^ 0| (yb** 4 1831 ajc* l $«*S’ Q.*/2.j3 *j> oI
Ji-JC y* yaQJcU j yJl^-JJl o L^ eS-sb-i ulS yd I * filial I <LJb yJl# y° *- l$~bj
L^Jb- cob jl yJl dAillal! <*£l y-iVb y j t (Le moindre etat) Jil a! jju j >>bii j aJ jjJI
4 < t ^jJL>- JaOa^-j JJ> j-C ab^b ;<jbo jJu I y**jyj jljb b)bjl (JlJbl 4 J-^-^ (jb*Jl (jJjJ
(J^b* yo 0^* *(1834 4^A*Sly^Nl 0i 4-ub yiJ! y®^ ijyOU aI^jJI ajI y y«— ^
br^i aIj^s .».«/ j) aJsjsJ t (o^i^j 5J^lajJ.i) cjb_*-»0-l AP^-^^y 0^ 4 ^ ^ la.dl 1c*
^L*J| b)^j t ^>-^1 yp cb jJ? ^1 4b**>* tt3y*Jb 3 5JjaJi
JJ-JU J! j-pJj j^Jdl (^1 0^ caOLSOI oJla y> ^Ul Lo b} tL51 yuil j-cp! yi ,J
v , <a mJI | *%* ^1 j%«ii% i b 4 ^4$* T kbvX^^ 0^**^ aJ^*aJ!
yOl ,>*ll Q-s<2-Aj ^oJL>tll Ul* ^ -d- > xJL) b)b> Ij»>w9wmo ^5>J 0^ 4 u< 0^ iy
u-aJL^ 0^ ii_jbidl <J^b>- y#« 4 ^ 1 ■» > b <M /bd0 Ajjbydl Ay*XP y* yj^j^ydl
yy 4 a*pL c > -*Vl oli^bJl y aJjjJ! Ob-'Jj Oi Sy'-bLj ybc y^ bU 4b|j .c jL^>-IjJ!
0-A>- -b>-y 4 L^-jQ- y« AjL^O 1 y 0^" 0^-^ aUL^j 0^ *J_* ( y
4 A*Xj j JbJl A*Jt>»0'b e^l]a>- 4jjjJ) ®cii]jj ^LaII l^JLp CJ^J 4 ejU^- 0 1 aJjJLU y^*4J 4
-XjJL^ ^y 4 ttyaLbf.i)l>> y^b jj jl 4 yo * (jj-Jl !3 -a O^bj *(1848 ^.*Ja,^ n pl j <~> i 30
4(socialisme associationniste) bys^ iLS'i y-iN 0j^' j-^'
.sJL^ ^JUl aJ jJlSI i! Jcc-'V a*jccJI yo j ^ Ajb^l A*->b yJl 0^"^ b)bji y^ 4 a-^aj
1 _ * ■».' ! 1 / _ I | *1^1 j I tjU>l 1 b . 1 ^ IW tf > ^>^lj n ‘ »lV 1
jJa^l) j j-aJl wiii><> t (l'ccole durkheimienne) L^jL^jjJiJI
.(2 t jWi j^)i p— aJi
162
ojta'Vl iSl -oJ o 4,Ja^,L?,>cXll 4 jL aJl Ju\ oLwJl
v' p V ** +* *4 ♦♦ *4 _/ ** O'**** M
oL*j c L^-iJ t Jui^Lo Ui JuS'Ul ULfc j j^L^j
O j-J 40J-4 oL^L<jol f-Lol L t^lj-S.3^ bJLc- jJLSfVl Ad ^Jfl-ll ))
.1834 ^Jl 1831 ^ Sjlu~*JI SyLiJt (insurrections lyonnaises)
*4
£ f'
^vwJ j!jL> d)Laj^ 4 -s^Lp- < 0$JM j j> 1 j * <* 1 1 1*Ajb LJ-P*
c»
f-Lo ^JLp (o l)L^) j*~L*^»Ji olij -L*-» 1 wL&L>- L S-3
(pensee simonienne) (La doctrine de ^ j. ^waJ I cs^ O^J*
** n
J'^L.j*- JUJl_; aLJ a_J^ J_i Saint-Simon. Exposition, 1820-1829)
c»>Lp-I j_m 2_5 I «J_>- c-otajl L- ^j>- l 1 830- 1 820 o»l k. i la » ■ a
OUl Jiijl Ji^i! JjUJbj ‘ojUii^l olojVl o^JUJj ^UL^I
fUaJJ (J^J e '- 1 - 0
(. <_£ Jiaj jA La l^J*aj 4 ( *SxJUa«*Aa jA La LgJLa dj\ j*ju 0 JLp 4 <«iU^
“ **
✓ «.
o>l oJl& oJl5 Lo LJLpj
*• 0
4j J.S* j^o Cjl5 I M ili jU c Ij^XA .
4* "
JjS/l pLL*Ji ^3 0-1 L^j c j <jL^ j-So
jmO ujLqJl Jl>-jj
>\3 jLn l)LSj ^woJl^ 4 -*^Lp%J1 JUL> jjJl>*Sj jIjL
l^-U>3 c 1 d)l^v<Jl ^1 oljLoa^AJ j^aJI
£,
{y> (rentiers oiseux) SOjli V ^Jul L^-J>o ^1
<wajl ^->c Jl J-> c tiJJJu L>- jZJu* ^ ^pLoaJi ^Lxj^f I
ol ^-woJ LS^ 4 jJl Jjwa ^Li!l oljLooNl <Jjl3 cIJl^J .
h^j ^UljVI ^|_sL^*ij j joJ JLj-L>- Ijl^o 4-4 Li I 4 ^jjJ1j
4 SjAiJl
Lo Sjji J^SUj ; 4 J|jJlS JL>-1j ^ jUjJI
la o olilj i(OL^-^l jj- 4 ^ j-5J
163
^jUl (pauperisation) ^ i yaAicS \ j oX ! ji ^ SiLjJU £*-«— u
Oji jaj ( J*»3 j'jl J-^ 1 t>® ^
J^J! olj^l ^ Jj£ JUj <ULm2j 3>» ^^JLp c JuJL>J
L^iL»l <lJ j^sA <Ls^>L>Jl 4-^LaJl JlL ^ *UpL^Is^Nl oj ^jjjj
4j>t^L> £3 b Ji j ^ £ 1 }^^ blplj ^ r .^ai i i Jls^ ol^L— ^Jl
JiJj a~pU^- a^SIL* ^1 JjL^jj J^L-^Jl Jj_p»j j* 4 >213
t(Bazard) jljlj) oU*> ^\ UUxJl u- 0
.(183-179 'j* 1 1829-1828
f- ^
^xJlj ^ j_x_o^>- jJt Lo_j 4-a.L«.1<vJl j_oJ! o! tal p g j >
JUx^. ^la.U.11 <lUp tjb« La^jlpI
SJj>- Ljuj Ij_*j C^j'Axll jljL; (_$jJ
** f,
t ((collectivisme) «5_^L«^>*Jl Lp-jjJI# ^^.aj aJI^-* a a i 1 UL_?~I
&
( y* r > ejJ J ^jJl ^S- *>Lju LajLI-C-L;
°W^J f-Ji- < n J ^ jJL«< t tiJUS ^1 1 jLa> 1 .1 ji'ill ^JL>_^I ^Jl
5jl l (J j. >■ O jL^j O^lj y^3-> /w«-sA> 4 A .ia.Ia>fc>j A jjS jA j lall
jLJl ^ jjJl t Jli^S - 4 Ljs> .^^SsJwJl ^UajJlj A^Lu^aJl
— ** I
t ^^wJl ^UaJJ 4 JL 0 UJI 4i5s^Jl tjljb ojj-b
JuL<v-j ^JJU) o| *U-p^-^Jt j^-Sl dbJl oj^->^jl<»JI
JuS^ ^Lp I ji yj* j ^LlajJl J^b ^La jSL>J>\
^JLp ^ jL/ai^-Uj t ( Jik A iJl olj^l (J^j J^lSCJl JLwl jJl
oLSCUJJ iLoLiJI iliSCJl ^ jJ I c-AJjj b
^ A> »4iiX>>i 1 1 olpUas
o^i 4^Ij .(207-203 j 194-193 4 1829-1828 4jljl) ((^Lkill
t Ob^i A-L>e-4-J
N ^jjJJI a S'
164
Ik **
ojLjlp! ^aji j>3^ ^jlJ jjlwj 4
£+*>" 4 L*^<>Jj>t_^ I ^B d^LcJaJl ^lj-^aJ j y*&-> c^-^jLo
^UajJl j^P^i ^ LjJa^“ ^uLwvo^AJ c)L^*jNI (J^Xlv^U JlSCjLj
^vJ>LjJl !-LwO^ ^jB ^Jli\ j J^oL*J £-s*?L>«Jl ^ypLL.,<aJl
\1a JLSLil jHS\ ^ J (200 ^ 4 1829-1828 fcJ ljL) ^jJL^^i
! o J l>- j <LiaIj
\—J Ls»— JLwJi ^jA 4 JU 0 LS" j^[^j>- (oi lLUS)^
(...) j». g £.« $LLo JljO-wvO J-jJJI J'^LijLA^^y
^^JLp ^1 tiLoUJl 4i JaS) ^jJLp aJUC Jl$o *jjj
jJLo 4 £s*?jJ! iJjfc jJp • <A>-Lw«Jl <u^Lp^I
j| 4 L*-J? ,^jJLUj *Lw*JJ 5->LLg-j
£
4 J 2-0 Jmj J.-S to j->- 4..,.
! Jub 3JL>- ^-i j *JLw>-^J! j_» lJub j_£J t (glebe)
**
4bjLP Jil iiJ? jJp ^ aJLp 4-^2 j yLjl Jsj ^Jj|
p,
^ SjJ^uJl ^jJlSI ^UfcJia! ilJb
*_i j^axl! <l^jL« <_$! t jl5^l?-l ( j^o t jjjJl O^jli
p pp
t J>^p <jL fL-aJl jji J-j tAj^j>- J-5L;
.(176 ^ 1 1829 _ 1828 cjjl) «JjcJl
p.
0L^*JL! jj a>«jl5! iJjfe 4 JL>Jl j
* ^
L^ J 1 Lf 4 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 4 l — o ^1 i
IJLa (_y3p 1830 ojjj J^- oLJUl • i g ~~'^j .aJjjJI q ^ j Ij ~ 'j
(M Chevalier) A-Jlijji. jLiww. JjMl ju5LxJ( _;JL^» JlSJ . yS\
^sS 4 L^J jlS {Globe) |*JIaJI o J-> j>~ ^JLp
: ^
165
l j 1 cla j-2-& -LiJ 3)
Ju$s_) C^>rJ j ^xJLy2-^ ol .<L^-ww>j jJ ^3 C^wOw^L^j
f* f-
. 1 ^ l^" 1 3 ^ ^ 3 l«<«*>dj l O^jlwOl
p f- p
*jy*l Jj 1 4^-v^ij jljU ^jUJI juS'LJI Lol
+4
! <ui e-t>-
.* » «■
<ui*^aj| S JIjJI cLUj -a c.^vwJ t bJl 4 *wv*jJL>^
M ^ L, j *♦ ** ** f * *
^5 ^l*Jl j io(*Jl oL./g.^jJl ijA * -> LgJi>-l.i ^9 J ^Jl
>( Jw*-<j! APjli 5_<JL5 ^ apL-^ jji ^a L-LwvJli
** ^
<k?-=j lip-LvaJl dLJ jl£J ^^Ip! jl tjUJlj
** ~
<L^*fLww«Jl jJsJl jli tiij-LJlj
4« **
il829 — 1828 ijljU) Jl j ^* *■> S U
.(204 ^
jJj tdu-L~Jl JU? ^jJl (indecision) 1 Jl*
c^y^L_wvJ! ^ ■ &S, i''1 1 LlI^ ULL^ a*J| jLjLcJI <lL s jjJ|
— ••
^J-«J| jj^LL^ bJ-W*" ^ (_3j^«Jl Jjjl I
£fJ O^S 0 . ^a^a>cJl p~kJl A XJbj pip Jj j^SJ-Jl
^UJi jlaJI 015 l) j->rjJI IJa J^U- q/> jJl*jj . 4j.sL/2i3*y 1 jjJJ
*♦
jL* I^JLp j-aIj ^^lil ji . Jl jjJL -aJLj-*
Jg^j ^Jl aI^LjJI 5-o^LdP^Ll A^pL^i>“'yi (J^ t ^ r
UauJa>t5 ^j£jb i -j
M - +t ^
/ f, t]
lj^ j-aj JL* ^-w2j JgJsj^Jl Ijjft (jl ^ 4-w^LoJl p— JfluJl
t JJ^/I ^^JLp ^jlJuaJI LaLa-o ^1 SJjjJt jL^ Ji-b
a_^>j L^. IjLx^l ®jl^i •^-* j . Lsj>o j JJ La3^>-^ Jjt*
^LiajJl o J^>- J ^j- 4 ^ j C^->b— L ^ j <L^Lw-*J| 4
.j-jiLw* <pIwJI ^*AJl
166
jlSCi *>U SJLiJL>- c 4-w* pLixi»-l t Lvijl
p p p
(socialisation de la ^ ^1S\ j LJsyj^y]
'. 4_i!^j^£-_j aJ iw-ii-S ^_>-l _i (j ^_4^wv» oL^“ < . * 5 Lo-S'j . morale)
H
.(1825 5i~>) (Le nouveau christianisme ) aXJb^ll
JbJL>- ^ jl£iSh ^OkJ
P
<y> JlijVl { j^>\ l5 1p LjX«lilj
I (3*5Lj«-Vl ^1 (celeste) 4 _>jL»_~JI
. (((terrestre)
4 i j^aii j^-b v 'yisijM S^j»-Vi b-xa ji-ix-uj
p p
<_£uJ <L*jtul I t 4 jLo j\ A^pLoJ1>-1 4-SIjJ^
(froid q* ^jJs. j^p tL$J ^wAsj
Aj j-jJl ^pLJLoJI 4P^Jl calcul)
j*pljJu Aj^L^JI ^cJ i a^S ,oJJ ^Ip
Ju a^JI 1 1829 . 1828 cjijL) «^jiiJU}>
»j o j,P«\j <1)L-*# 0 LS" lo O- lj| LJ ip t5Js»Lu J5 ^j
. (4) UUVl «WvpJI
•#
J^JI IJu. Ji J ol) jJb LqJ odjfe
^■Lj^U < _^-aJIj ^^-LaJI . la ‘..ill bL*tJ ^1
p
<+*- t>* < W 1 i^i-i‘ M ^ 1^ <Lu jjJl oL>oj * < ^- = T
Nouveau mortde *_jLl 5 tw^L^ t (Charles Fourier) JjUi ^w (4)
Industrie l et societaire (1829) (Paris: Flammarion, 1973),
4 _>*_L~/ 2 il (JjJoJLa (JJl*j -Lg_>-jl xJL^jLS” iJlj^JLil olp iSj^
£. *
j y>*^jz i i^LUljjtU *LJL-<jI pL>^- 3 ^^Id*** c lijP a j-XpI (jJLl] aj^ jJti\
*•} t ^j-fi' aJl j-dl c ^L4-JLj*yi^ tjr^J A_«jLdl t^Lg-^ljp®
•J^ 1 jt — )\ j\ j\ ^.^"iVi ^
« **
167
I oJjL*-o
LgJ (l)j-SC^UD t
9 t I-A^La^a/G
& f, £
j-^jaJl C^LaL>&jI j4aj ^3 l «/? j 1 C->! oJjfc U ^
.Ajjjj>Jl AoLaxisNl ap Jlj aJ^AJS/I ^>-jli<Jl
t 4-Jj jJl Jljj J^LpN! J^l->- f j^a J i» Ay, »S *Aj O l »^Si I
(^1 J^j' i y y 5 ^' ^
: ^Lj'i/I ^-JaJJjf JbuIa.>cJl 4^«g^ c c-3llg.^Jl j-^1 t (J^^aaa* l)Iaaj
^c^ L wwvJi o^-owwwtj (l)Lw*» j-jlp i c 1816 4 -Lwj
*^^Ls-wwJJ Qp l ■ yg-Z-yd ^ Lj L^-Xj J t^ljLi^)U
<u^s^> jJl jl UoLL* 3j-^jaJl CajL? \jo li|j .^Ls^a.3^/1
♦*
fr
olw j_*Jl a_Jlp oj~J1 <_5Ju 1 ~*L**>Vl ^ Aj^LvajJ al
y> dLo'^/l d) Ls t SjJL) jJp *^| j g <»J 4 a^»L*««J!
Jlj *LJiVl «jb] ^UJ a^JJI a^JUJ! Sjb^l
jj&j caJjjJI f-LiJ| ( J| 4 JLxJLj 4 JLxjNl oLJ_*p ojbi
j'^pNl aJIwi 4 A^-L*A> (J-*-9 -ij^j I _y>
«La
ryjsy A1P
oJl* Lftjuk^. aJUaj^/I A*..,<oll UJLp
^ C'
l Jg tf 9 jLjlpNl 1^^"! C <U^_j2j ^*SjLa JjLS^ (_£jJ 4 j j-* */> ll
^Ls^Nl JliJ j isS"! tUljLlJl t&rj (^-Ul JLiJl
** ** ^ ** »»
Laj^JJ ^yJl J5L^Ji u j_v2j>JLj Uijl ^xJ j ^ ^^Lw^Jl
F. Engels f L’anti-Duhring (1878), tr. fr, E, Bottigelli (Paris: Editions (5)
sociales, 1971), p. 296,
168
oijb ( As- J-«-*Jl LfcS ^1 Ajjjill y iJjjJl
4_jo LwwvmJ 1 ^ 4^ - s
. ( 6 > .i J U Jj JI
ej >JL>J! 4 \\ J Ul : ((ojlJUJI U jUl» J g . 3
^Sfi jbJi iij^j
Jl ~ij ^ «sjuj^JI SJI -JL5D) jl
** * ft* ^ ** *+ * ** + r* ** P
4P vJULbl>sjl bJ ^JJL» C O^JLjC-A ^j^jljLo (^1 Ju ^ 4 ^-s>*LoJLo^
OjjlaJj cJibiJ ^1 bJs^Jl oUL~Jij
^li ^^xJl 0 ^xaJI ^3 ul c bib .L^jLUI_
oLsLj ^U»1j i^^JjVl <Lw<aJl-*Jl c-^jj>cJl olj^p /j_j jJiJwoJl L^3
JjjJi L^b OjjJLj ^1 L^SL^JIj bJLJl j ^LpL^JI oli^Jl
**
uuLjIa-JIj l 1917 <m» ^wibJLJl ij jJLll ^U>1 l +&-i 1 j j->JI J^b>-
JaJsL>tJ JLaIj l (( 4j>- y* ^lyg *,$!)) jlj-SN 1910 4jw^ jJ>-ljl ^
♦* ~
. (7> ^u^l v!>Up Jlp «J jjJI
4UwJb<-sJlu LubJl ^3 AjjUJI j jJaj t 4j£>-^\Jl ^3^
** **
jijjNl® 4~» jJUJL J «l03 <U*ijJLo» Jpli Ls^ J «!<’?>- ^Li j— Jl
oL^JL-Jl ajIjJ jo <. (Fribourg) P-jj^i y y (Ordoliberale) «aJ|^J
.jlill J^aiJl 1 . ik^Jl I Jut vjJlill t — al l Jai,\ (6)
(1973 . 1881) (L. von Mises) by> ^Jij} jjLJI ^iil ^ yVl Ll, (7)
it +
(L’ecole de L—J L^jJL* (F. von. Hayek) bULfc j jJ
Vetat omnipotent , La bureaucratic , : (.sjujlp oliJj-* (w-^Ly? j t Vienne)
jiLaJI Socialisme : Etude economique et sociolog ique Us j-^>- j Le c/ioo^ <iw planisme
j*xil A^Jflj! \ ‘U'yLip wjLS - ^*s 1922
iJ k >LaP 4j»UajJt iJLb oi-jibj c <wiJ ^ y>- jLya^sVl jl .£ j * JILL LgJP
.1^ ^LoaisVl ioL^Li l ^LJ-1
169
(Leitmotiv) olajV laj')! ojjJLj t < ' 8) t _ r s^UJl j ylll
**
fir
i J5w» 4 jLxpU iSjjJl i j c oJL> J->Jl A-Jl^JUl
**
<<LJUl£Jl» >5^ hJJJJLS" j t -aJjjJI jJ^-jlJ
L^ioUo <3 aJ*> 12^! JiLi; j?- Ji" j ^ (totalitarisme)
J^LLj ^^iJ! i>- j &ju* Jz*czz~* .l$J ji-l j JL^L*Vl
t J 4iJLU! 4*^Lw-Jl j oL-ljjJlj
(doctrine keynesienne) jJUj U joUaJl
oL)jj>Jl p-Lj SjLpI ^ hL o-i 4 -*^j ipLJI S;>UX S
d-* I *\£* LwvwoJ 1 d-> L*> j L w^ jb <Lol */?Js 3*V 1^ 4-d^l ^ jLo-jJlJI
(_$ jjdwwo ^JLpj i ^jl j-oJl ^-L* y~*z2->*^ JJ^JdJl oLoL-^ j J^l£Jl
-li 1 4 J jjJl { JJ>-JLj ( j-jo J^Lo-jV ♦ (^Jj • • . OjIjJj jlioVl
^SLojJl (J^)L>- ( j-« j . ^J_jJl>- j la >cJJ oL mJ j>JI dJJU
^Jli UldJl ^i (Odi?) jijj! aJL£ j-« *LwO^>Mi« 1 i 0 i-i_A imiJ L-l_Ob->. *M I (8)
0 ^1 j* aA^. Jjjo c^Sjl J^>- jldl IJut ^ jl5 j s 1948 (Walter Euken)
*LLi SjLpI aJL>- jj* ^9 A>>L* s_ -/A *- a -t g * > wLLoJLma* J/jidauN 1 JUJl*JI
** 1 <n
tAjjLJI 4 L -31 *J^^" SaptJil oLV jJi 3i t«l .1948 cLJlil
oJLi-l 0^)jjL) ^-3 C f 1-4 L)^-^d*wwwv»
■^* t*
1 1970-1960 C^I y~~* u^laXL« J ^ L" ^jJl ‘L*^^jJLo ^ uW t
i* *• “
^ujJU-l ^j^Ll! JLil j-a yb j c (Milton Friedman) jLojy j >d*>»
j* y*j 4^pUi^-NIj AjiUaiiVl JSLlil ^_Jlp| JJ- aJIS' tjj oUl jL jij ^yJl
^ (r
jJj) O ^-5l 1 jUlpI oJL>tlil oLi^ jJJ AjiLvS^^I A^L^JJ (jf\ o. ^.iil j jA
. ((Reagan) jUyjj (Nixon) j i?~~Z Ji L^L^il ljL,t..:..^ J^p
(1) tl) j-2-Jl ^9 ^jjjjUl jI Jj>- 1 (^1 *»ili I j-A l ,ww'U j (9)
JjLs^i! oUidJ aj^UL^ cJU-c- (jJJl (1946 _ 1883) t(John Maynard Keynes) jzS ^jl^U
1%-pj j-«) fj j— Jl jL^il ^ 4JjjJl ojj^? jJ-p 1 8 J-^-*ri
JUS j .(d^L^H J^JcdJl C*>\*\jp>-\j ^J-P o-U-Lwilj 4-sA>li^-lj A ol jLdZ-w*»\ 1
fr p
( _ J pUj>-'yi j ^La'.i^h «U j_Jl jllsj ^ iu j^-l J-i J^> (_$ ^ i/l 4JLb*l c.. :S ~I
170
(parti-etat) iJjJJl 5iJlfi~~<Jl
oLJwJ'A^JI l~£j~» s l I (New Deal) oJUJu>Jl iuLL^Jl j ajJLJI
(keynesianisme i_^_a.LaJ1 j\ j
j ^ ^ c ^.9 yS t (c - j ^->*-ll wA-*_> L a - 1 anglais)
C f ^ ) l ^ I jl^J>- (j J m& ■ A - l l^ i^ W **T <1 ) j ^ ‘ '
»♦ ^
^Jl^J 4 iJ-Lta ^ ^ 9 ' ^Ua-» A-wwa#L^jV! 4_j1 j! y
jp,
SjjjJl oL^>Jl J (3 ^JL>eJl JUfTlS oLpLj 4 <I?L^u
4_ r --L II iJlj-j-JJl 4->-Jj J»I ^ oi_ftj) ^J-aJI ^a_1>c_aJI
1-La^ - ^ L-Jl .sLaiS'yi f>JuJL ^ U5 t (iX^'iLSLlI
.(a-Q| .,<3«i')l I «Ljl J*. JL)l AJ>-J jb\ ^_A #Jl*j) aJjJiJI ( J^-Jj lA.Lfl A L3
^3 LLwo <w?L>JI U>^Ui*Jl J-j J_> o 5 oLpL ^ j>-^L 4Jt
<lJp! j3 j j+j c)l Li^ jiLo 4jlj_Ji
j \ ^lp ^ 4 <Lol L^jL» jj <=- Llj I iljjJi
JsL^jI Laj^-j 3jj>tj Ol ; .sL/^sN L <w?Ip*JI oJLgJ ( j5s^u
JJaJ jl o^ljl L> \i\ Igj JLiJl 5J jjJl ^Ap ^>r*w <^1 J>Jl JLpI ji
_ H
Lgjl iijjJt <LUvqJ 1 4 lij Lo .Jp-cJl iJjJ)
t i^Ls^>Jlj JlJl>sjJLJ Ja-oJ j (instrumentale) A_Jtai j a-^JL; a-J*>LLp
C u*?- j Ljfc_j . A.x^Jgll ^-*1 jJaJL) aAjLa-oJI jikll Ajts & y*
: (W. Ropke) aSLjj J^JL»
^ISLJI j^LJJ aJL>tl 5" t ojJL>tJl I g ~ - 1 jjum L)L^>%
•*
(hybris scientifique) ( _^-L*Jl c_iijJL) ^jj_a_aJI ( _ r A-SLJl
1932 (Franklin Roosevelt) cJLsjjj jjJXil ^^Sll l _ r -J ^J 1 4jlUl ^jjI
US' ^ (New Deal) ksjujU-! 4oa*& 11 ^ laJU^I jJI ^Uj o-JlS^
cjU^^ 4 1 ^ii>oL U? t Jl^j L* ^pd Uijt 4-j^i ^JU^-i t^wsT.SU^
.U^LJ ! j ajjI^N \ Sj^-Vij <jiUa^Ni <uJojV1 ^U SjsUN (jtjjj'i 1
171
^J-p L» i. 4 -a y*& ^w<>-Lp
f.
i iJJLta f-\ j>- ^y> i g ■-• a *■> (j jJa aS.>z-ij 3 j la,.,. ^ ll j jl5b-Jl
«. 1979-1978 t 0 ^Si) ((^oSUJl ^ jSl *Vl J-^aiL
.(47 ^1*11 4 132 ^
C (1992-1899) (10) LiL.Lft jj_s dL-jJU^i jLi >■
^ •CwJ" ^ I 0 ^ t C / ^ 1 ^
4_J^UL*J! j t sj-^-aJ (planificateur) SJaJa^»«_oJl aJ jjJLl
& f. f.
oj_5* 1 _s2d1 oL ^1 o*^*~ t k<LoLs^2Jl&^ ! »
~ **
(J 1 \_y*^ *2-J . *.iw .* 1 (t l | 1 *1 C— 4_3 <. (centralisee)
A^tllSl (jld \ 2jj*s-a Jl4s Jjjj ( J2»--Llll Ajbb*_> C— OtlJ
f*
JL j! e-^U-jjNl lJLy> ^J«p ^^-Lp
1^ LjJUjjj j lJ % >\jLol jj o.j (jl . K jJJcoJl
P
{ j^S La I ji ^jJl wLLL^J ^jJL-^ c ; j-^° JL>s-^j
( j-P i I JwU2_5j C L> J-wwW IjUw
a_>ILoj ^■sU^i'Vl JuSLL<Jl jli i l 5 L*_*JI Uugj / U) A_Jb)H jl
(unifie) u _>- yA 4.1a «. J jj *lL^- *y
Juli jJLi-o ^Ua :■£ tiJ 5-ijjJaj LwW?jJl JjLjl> (unifiant)
Jual j^Jl Jj-* ^WLSj <ia^l JJ Jjgtfj a\>- Jj c A^JUtxJLl
p, ^ t, ^ *
AJlJj^ jj-g lo j(l>J l IAA ol>J ^ J C J-J. I Jww<Jj cLLLa jpbCJ ( 1 0)
JJ j>-\j* JJUS JUj . (( lwi 4^j-U» ow JJcutlj *t 1922 o (i Socialisme ) 4-5^1 ^Jt>^l!
Oo»b>tj 1952 4JL*/« JjJj L5 JJ J- d . l jl iU J^2>- jjjJ
^ Ir s-
.SJUjJ-l ^ ^ 4*^1 AjL^-j O r -jS’l
i jy£ i j~£ «4jljJl ^«wvJ>xj ^1 4-sjlb^/l o!)UL*Jl g a*> 1>«J ( 1 1 )
.3 JygjH (,^U£Jl IJl* /^o l j lij \ . . L : d M |
172
apL>j>- j\ ^ ji Us 1 oU> jJl^JI {ja ^JL*J
s? ^ ^
^ ((LpUjl^I jl5 jJ j ^J^-) ^llg^l 3-* ^
aXjU L 3 J A^^^^jpXixxil a^*^UL*JI ^j^jSuzj Uk-L — ij ^U^j-^l
Lg-Slj->| U-! -^r**-*^
^ . s i _. /* i *Uj^\jl*ji uu c i g o . u* i^jijj u« > ^jliU i l^Jjs*
<u 31 «*» i ^ .* i Ojl ^-j N» l _ s J-p <.LiUi ^ lJ ^iL J Jl ,_,!*■ >^V
tjlS ^*P ojU-IpU ^^La 3^I jjl^xJl JJ-s^ 2 j LjjJ . Kjij^JL^U
** ¥*
•^jJJl }\ jJ'iM j v r _j*>L« OjJs» t4Jaj>J JlS ^ 5-Sj j!j-<>~ 1^U
*•
s j$ ^x^JI c-jU jJLscoJl aj ^wj Lo ^>cj t ^t)UL*Jl 13 j-^
_ C-^Lo <A%3 (J j&3 t ^Uaj jl jLUl ^J^“J . 1 Lo t jJ
.0 jJiUo ^3^1 Jjlwfl ^3 _ (3^ O^SsJ jl L^Ss^j jl
3_a i*iJLL& ^LUj t UUU <jj
^li t ujt>Li*Ji 3 y~* ’ a ^ N i j-Ji 3^
U^L^is^y I ^L Jl> 3^oL,<g*9Nl j^JpLaJJ t 3 j-^Lj jL*-^Vl
p^JljLxi-1 t^JUJLj &i-3tuJlj ^jJl Jl J^Ldl 3^
^_a L oj ?LajI j-Jj t g - Lp w_* > t-j ^x-^ <lJjVI ^ 1 j-^Jl tfc _5^ L*o ^ ^LUo)
j\ Jl I3gj Lf>^ <r^>H ^ J ^jj Jr°^^'j ^jlj-Ji
U5UuJ!» j^j Ui j.^j l L-^JLtLgJ oJlxJI oJub .( ^*cJ| . . . V3U
^^y^^Uajt-LJ ^ U> .".>■ I ^JLp JU*"U Aj yS j-oJl Aj j ) a « 1 1
jjbl ^ ^ !t J-^x*jlS 3^*^^ Lftjj c^JUJU o^U/2-3^ 1
Jl il^JUJl 0 Jlaj .(775 ^ 1 1945 c^LU) ^pUj^-^1
^xJl oU* ji^Ji jl ii JU sXu^Ij a!^w» t^»Lp J3 Uxj
f* p p
o*xa , i^j ls.3^ ■> ^ h * a^p U jL^-^y i >%x^Lp
p
j' jJk La (JL>5 -«j 4«sPL*J»tJI #L«>sJl CJ*^U^s-a
Ifl.La^dl Ji«-I^ C i»-j^ (jrvail ij yCy Lgl^D ‘ jl
* ? 5
1 X. i< > i 1 1 I ^ j 1 ** ^ ^ ^ j . .. ^ i £ » ^ n 1 1 f ^ 1 ^1 ^ ^ j » * 1 1
173
L , , - jJl iljjJl jzJu Jj-SIa
frl^C>cJl ^jA <ia-Lwc)) 1 J-S* oj^ jA
^\JH\ iJUb .(767 ^ 1 1945 wdLU) J^LJL,
^LJjJ 5JL>*k^Vl 1 j
N ^yJl iiJjJI ijjsU-axSVl oL«jJL*_«JLJ ^.ygiVl jb^jJl IJL*
** ^
C OjJj «/aJL o^j->s-^Jl <U-V^l>dl jv-J - o^3 ^ t^Ls^->“Vi LfcJj>t->
&
d-A « )g,**aJt 4-1-^fl h\ a c - / r ^ J J-*- -2 -* ^ L^->“ .w3-> ^^iJl 5-9
^ ^ 1 ^ I i^_9 J-U ^ jX 1 1 ^ J Lx >— *— 1 ^ 1 4^-3 L^.i-m- 1 I
Jr>\ 40-jJj^oll ii^-^Jl k'^> <>vL! ^ l ~‘ ij -'j
oL>_JaJJjl ( _ s Jl -L^jJL j^JJul oljJi <J-P 4jjjJa-«>l 5JLfc ^ j
“ >4
AjiU^aiaVl AS’LkJl j~LJ» l y i >- ^ i^oka^l - j j^LJl iJL^>-^1
♦*
* *
^^lll o j**-> ,«g ll ol e- ( _5~" (J^ ® T^uiS" 4 I j -/>->- j l/«ji
obliLiVl ojjfc “J>! J-^J ■ <( J J XV 11 ^ m* A 3 L 1 ^ *.9^1 1 wX ^
\ JXJLj ^U<2i3*iM jl j-iJl jp <jj5 j^Jl £jJ ^ tiiii>«JI
! <J jJhX* J**”* ^ 4k« 1? <U^>Lk>
c 5 j 3 1 9 1 5J^C^twoJl oL* c bw<^Lw^ L*
p>
^ *** 1 1 k— A i^i ^ <ii. 1 ! 4— 1 L 4 4 j w™J
4 JL 9 4 <U_)LS^0J 4^jLoj 4_v^L>" -b J C ot j^JLoJl
OJ^L^ ioLgjJl C^ljl j-flJl C LoJ^>- dJJi
^jJJIj Jl oJ-ft i j^‘
0 ji jjL^Jl 3jl j^JLj 5JIjlSI ol ^JcJL 0 j*a Lwo is j-ka
^ J .oi oJ-A <ug_>-!j-w ^Lo^wvJJ <> j^Lya
43 & JuA (JL^SjJ 5 j2 >%^ J 5j^wv<Jl 6-XjJ jj*/3i tj&H
j»j!AJl J-a . 14 ^-Lojl Jjij o^ljl ^jjj 6jSj* ^1
‘Ua_wn! ^_i i_5-^“^’ |_J <> ~* ^
.(771 ^ w 1945 t^JLU)
174
^UajJl Lg-j^/ jL«-^Vl ^LlL) o| t(jL^«Jlj
i ( *,& a Jl 5L^> jlx-^Vl d**wjJ ^»J-p t cLLLto iwy^ <. jZj& ^aJI
<> & &
(impersonnel) Lwa^-S N j Lj4-«wvO
La Z 1 aJs2j>*J ^3 4*JLp t j]ol^^s ^AJl Ja-JaitjJl
! LijS* y* ^ ^waj ^ L° 4 ojL>ejI
cJ Lm2J L? iJ\S |»Uaj jLlpI UJlP
4.115 (...) ^LXXaJsj *_g_s L* bl l <L« ^L*_«Jl
^5s^j t J-«j ^p tji .,<*? t^L! ^>1 la * S' jl i cj!
t ^l^_> UjJLLo _ cj( j_* i^Jl ^ju iS" ^_>- j-* j /^o :►! yiVl
o! ^JcJl LgjJa^tjt ^ — 4jLpL>i k ^ jULp j.«.^,ll
*
♦*
.(774 ^ c 1945 c^iLU) «jLu*Sl oUi"
(J ^jA V A-J^^ 0 J-P t 1^1 jLn-wuVl ^llaj JlX-CL>
^ ^mJ j ^ UbiL>tji p^>LwtJI ^Jip oLJ j^\ LgjN j->tJ
p^Loj«Ji oli c^lj! ^1 S-otA^p aJ-sAjLw clLLLa j-Laj
. ♦ g >*y Lfcj^jj>- o j^iiLw^Jl oIju^V! pIjj Lo ^3 i j
l M *4
P
<^1 £^>*j J 4 <_jr~^ ^ j jrr* 4 lip*
43jLpj O^S* A^a^^ aJ jjJ jju^i' iJKii L^lj aJI^J
. (omnipotent) 15 Sjjl5 j (omniscient) J5lj
M 4*
-3 Ali^JL^Jl t ^)V5 nJ I A-Jl Ai^-^wO A-o^\JL*Jl 0 -La (J
** ^ V* jf* M ** y
*4
. IwLa Jl^->“i ^y* L^2j!^) ^3 a]^.-\J| ^jA ^SjXjCi\
p
L^-j^Z ^ Lj aJIj} aJ^^lI! a ^ ^ A ^
p
^j-p (3^° ^ A-^JUw<>JJ 4 .,/? i^ljLoJl oU'ill 4 ^ j^/2. 1. tf «.* <o
•* ^ ' 1
oJufc jl JJ ^ylUl Ja^aJl JUL ej JtJj 4 ^Vl lJm>
*4 V»
C ApI^A) 4_ v c^_x>_AJ I OjJUlJl Ad>\p (_yJ| jLxp^I JLoCLuu
175
t OJLIa) IgJli SJ jjUJ (. o I oIa f-Lwl
ij w« ( _ r Lp cjLjULJI p-^jj -(67 _ 58 ^ <. 1944
<u_vsjJL b_p«: i cLLLgJ oUj Jj>Jl SJ! jls <, Si> L.,^Jl
^ Lr J 1 1 ^ j 1 ? ^ O il ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ ^ i ti 3 V 1 ^
vi^jL>t^Jl ^.J^-uJl 7^_o i ji Si j_*_* (^r° j-& ~xiiJ ^u-bJl j Jk Jl
1 1 ^ ^ 1 ^ ji,/? *i ^ ^ i Q > !»*».> L**— «m 1 I
f, p
Si oi»A Jj^o j^s-P Ij-A 4j^ t cLLLa lol .^yJLoJl
^ aJ j^Lii aUU^NI *Uol aj^Ls^I j ^SU l
j^5LJI *-Ja^JJ vJI^Jl ±?jjJd\ J^>cj ‘. LS ^j i<yji v_dij^> Jjji?
1 •* H
j ^UajJl ^JSLzu N toLo jJjt^Jl ^2 jjj j*jIaJ1
• A%J L^.^- 1 A\^t***o i l ^£) ^ ^ ^ 1 */3*+3 \
p
^Jj® S>3 ^Sj*J j|N
~ M 9 *
jA 1 jl (JUf- jJl jjfc L« j»j-2j <1)1
J-S" J*-ta J-gj>Jl ^ “br^-* Ouj?
<*>>• ^ j' *i
^ A^?UJ| ^SlijJl ( J^-i^j t^L^vJ^/1
p
.AltJwj'hll 1L? C L^J
c JUJI j ^ ii j*-* 0 ^Ui ^jti ^U^Jl
p
i J l)I
^ jl) jl ; Jaih ^ S-^L^J! SJa-LJJ
jl j j-s^aJ J^s-JLj /j-a J^->cJ j! Jlj->-Vl Jus ^ gl
t^L^aP*>U oJLJbJl oljJi^Jl LfL^IJu JjiljlJ te^ O
.(155 1 1979 t dJL>) JSLl
^ p
(j ^ /v . s> ^ < t ^ ... cji ( , _j-L | (jl i ^ jjJ 4jj-0l 01 t oJJi ^- V o
01 .dUJb il > c ^l fi>Jl L^Uj N Lh cH 1
176
w 4 -wJL**^ jl o^jLS" f-\ - ^>J! oApUl]
H
_ oJ-pli ^\ oLp^^-^JI £~^2~i cj 15
SJjJlU JuS* ^uyg >^j j 4 ol: ^^LvaJL^Vl JuL>eJl
p ^ n r ^
OwLgJ ^ <J jjjl ^T ^yflj 4 IhA^s-fe .^Ju3->*Jl
P p
d^Li j-maxAJ ^jL>*— > t o^>, ^/?^o ^1 ^jw»_t ot *-* ^->*-<Jl
p p
N ^Jlj • 4 -uLvo^/I
p p
. ^ ^JLa wL>-lj Jtid Lg-^Jj 4 *W?l>- AjIp ^1 ^>eJ ^ j^N!
^ ^ p
Ji« .L^a^Ji as^ju L» ^^JLp bLk^pl (.asIAaI iiolloj*
*\J j»Ui> ^J5b5«j LaA^-^ * c A_wwL^dl .Ap! ^ 5il oAa
cdLL*) <bl ^i'yi CjL_&j ^j-JLjj ^ijL*-*Jl jj-^i iL5b
.(154 ^ t 1979
p
JLflJi lA^J *U^La-vJ|j AjjJiJl gjLuJl 15 L$ji*Sj
Jj->Jl JLy? io ^>- 5J1 Ljfc JL>- yj) 5Jaia>tx>Jlj ^JL^-JJuJl ijjJLU 4j>- ^Jl
4-*-iJ Jf3 ^ <^' o*-LpLwww^J! tji^Lj^l-www hX-s^ji 1
4 ljjJL>tj]j oL)M jJ| ^9 4-oLSJl 4 _wqJL*J| ? j^>*Jl
lH L5 ^apU-jI aIU c ((plans Beveridge) ^Aj^ao c^Uala^*
p
^ i* j ^<3 wLJ 1 4 1 ^ ^ ^ 4
m ■**
A,Ja-Jaj>^J J^-SJ u)| . (88 — 84 4 1979 - 1978 t jS jJ) iJjjJl ^_9
JJ-JJ Ju? oL^J ^-dj^r jii^j ^ jJl 5J jjJi (planisme)
# p
c 4j j j^>- Jj>tj 4 LjJ ^jL>oI
p ^ p
cJLL? 4 jLwo^JI i«jVl (jL^j j-*j . L^g-j 1 5JjjJI p-Lj o^IpI pjLw>
♦♦
p
^1 j-1? f-lj-t.** 4 j-JJJ <L%>tjjli5l
p
• ^ | ^J g .* ** I ^ I 4 1 I
p.
LjLkJl ^Jl AjLoJoI jia>c-U j* i 0^°
177
Ji-b ^iLLft jl ?<ujUl
^ ^ -e
c I^jLs^I 4--*£‘ jm>S\ oJL^J ijl ^a 4 Lul^ <ujiu^jl (J J~J\
• J>j * j •M^>-
** H \w
L_«Jj ^ jJiJl (Deutschmark) ^*\i)jb> i J~J jjJl jl»
4-ul jJi}\ j-^Jl
^ ~ip»- ^Aj^i>- ^-n! oU-LJ xS\s J5o <_y* ijtu-Jl
4* 4* *4
cjL>-lxi t L« jl>- ^ L.^ij| L^-i^J . o ^^*L*^Jl UUI
LgJ^U- ^ Lfi ^ i ->-!
jl <u_>j_gJI jl ^jjLJ( Lj_L*j»- tiijjJ
£,
0-L-& ( j^a jl>-Ij ^1 jLjl?-! jt-SoL^aLj) ^j-j j.^7 ::^ ll jl jJS
^^■5^$) ^O^jLsJI o-jU- 4 ^-L>tj L^S* (c^IjLjip^I I
.(87 ^ cl979 . 1978
jl 4 a] j jlU Sj^>til( 0wl> ^ $ jjc^j
<1lJ) 1} lyt^j SjUl li* <j->*x-~J ^1 o^>«-dl ^ j ^L*jL^1 ^yJ)
** **
. * / 3
Bastiat, Frederic. «De l’influence des tarifs framjais et anglais sur
l’avenir des deux peoples.» (1844). dans: Oeuvres economi-
ques. Paris: PUF, 1983.
. Propriete et loi, suivi de Vetat (1848). Paris: Editions de
l’institut economique de Paris, 1983.
Bazard, Armand. La doctrine de Sait-Simon. Exposition. l re annee
ijlil Jjl y**n l 0 yJL> 0 Q..lJg
. (Euro) jj j-Jl jll?l ^ Ml -L?*- Jj { ^j 4aAIjJ1
178
(1828- 1 829). 3 e ed. Paris: Au bureau du globe et de
l’organisateur, 1835.
Bentham, Jeremy. An Introduction to the Principles on Moral and
Legislation [. Introduction aux principes de morale et de
legislation ] (1789).
Fragments sur le gouvernement (1776). Trad. fr. J.- P.
Clero. Paris: LGDJ, 1996.
Garanties contre Vabus de pouvoir. Trad. fr. M.- L. Leroy.
Paris: Ed. ENS rue d’Ulm, 2001.
Bougie, Celestin. Socialismes franpais. Du «socialisme utopique» a
la « democratic industrielle». Paris: Armand Colin, 1932.
Foucault, Michel. Naissance de la biopolitique. Cours au College de
France 1979-1980. Paris: Gallimard, 2004 (2004b). (Hautes
etudes)
. Securite, territoire, population. Cours au college de France
1977-1978. Paris: Gallimard, 2004. (Hautes etudes)
Fourier, Charles. Le nouveau monde industriel et societaire (1829).
Paris: Flammarion, 1973.
Hayek, Friedrich August von. Law, Legislation and Liberty. Vol. 3:
Political Order of a Free People (1979). Trad. fr. R. Audouin.
Droit, legislation et liber te. Vol. 3: L’ordre politique d’un
peuple libre. Paris: PUF, 1995. (Quadrige)
. Road to Serfdom (1944). Trad. fr. G. Blumberg. La route
de la servitude. Paris: Librairie Medicis, 1945. Reed. Paris:
PUF, 1993. (Quadrige)
,«The Use of Knowledge in Society)). American Economic
Review, vol. XXXV, no. 4, 1945. Trad. fr. C. Beauvillard. «De
l’utilisation du savoir dans la societe». dans: Pierre Manent. Les
liberaux. Paris: Gallimard, 2001. (Tel), pp. 764-776.
Humboldt, Wilhelm von. Essai sur les limites de Paction de Petat
(1792). Trad fr. H. Chretien. Paris, 1867. Reed. Paris: Les
Belles Lettres, 2004.
Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von. Grundsatze der Policey -
Wissenschaft. Gottingen: van den Hoecks, 1756. Elements
generaux de police, trad fr. partielle Eidous. Paris: Rozet,
1769.
179
Larrere, Catherine. L’ invention de I’economie au XVIIIe siecle,
Paris: PUF, 1992. (Leviathan)
Leroux, Pierre. De iegalite (1848). dans: Oeuvres 1825-1850.
Geneve- Paris: Slatkine, 1978. l re serie. Vol. 3.
Marx, Karl. Le manifeste du parti communiste (1847). Trad. fr. G.
Cornillet. Paris Editions sociales, 1967.
. Misere de la philosophie (1846). Paris: Editions sociales,
1977.
Mill, John Stuart. Principles of Political Economy (1848). Trad. fr.
Principes d'economie politique. Paris: Guillaumin, 1861, 2
vols.
Mises, Ludwig von. Die Gemeinwirtschaft, Untersuchungen xiber
den Sozialismus (1922). Trad. fr. P. Bastier, A. et F. Terrasse.
Du socialisme. Etude economique et sociologique. Paris:
Librairie de Medicis, 1938.
Proudhon, Charles. Qu’est-ce que la propriete? Recherches sur le
principe du droit et du gouvernement (1840). Oeuvres
completes. Geneve-Paris: Slatkine, 1982, vols. 4.
Saint-Simon, Claude- Henri de. Le systeme industriel (1821). Reed.
Paris: Anthropos, 1966.
Say, Jean-Baptiste. Traite d’economie politique (1803). Paris:
Economica, 2006. 2 tomes.
Senellart, Michel. «La science de la police et l’etat de bien-etre en
Allemagne au XVIIIe siecle. » dans: Alain Caille, Christian
Lazzeri et Michel Senellart (dirs.). Histoire raisonnee de la
philosophie morale et politique. Paris: La Decouverte/Syros,
2001. 2 e ed. Paris: Flammarion, 2007. (Champs). T. 2: Des
lumieres a nos jours, pp. 99-114.
. «Cameralisme», «Police», dans: M. Blay (dir.). Grand
dictionnaire de philosophie. Paris: Larousse, 2003.
Stolleis, Michael. Histoire du droit public en Allemagne. Theorie du
droit public imperial et la science de la police 1600-1800. Trad,
fr. M. Senellart. Paris: PUF, 1998.
180
(* jlaJl
<o j lajJ I j ■i^ywvJ oUL* jJl JLL*^j N
P
A jJbJl Jjiu ^y±-*j2 L^SxjjIj ^j&>UIjJ i 4<wuvJ^dJl Ls>-^J
(jJLil cJ j5 o-~p j! Jo> <j| y>s tSisLw^j i^JUL* U J5 .iLc-L^'Vl
A^P* I f-Li \ ^ j^m2j t o*-XA U
p
c L^»- jJ j__^ j II .*_*J dUi wL*_i -L>-Ll^ t _^Jl (physique sociale)
-l»j J -i’ LS ^ J j^' |»>4i -(Irir^ 3 i_P
<.-jty9 ^Jl 4 ^»L~w»J| O*Lwb«I^0 jl jJl ^illSl ^JjL<woj ^A^>«^o-U jJi
+* **
jl <L*P I f-Lj^jaJl t diJ JJ .53 oJjb c_3 j-W
^Jip ^ ^ »«* *j *jl ^JL p
Jl jLi-Jj^l ^f. ^ ft */2~ <LjI 1822 4Jw sj>* C-*-> (Jjl
o oL^ j-g-U ^w;->“ t ^JajJ SpLpN 4 -jjj H
.1817 I j-Ji 4jjJ oLS" ^Jl
4 U^i fj Ji ^oU jJl I jjb iv**l p~*> <-^jj
£ ^ s.
k— h*^s.»..ih»J 1 * |/? ) i ^ ^ 4 Aj^jJ *,<g
^ fr t £.
^ Ltall iw^A -Xj 1^ Lwww^l 1 ^ 4_J_) 1
c I Lv2j( L-mj j£ lg ^ lpLaajI^ 4-o^-j <2 ^ >"
♦♦ «
181
j\ (J. S. Mill) Ojl aJI 4-wwwjJL oLiJl jJ* LJiLo
^ I ^JL jl (Sudiste) ^J\ 4_;_*-jJL
** -**
*L^jO*oJi OJP tj/? >J L O-lta ^ip *—® yC^Mj j-Jl
(•■^Lrt® JSCiJ p^jjp Jr 0 ^
oj^-Li {^^3 t aJ| j-^JJl fj-^J Aj^jJLJ l A«*S^ \ ^jP o^w^JL<kJ|
OjJiJl Aj I Aj ^5 5i5bJl 4_> j j^.^.,<>->tJJ aJ jjJU ft A-J^a L^J ft
. (socle doctrinal) i-jfcJuJl L^uIpj*
jt-jLg-S'jj^j oJ^-S" c j « /2 > ~ ^jJij
^ Njl o Jufc ^L>(ju .a^La-JI I 4aAMaJIj O^mS* A < Q nftV i
^g^LwJl ^5UJI cJ.Ul L^-jJj^j-J! sJla Lgj cj yJ^>\ L ^S\ ii^Jai!
** *4
( j-o jLJL Lo^jwo ^i^UJl oj-w<J <L^j>- <.
jtJ L.*— w>- t Jjj_>e_iJ|j ^IJLLa'Vlj JLiJl j
l)L& ^J l ^P Aj V | A^-jp^Jaj o-^cuJl
♦♦ H
p.
J-*P t L>"jjj)-* +J> y»k Jl ^-oLljJ J 2 j>%y Jl ^Lia
p,
A_jL*aJ*jLS| (JL>«p l (^.Low^ jl i j-*p) Aj>- joJ Ap-LoI
i APjJJL* J^jI Jj t l ^ « »» fl « 1 A Jg A + >e-^o oJJ^ A^-wv^LwwvJl
A-P- jJ J-Jj A-^t^LLVlj A_*j>- jJj-OJl) ^ j->-1
(Id A_*»L-*-Jl ^Jp <AjO->bJ A ^.-^-OwJ w ( A^O Lyfl 3 V I w A^j^jLiJlj
JLg-^Jj . (T. Hobbes) yyt y politica scientiae)
tcuJj.S' Lfj^jJl ^J1 iJLouJI oL^jJLjw>Jl tJJUi cr Lp
^ gP 4 Aaj l O ^»»A<Ww i W<- J oj 1 ^ 1 ^N-lp i_y ^ Q t ^-) 1^5 ^0 ^
s
oljl ynj .^a^-JjsJI O-wLaxJl ^o Li Li; c Lgj>^L^-1 coL^“ ^Jlo>tJl oJu^
oL t ( 1 893 a^*?) ^pLo^-VI J y>- ivwo jJt ax>*j^JpI ^
(Montesquieu) j~£~~sS j * J ^J^AJL <c^jjis>l ^<3 ->_;L^5 ’jjj
^ Ji-^iJL! Jaia ^ 1 0' ( I p aLd L » J ' ^
182
*Lsj9 JLptj 1 L*ijf /jJnJji ^ 4-^Js2j*AJo j^L**ijJJ
** *.
<-o*jjL^gJt oA-fc ioLa^ t S^Jj>t-oJi c^L«^Sv>eJt
Ji o^l» I >/? 1 1 t ^ 1 ^ O^ t ^ ^ ^
«a j-wo-^oJl L>_*^-l jjJl i^/jJL*Jl» j (Condorcet) 4 _^jjjJ ^ t_JL>-
C-i jS) (L’illustre de Maistre) j JU^j jj> ~jjJJ
Lo JLLJiij t ( 199 1 60-48 ^ 1 1839 t (Comte)
(J-J-^ cij^' j»-^j 4 -pUi^/I AjJ-iJl JJ
£.
aI^p- ^4**^ jJI 4jLwJLaJl ^L^wJl
<jsJ>j^a 1842 j 1830 4-L*^ ^ j j-*^uJl ^
& p p
1 1 *!.£_«> .(Systeme de politique positive 4 JI j_lp j cLajI ~_>*_ms>VI
Lo j->- J* b-afwVWWta*’' ^1. I ■*■!* ^ W * 1 4-S" jJLaXw^JI L^ -g~> l ^ j
*
**
^xJl c L«J^>- *y I ,^_*_wJajl ^>Jl Lj^.Lkj JLdj ^-P b (oj^5
<u ^Jaj <Lui^jJ& c jj\a\ a ( ^j^.,*Js£L>
JlSLj^u ^JlSI oLaJijjJlj oL5^L*JJ ^p jjJl ^llijJJ LaL^jjfcl
c o^LwJl (J ^>- 4^^wuu^A,^Ji ool Si JLij j^j • 4-s^L>tJI
5 j^3 4 ®4-w»*L%vbJl® J j) la.*«.<o ^jjo ^xJI
<—**+*>- Sj^Ja^OO ^pL^Jl^-Vl ^UajJl ^^ 1 p A-JLjwj 4^aj j^XJj
^U^Ji oIjj^-aJIj oUlji')/! JaUuJj ‘(^-jU^jj - 5
L^-jL UJLp $ <Ls3 JJ>-jjJI ^L^Jl Jb-^-iiJl ^ JUl ^Ji jJl ^liijJ
4-5 jj^-o j»LJ 4 -o15C«I j-*# CcJUfl-oJl y>'\ i OwowuJ
1 *♦
^ j oJ jS ,_yi^j ^is .(53-34 ^y> i2006 t(Karsenti)
** *•
^ ^ i +^ 3w *& ^jl I L<>>J ^ ^
CjU^A^JI *\Jl*0\ lj-va^dl Lo-^*}
t j^> <oIp 1 j^aJlj 4-^U>Jl c^Ls3jLLJ ! j J^LiJI cjU^Ip J^ 3 ) ^
^ ys iJL^Jl oJlj& of oUi .(^ >JI ^JL^JI
183
jjb L*J l^ljl Ojj J l 4^?ljljl
.(71-61 y* c 1838 toJj5) ^L-.
**
L^j ^a^yU ^l!l *UA*^Jl 5i j-^° (Jj^>-
O^Lpj ^j- 4 C ^^L>Jl AS'j^y^^o j*-Lp ^L^jL-^vJI
,l$5lS L«0 o +&j>~ -L><Jj>o
J! & :UJLaJI ^1 Jl ■ 1
4^LJ| *Jlp
aa>-!AJI Jl~r'N! ^jJ ^ 4^1 tiJJl cJ jZ c~~p jl yju
p p, ^ f. & & <*
jl J jJLi (. .Lv^LjI L^L-^ I j]aX.A C ^ jJL*J| ^3
' f.
Jj • t /^ p t^i ^j' ^aJ
Cj jS ^£jJ A-^^L^'Vl 4-L^-^iw^Jl Ju>*-> ^j-J Ij-A jLi t
^iJl <t+ *^J jtwJilj olpUj KSj^jLll ^LojU ^3 AijL$JL$Jl^
aJIp- ^jJl ^J^iAA* j j .L^ipUij Jj t
oLpj ^c-»U jj ^P i 4j j 4JUtJukJl ^ yfr <L$j>-ljJl (^$*0 j-aJI
^LwuL<wjj} ^j-^Lvij t A^Lw^-p
A^Uju ^jA> N Ails Igjiy gJ> ] U J £j .Ajj-ilP Ai’^U- jUsI y 4 ( 4 ^
y& y yw> ^-jJcj Jj 4 (tabula rasa) J _at5 ^**w«
yL-J^I ^SCaJI JlSLilj LpL^-NI oU-Ja^JI kj& <.a~JC j\l y
*+ ♦*
O jjUS^ JJ j-*J ^jjUJI 1*^ ,Lgj ^ a -° t^jL^Jlj
<^S-jj-^3ljLw<»Jlj a^j> jjO U l aJL>JI <_$-^j) ^o^yLLil cjNLp^JI
p
>1 < ^w<K ^ <V J i 4 1 ^* 3 C.^ J 4(a-w*-^>jJIj
^^P AaaP ^I^sLwwww^W JJ ^ ^ *^J ^ y ~ < ^" < *'*»* ) ^ 4 UpU 31 U Jl j
JL^UJI aJUJIj ^ J */ AmLP' flLrfMO i*yr*^ ^ L-*w*jj 1 AJ 1
^ «* \
^aj«Aaj^ jl (( ^JLys I iLijo )) al^.^ftll aJI^cJ] oJL& ^ .oUJl oA^ (J^“ aajL^JI
184
(l’acme ^Lw*_>jLJl Lgjui I l^.ki j^Ju ^yulj t«4_a_L$_a» j\
**
U i^LoUt^ JojJ* jLw*j sJl* chistorique)
JlJ La ^ I L ^ J l A UJl^o (, 0j
*♦ +*
JJcJ^ ^1 ilUJl al» j! .(126 _ 102 ^ 1 1848 t cJ/)
olJUjj^Jl ^Jlp <4-$*>LUNi Ja-*J
jJl ^j-U ( ^P j-*P J 4 L^
4 ^3 ^JLaZjI j. .4^? 4 4-«IjLA 4jl^- 4 C-5^i
H ~
j_^Vl iJLa jSl </b j»LJLll ^jJLp oj^Li ^p L§j^J
jSju l^Jli t A-JliLlj 4 j JLaj <JL>Jl a Jjfc O^j .ii^LsJl ^Jp-b ^jLajJ!
j£jb Nl l*Jl ^Jl ilUJl jr ^\ju N l*j\l t JUl L-^LLa
C 1839 t c^j jS) lfrXJL.a ^lll 4 JUJU <»jLgJl y& (_£ I i ( _ s JLa
U~iiJU ^LpUip-VIj *Mjdl cr 81 ^ - (339 - 336 c^ 3
4^La-*Jl 8.L& ^p 4 JuaLJl allaj J^-b J ^*" 3 I
ojb^l .*_J_~J l5 Jlp Jj»i 1 jS) J-a-*j iJLJl j ijJLiJl
CT^J - 6 ij\ Lf iS’ p-A^ M ^1
o| t JL>J!^ . t 4j^*Sj ^^jw-vwo ^Jlp
^gJ-P \s.A JlSs-JLj ApLs^2LqJI L^jljj j3*-> 4 L&^lpol
jl^LJI j-*p i LJ_^l3 0 j-; jjJJI LiJJjo j»Li Lo_S") ^^LwvwJl <l»** jL»-^ J1
^JlS" ij ^ c$^*
t i! j jJij Ak ^ jJl c^L^Jl Jj>- J^Vp'VI
1 p
4 (^L*a)1 ^ajJl>kj ^ja 4 4wi^j ^\ jb^\ ^ y*
4— *1 f-Lp^ o| ^,k >- j g ^ 1 C*-^ t uiLS" j-^P j-»JL*_;
(jJ-ii f-Lpil5 a < jjJt a^L^Jl J <LSL;--tA5sJl
J^iuaJl slILa <J jS L^f 4 ^ oL^->s»LJ p. la.-" frLtJl
P p
j \ (^5 ^ ^jJ 4 jV ^ QJJ J a,/3 1L
* 1 ^ 5 4 j 1 j c i La.*> 1 1 ^Ll>| o^Lp! ^JLuJLj^ 4
1 ]\
185
J*
LuuvJJ a */3 ll ^ L^— 1
^ - *4 **
i^L^Jl p_lf> ^ J^J ^I^LoJl jsl ^ioNU ^>_w«^ j contrario)
Aj y^2. -*Jl cj li^A-^-L! JjVl v^ij jju ^L*-*.^ .A-w^LwvJl
i^UajJl aj^-JI jJJ j_<JI Jux-Jl jLL } ^ *±LJSj t
j^o J^LsXo ^iJlj t Jji-ljJl ^y& o3-L*j Jl-^j3^w ,^xJ| C^Llaul jjJJ
C' P
(^l) fJOJl a^a>Lwo I <. ( ® <u^ulx*^l
** I *♦
)? ^ yA ^ ^»J 1^ 4 A«*^LwO Lo *-J I
L^jLSC^ -L>tjL3 i a^wwoLw^mJI c^L^L$-aJI l a^jLiJI L*l X^a^5C^Lo^
♦4
<>* ^ . J-^UJI - 4i*>UJ! JPb ^iwJL;
44
p
^!j~Jl 4 O— L>WWW>- 4 l)^)L$LJL>
. A*^LoJL>-*y Ijj Ajj-*>*J( Aj j)-v^^ I ^JaJb A-**s^J} A3 j-*-*
( j-u l tjl ^xJdLLcJl LgjL^a Jj>tj a^_^Lw^JI A^*fjL^*Jl 0}
p p
jl o jlA ( j^o j ^>tij tjl L^^»j 'V t ^ JJLJl ^ul jij ^UaJl ^j-Jl ji
^3 j^jJ ^uuLwJl ^JjuaJl ^L A>~\ j?*iJ *Ljjl^ tjl U j 3 t tii-L
*
jJfc Lo ^Ju>tJ ^}\ A^L*l>*Nl CjUijI ^Jlj A3 j*-* J5 ( j-^ j>*-° ^-XJLJl
^S'Ajj <lJ l.tf.Lla , A ^y\ 03 j-P AjLUj 4 JuJb*jJJ Jj IS
Ajj^iJ! ^-^^jiJI cLUJj 4 a^^LwwJ! oj^olx-«JJ 3L>Jl Jl^LiJI (iUJJ
4*
^-jU-J! JIjjJ-I oyi 4 Jl.U-JL .(86.82 ^ c 1839 t c^j5)
J^-l3 Lg-o^kij jJb t jv^LiJl ^pLgJL^-'yi ^Ua Jl A-^L^Jl
^ p
^J| i I -S» «1 Ijjfc 4 ij jjJaxJl ^jlij ^.JLaoj <CjL> ipjj
.ijA-ySjJl ^iytoJU iLU ^1 i ^ j*J> y> ^Lx! J5 5Jl>- ^ajj^l
*u-ojL-wJ 1 a^ujL>-^JI Lo l^l c tiLta ^y*
<, cj jL> J <l^SCwoLo jJI jlpI j^JiJl j c^lJa^l ^Jl
*
LjlLwq a 3 JL>*-o A-j _pa-> <3cr^ * ‘“-a* y^
^4 . (ilj^Jfl 6^<4 t ^tvJW 5 jj f ^ 1 ^4 9 /
4* **
isi-jL>t^Jl JjuiJJ llax> i A^L^vJl .1/3" t la 1L (jl^aJl
186
^3 +& Si j La ^ p- g oLa ^Jl p— towi^5*lj jj «/? >cJL>^
.p^UJJ J *'& pUJl ^JJ>-I^ « 1 *,&. £-a p ^,*SLq,j pJlP ^-P Aj£*LlJ*eJl
4j^j) j-L>wa La*-S* _ p— ^L-*» >Xd p— L^Jl IA-a L)LS La
JlSLLj ill Si £jJ ^,-j-P t^SLSl ^ jUaJl j-s^aJl Ula ^ ) ) „ aJUjVI j
L)^^— <3-^1 Ji-L-a 1 l L^JwO jj 4— pi * +/? l l 4_w^L-w^Jl
•4 44
P
jNl J O^s^lj i pjiJjiJl ^pL<kJL>-'yi ^Ualil 4 ^ljj^JL ) ^ t ( ^Ja-^^Jl
e-Lp^l jji 4 ft 4_1 j Jw>Jl 4-pLLs^a_L! ^L*Jl pwLilU 0 j U a 4 j\ j*oJL*h\jj A-v*j1 j
4_P JJwU j->Li_a jj lg ; a \jjo 4 ^^UUl p_SUeJl j-jJLJ pJUS <LaLJ
^i«P pUajJl e-L>Ls^p^ t OwL^-1^ Aj^e-JwJl lI-oLS' L)j^ 4_j>^
^Jl pJUJl Ijla iS^^-L ^ Uww>- (systematiser Panarchie) {{ ^J> j-aJi
J^l.5 ^*^UUl p*_^_>sJl j-oJcJ pJijwoJl JJ^JcJL <]& J. : ./? a ii j-«-«
ft<L*ilj U^SU ^JSL] ^y^g-Ul ^Jl Jj US' t
.(68-66 ^ 1 1839 c^U/)
p»L^-J 1 *i i1 l^ L*^v*J 1 ^ ll ^L^— ol o|
(complexifie) JiJLiCo oJ>5’ *IJ -lip ^ULjI <uJ^i 4i-L~» Jl
•. , P
O^-A^e-Ul 4 _*ajU**J| ^Lal 4jLla_p| j**_P 4 <L**jU**J 1 pj-^-fl-a
P
J^i ls^ *■ )) ^ | A_la 1 ® 4 _j 4»a^-5L^fcjS ^
r*
jli i j-2Jl ^y^wajJl 1*-^-! ojLU^U ^s^jj
y,
t <U ^OijJi 4-a JjLa 4_^P Uj^- 1 ^J L ^ J 4^>-^ ^Jl 4_a^>OxJ 1 (1)V t aJ ^J^L a
^U-jVl ^-9 ^jJUwJ oUiLwUl L&^ljJLal (jl
L)l .L^SU; t aJ^U-UI vUU* Cuj^ (jti 4 uUi ^a j-LSl .^loL^jVI
U plj d—iL>troJi ^jla>c j ^>«jo 4 L^>- ^_w-^^vvJLl ^g^uU^vJl jUli
^Ji Ls^^J ^ oJl& tJ ^ j Ji aUJI c ^ypLoJi^l jjb
^ M
jjj^J ^jjcJI >- (politique de l’esprit) «^-j ^Jl
llS") >»Lj A » )a'.,a
188
(Jljo'iM ojjfc ^JjL» d)l 4 ^Jd»jsJLi_j .(57 — 50
J* y*y t 4-oj^>-La Ij ^_Lp ^ ^jLj>sJ| 0"^
£
^_>4 ,p jaJ o* ^ Lw<Jl Lf> j jj cc ^ i
^ Lg 1 i&r<> * ? ^ S , “i * O^ « 4^sP l-O*. *^ " 1 t- -J L$ • 1 1 ^XjtaAwOj^
4 JL 0 )) Sj^J-j jLUj ^ 43 ^ ,srfg.>cJl ^J_p La^Ijjl>oI^ jaJI 4-i-<wv-Li
4 JL 2 J — S' ^^o-UJl ^Hr? y y^i <■ (religion positive) «<ow>j
^^jLwo^/1 ^ULS ^a Lo 4jL>l^t*« 4jl^jJl ^ ^ *\Sy>
** ** *+
£ £
^t ^yPyA $ j>t-£ OjLapL> L 4.P Ls^l^- ! ^^<0 ^ tAA OtS* ijjj?
** £■ (.
G^jl— .*t«pl ^jAjIj 4 ^J^AJI 4^o ^1 ol^l
s>*
4_Jj 4jLoLw«J jliUif & j jlajJiJ lo>-^J ^0
. K cLUa N j
a jjJl Jp- iJi^J
tL ^i 4 p^a c^IjLj j y^ ^ O— ij-S* doijfcLo
•*
£
• |>Q l »^— S ' ^ ^ .». M 1 I 4— O^A-^j 1 C L^Jfcl o 4
^JU- Jl IjL»j> JjjjJl ^J-pIaJI yA A& y^>^A <LojA^Jl 0 AA
£ £r £
I^y2j £• L **P3 jy\j^~ ^yl»P cS ^ | 4 -iwm— o ^ ^.ImP ^\ lJuh
** c
<y ^~*ih c 4 ^ 5 L^>- ^aIa^j) o^Ip^-*^^ 0 ^J*p y yi> ju *x^~
& 4 ^
l^. *p jbj La L^JoLpj o 1 — »y ololp^
(L Annee ^J ^,j »i,«» j) ..., I I 4_J^_?»_il 4(JjSll ^L_o_«_Jl ^_s jj-y^
1 *♦
j\Ju*a\ { _ $ i-£' 1896 Ju-o cJU^ jjJl iU^Jl ^-fc j sociologique )
W *4
^jlSl 4»*^0 L>cj| iAA^oLcJl Ly g ->1 ^ pJi^wO JSs-Jo 4 «w^j^L^S/! cJL^jp'yi
*—$yX*A JwO o^Lo l C <Ls^w L^-S” Aj i L>- C»^ao
jiLJ t^j^a^Jl U^jj .l^^jj^j i LojilS - ! Igj
(_^ j-s^?L«-« .. \s - 1 jL j^JuJl (jJl
189
jkJ C L i - ) i I ‘ t | • -j''^ ^ ~‘*~ ^ * yj j ^ A
^ikji ^ jir ^.jUij v 1 — sW^ji «y <>Juii
4* *4
*1-4^ t (*-£~; jr* -^j ^ i^lwJlj L^J Jj>--£lJ L$is^>
^Ij-^Jl j_J->L2-ll (_j-9 ; «.<g * >s-<>-) 1 (J jjLitJl oLsi_ijJ!_J j ^jLtfJl
4* *4 _
£jy>rj (E. Levy) < _yLJ J->jJU->l Jj-*) (publicists) f UJl j j-iliJlj
(M. jjjjA (P. Fauconnet) AJ_^y J^j (G. Davy)
* ^
j-wdJj j^a \-J>->\ Jb>» J Lo-S - ‘ ((L. Duguit) ji j j_ J j Hauriou)
.(L. Bourgeois) 0 jJ Jl* tL-LwJl JU-jj iJjjJL! ^L.
^-3 4 ^^JLp ^-L-P t i-i-j fl-J
C ^W^L^-Sl ^ N^-i I Lwv^wj 1 ^ |Q| 1 1
L jJLj i ^ .axJIj c LgjL-^-^l
44
^ ^ p
‘ iljjJJ ^SCiD c L—L— j 'Ls^jijj JjI j
*• **
.iilbll
ccJj5j j*_il^5jji oLfJ! oli*>b?-VI L* *-ii J <jJj
P P
p
trfr> J^. U-f >wJ 4 la 4 ) iiljjb C-oLS" li| C JwjIa-^JLj
o 4»^wvjJlj 4ji JJs^ 4^J^)LiLwul U L»..^ *&Jj
<_rH ^*‘L r - i (jAijJl '-L* jl
(organe * jjL> j ><a-p» ( _ 5 j* LljjJl j! -iSj-a-il ^ .LljjJJ ^ j .,<g.p
liiUJ J^Jl ^j-w> «a-jsr» t eminent)
«4
^ < , la J U t 7 1 1 |JLft ^JjL>o jJS-jj . 4-j 1^ ^*^_P L&^wwo-j
J ^1 iwL- Lk LuVk^ 4.1 |«X-1 1 JnA* iwvAi 4 , ^ 1 4^J ^ 1 l
4* ** ^ **
P ^ '
4^-P 4 jg «A> Lj-Laj l)I t <L^jJj (j'b/l ^3 4^-Lp (_5*AJl O^LwwvJl
P p
jlj j * j-QJLa 4 - ■'V • j rj^y> JjJ-b» jJ>j) Ifj
Jl>-| 3 l.g « A a U jj 4_lj jJl 4_*-wJaj i ^Ja-Lv«w« ^ji\ Uj ^JJLx*j
190
j Lg 4 Ajj y3:*Jl <lL)Lo~* j*S> 4 j. *»JL j A^LSvJl
JjJaJLa Jj 4 4Jfc L l g .4h 11 QjJ j-s^aJl jj ( j-*jL ^-vJ)
’P
hjj+* L j*-* J . ^
4* 1 ** **
iJjL>*-« JjS" cLpxj AjJLaj jh> A^>-j 11a (!“'■'* ( _y‘3 -- a tJ
LgJ j LJLp SiaJL-# ; (definitionnelle)
l^uu^L^ 1 ' .* L$5 jji a Is, 1 ,*ibi .I! nA jjjL j c I
j£\ v-LJl <UUJU ^Lv-^JI iijliJl JU iiJuyci !
*4
P
.Sj>L*JI ^1 (.a 1 S'jJJ\ iJk LJl iu-jb ^ aJjJlSI cJ j*
.+. ^ ) 4^-^Lw«VL> ijjlJLa SJjLaJ <l*p *L iJl 4 diJ^
JuL>cxll Ijjfc (1)1 4(JL>Jlj .^JaJLJi o J l^J jl 4^*Ja
^ }i (i^Jl cJ^Jl J& i jjL> <Jj~& 5- <_^| u5^-^yr^'
■* " 1 * ** ** **
J *■ /3 ,) 5J ^.AJ! ^1 j-iL) ** SAP Aj iljfAJl *\£jxj <U3
Ji* 4 5^1 p Lfj oL^j^JI J5 ^ (stricto sensu)
i— ■» j i l j ^Lo^j l. aJ i i ^n* 1 1
j-wiL^a J^JL) JaLio j^jIj 4 4j^jI j p-LsApI)) i
0
4 1950 4pjL^5jj^) p-Uipl ^ 4 L^Jt <L^vjJL jt+zju Vj
IJ-A J-*j 4 ISl 5JjjJl ^JJI L« .(85
* * f,
ftllg.^^ 1 ) l la am \^a*/> jj i^\ 4 L^JaLiu S^Lq
*
djLxplj c aip ^giarjJl 1 . ^ i*5loj *)1 4Jj*xll oLj>- ^Jl
4* **
^Lxjj 4 4-^o L*Ji d)|
Sj^L Ldi^a Uali- i L&jLlpUj^ . ^5s>iJl ^1 4 0 ^li^jJl
fr ^ p.
(( 4 *xolj 4j>^Ja ) t L*L»I y^oJLi if^ t swLui^Jl i yJuu
.(26 ^ c2006 ;^jl^)
4*
oUaL^J^S' ^%Ju V 4 L^JLa jj <UL>Jl iJjjJt oL-_>- (Jp)
^ i 4 o .oLS^ Nj S^jU-
191
J5 ^ oljb^ll L#l .otALJ
*_9*}Li>-*'}n IJLaj .DjjJl ^j-yj l g '. <■; c_9^)bi>-'VI j-f^ L -* j
^^wa^Jl ^»UaJi jp JUlJI flkJl Ui. I 5Jl jjb
j£jd\ iJlA j-vi-P tojLyJl J-JaJU SjjjJLi Jt
♦* **
.(87 ^ 1 1950
L5Li J^Lb» aIaj^ SJjjJl cJlS’ IS! t^J
'■J^t '-V
ULa J>-b jj-Ll; oljl Jl« jl»
<( V^- ‘l SJJj^J ur®
”** *♦ **
.(85 ^ 1 1950
la .«,*) 1 ^A_, v ^l_>tJl)) o^w^Jl -t ^ ^ * c U—A
c— 4-P i ^ ■o. ll ^IjJlJI ^Jl
£, £,
t LlA Lft jJws^L4 Jj>cj 4j oj t ,0 I oJ^A jL^J>-
C" P
p-’j ‘ S:, j'j o-jjJsl J-Lb
w y^ny ** Jl ^t^Jw^Jl mLP-IjJS^ ^3 1895 4^u* SLo JJ
+* w ■ •*
(J^LSJLa*»Lj O^^LX^*jJl ^y>~yj jJL> ^xJl <L>-j
*♦ ♦*
iilS jl p-J^tJl IJ-g-j ia-43 ^Ja.J j-^a C-w^wJ t 4-0 j-dJl
^ *4
‘l^JlS sLj>JI (_$jl« jJisJJ Jj J5J!
Li^L'y 1 j ^LixjjLJl J-JLidlj olJiijtoJIj j^isLuNl y Lib i _ ? i >£jj
f- P l
^ y£*j ol 0^5^ t I p’l P 1 ^J5* 45 ^ 1
c- p. ^ ^
jJl ol . ^pLoJL>-| y^^S* Ls^
V* «• H **
i t 4 jJj^-*-> L— ^ 'S*~ ^jA ^w%JLw^Jl^ t
P
dr^ (ijlji^l Lfj <w>LiJl Jsj^LJ! ^
y 6 1 ! ~ '** ^5^ ~ .i 3wl_^>-^J! <jL«Ltf-i 0_j^
^ s*
c 1 . 1 ” a ■ ' !» i L
192
C5* 'U-ajUai- ( _ j 1p-
^J^aJI ( ^#) jlS jl^j 4 <Lo^iJl Js’Loj'yi
lilj .(46 ^ 4 1893 <. (De la division du travail social)
^ «*
t 1 (*UJ! *AjiJ->*jlS1 \Xa ^J-p L>^5^
*4 ** 1
LJlp . a~m 4jli 4 <pL>j*J! ^yiJI
•+
p
^jA dfcLyj A ll w j *,<?>- 4.J-P ^S\J j^JLil ^L-^l 5i
aJ jJlJLqJI oJl a d)| U J— & . 4-ljjJl
^ *
i^\ i j$J ^ ^ *|^>~ >»LoJU*U t aJji-UIj
^JIjJl ^5 t aS" j^<J\ A-jJt^>tJl (i)Li jJb lLJJj ?A^LqjP
oIptjNI IJl fc j_?*j ipL**j>*Jlj tA^L*j^»“Nl oIjLjJI 4AlL>eJ JlS"
p
^Jlp (JLx^-S"^ . a aLj^ jl
**
^iJl t tA-^lj^Ul oljtjJaJl £^jjj! t ctUi
c_JUJl ^J> I 4 . ^,,^a,>cj O^l^Lo c AjsJJa^o ojjL- 4 4 la 1 *,# aJjUJI
((Lft^L^-ji (1) tjt (Jj-> t C^l jl jJLlI o*A_A Ja_i_M2_J^
**
1 tal <U5(JL$Jl jJ~> .(85 1 1950 c p_jl
UaJ tj£} tiljjJt ^)l yt
iijjJl y <Ua^>JI O^AlojJl eJub yj *-£i
J*\ A*%JI Of>^ V^rVl 5L>JI ^ 0 I , S< yA.l l
•*44 •*
^ P
0^aavww<kJ 1 A^wUJ^Jl oL/k^tll Lj C La^-Xji^P ^g3
‘cr ^ 1
jLg-j>Jl j_a ( j^?L>Jl L» j-3-^ (^ j->-l t ijLufe))
iJb Lo Ulj tSL_>Jl fiJjb j j_LjLj COjUpI
^/| jj kiJUi j^9 ya ^U-jS/l LfclJUa
K c5J-^aJl £>-j 3-ij^ i)-*J tij-j'-J J-^-i
.(85 y> 4 1950
193
4*
jli» ^wwcciJl dJLgJ <->-lj^j j!>^- 4 jt-jLg-S’jjj jlSI ai j *<-c«oc>Jl
0 wLa 4 1893 4a-^ 1 ^Juccj^Jl J^- -^J^'
£, £
JjUaJl Lalj^a«w4 ^ (%-C-l 4^3 Ijp
c^ J I k„i *■*■** 4 ^^iAii* I'fr ^—ll^ ^ 1 j-3 V I
1 4* 44 *4
«(_$ j.Ji >Jl»j (mecanique) « ( _ # J'yi» /j-aLajJl ; Li j^j jj_va-*Jlj
*•*■ t« ••
. (organique)
^ ^L^xJl j_& j) <_£ jJLil J^/l ^UixJl oli oUc*jx>s_*J 1 (_yi
°'y^' LS^J O* CS^' t (4 jL1xJI
4* H M *«
£-* ‘ drrO*^ ti 5 >®J £~"'j t liili Ayr ye tJa->HJ
j^wOi-i LsJ-S" i J^ULoJU ^jjJl ^p ^J l ^ jj5_t >_ d.«_vj
* * *
t LLi?jj 4,.>^?.<s/? >xja»J I <^p L< ia>- N I 45l^>-l ^
ii^wJL<>Ji ^pjJl ia^ j-olJ J 3
~ ~ ♦*
^1 4j , 1 a ^ (_$aJl t ^^L>xJl yji^]\ L^ja^j c ju Jl>-
4_o*-s^> j_J I c Ji—fc jj~~jj .(46 1 1893 t |*_jl_g_£jji) (_5«i-!l
tiljjJl jLf>- jj-laJj jj-fr^ ^L»Jl tS^JoVl
jlJLUl L»jfc c (_g j-*a.*J\ ^LixJl jjiaJj ^jL^JI jl <iU3
** *•
tmr^
0 4 4^vJ3j f ^ 4 ^^*-i^wwQsJ 1 1 O^^Cv^wwO
iJS ~ ( l ii jJUJlw^jl) ^-«-<C->tJl ^y-P ^Jl
4* ^P> *4 *4 *4
L«J^ 4j^jIj LgJ'i/ 4 4 ^ aJjJJI 4j4iaaJl 1 jt , ( ^pL*a^-' S y 1
44
Lg-pL>-jL '"i/ U aJL>bJJ
® J U ^ J l j-® <jrH J* Sjio-.o A_^aJU- iZy* ^1
44
ikLJl j!) aJ jjJl «-Lkc-l ( _yai y .aJUx<> (volonte legislatrice) ap ^JL a
*^/|j) AS y» y~ *V c 4.a,lia o 4 (a^*>iL*J1
'^' 4*
P P
aja^sJ 43 -*“*^ J-! j-^-jLj ^1 I 4 J 0j£->
•4 ^
7r_^i3^ L« .aIa U^Llajl_^ ^pLwt^l Lu L^xs^Lp c L^xJ^Lix-aN
194
Jl
4^mU1j J <jr* 4 ll 4^i2-Jww4— ■<>>—) 1 1 0| • ^2-^Jl
** ** **
*UJI 4^3 N ^gJLJl ^^-oJL lLU jj t <W?U>-J S-S* C^^>\JLoJ
<LoL*Jl 5JL>eJl oJ-* ( j-p jL^-
M
p,
I JL^jjf *4jjw\Ji ^JlJ 4
£,
4,j^t-L-]| Lj^)Lv4J J *■ j 1 ^ S9 ^ 1 ^ ^ I I I-X^J ^ * * t (_) 1 4 L. ‘l |-> 1-lVll ^ i
d) i ^aJL>c^kJJ 4 _aJML4^>cJ I (•Ji .. . t yJ\jb toljJ)
t,~,-.<l 5 lil L> <Jl>. c JL5L" jJl . a * 1 ~.?1l o j_fc
jl .L«oljll*l J <U>aLm^ CJl5j iJlill j/vi
*4
P
^\sj Lg-jlS* c (ex nihilo) ^Jj^- c ^p oj^L^> c 4J jjJl O^AioJ
;j_«_^Jl o^LLajJL; LgJ ii*>Lp ^ e^l ^j^aJlJ*-
^ i ((^5" 4«>- ^ l *~ ' ~ 4 ^qJL>c^Jl
4^-» ^ JLaJ« J l "y^ 4 1,.^.- 3^ \_-0 ^aAJ J ^ ^ xJl 0 ^
^ ^ 44
J £* ci^' p-iW^j- 5 4 c sy^' 1 v*^J'
((^JoC-Slj (^Jl (^J-'-' , '~ 4 J-*’ m ^ »V*^ 1 ^ 4 i I
4JlS j£j3j Lgj la.^1 j~*j i(87 4 1950 4
♦ <cda*ij| c-a!x>b-^J ^ j*Jlx Ji i^\ 4 IgJJi^jj oIJUI oJ-fc j
^j-^j pj hi .4 *w^Ls,**J! 4 jg 1.^ ll 4 ^Jpj JbJj>qj o^LpI 4 LLfc
4 4waJUJI ijJJ6\ 1^>J-J^ ^ cL^lJb iJUp jl UpU iljjJl
^j^Jbfc^o jl)) tlJUi ^5 - ^- 4 oLi 4 Ug. ^1 -j-Alj pj lj>(j
J-; JjulJi Oj-^> jUj
r*i 4 1^. ^ Ji ^IjSlI
®J^r' Ji JJ>Jt jjjj^ij 4 IjL-I —
.(87 ^ 4 1950 tp-iLfS’jji) «-b-L>»JL; j^a^Li L*J
j-j-A c ^o-xju^o-ii ^3 s j->y ^ iji 4 (J^ <*}~y 4.*!
195
4— o i^i 1 1 J I *^-o^P ^— «—) -t.Xp'l^^ ( % Jt^
.IjJMUJo LiXa 4JpU (S^ 0 j^j <J"^ ^UL»JLj k 1
C-* Lp I 4-J^jJ! ^r -0 1 Jujfc ^ "-> (jl oj^cjj
VpI-O^ 4 ^lp t ^LgJ ^-Ja^p^JI La*Ls^2p 1^ ^lll A^pLgJ^-^i/l
^^>Jl *lj^4 *>Lo ^-<Jl i?LLJl Ja^J^ <jl j-jcj
^ p. £ p
>« ^ iLil 4*p ^ ilyNl jjSUti Jlj
oJl>- jJl 4_J jj~5 ^JUI (general-special) «^jU^J| _ aL*JI» j_*i_*Jl
i*
j_£j_*jJJ Uj*>L« J_^1jjJ! U-a -£j-~0j J-^h
*
^aJpj £tJ_a cPJk ‘*J LasL» (J-wJj (^^P-jJji j-<Jl
f p £
‘(3->l j-rr _*JLj jl djl j l^^ll ^ 4_>L_& oj g. >"^ A
~ **
4-w*j-^-*Jl ^>,yg i dJ^A <jJ . <L^ CjLaJ-iJl
t* •*
pjo aJLjpLlH ^p j L^J^iAloJ jLiUo! ^1 i o J->cJl 5 JjJlU a^UjuJI
p, p C-
.^51 4-^liJL; tLgjLw»l j-wwvjijj Ig *,a>*jj Lg-^3 LgJLlj Jj!jlxJI
* *
^CwO^wws J ^g_9 ^ L>-J^j-* Ijl JLa J-**-*-^ oUjLiJl yg 7 w IJL^-A
Lg-)j-^J t SJjjJl j^Ji * Jl 4j\$ cjL
.iljjJl 4 JJc<>j>' ^ajtAjj ( j» J l5LLj 4 ia-waJL
t*
# p,
AaA^L^mJI I 9 jA jl^
J*
L®Loj ioljhtja i, (jN l ^5 tl-AjLjLpL) 4j^jJl iJL>tj (^JJl
p, p
l^o.^,) oJ^j LgjL ^JLaJI
4^-^Lww%J! 4 laJ-4^Jl .ojLIpI ^-3 ^*ji-LL; ^JUI ^Jb^al.JwJI ^UsljlLJ
Lo\j$y\j ^ljj)/l li“>UaJl (J^ li“>UaJl
> 4 ^I^.iila.*.*.! ! ^1 I ‘.*-n J i - t ^Jflj 1 1 1 ^ ^ ^*p t^x<3 |^>J
p
; LoJ 4iiL>t-* oJpLflJl O^
5 P>^ Cr° lshW ^ j-^j
sf
J^ U^J j-UAj Jj iLs^jlp-
196
<ClJL> l o la.Ho JsUlJI lJU JJijj
y» d bbJ j .<— ij oijJl ^ Jl£JL
L» AjLjJaj aJJL*^ Aj j.-^.^J I 4_J_S" 0j£j (jl [Sjj j vJ ■'
J-* SJ-pLaJI (_s^5 t '-$- s LrH
*♦
lJufc j^JL>tj .yol ^7 U JuaJwa jUs>IS* JLijL^Nl
0UU4 JI a-J ^JJl y t
^Jl ajlJL^o (^JUIj (. jlaL^jJIj ojL^jlU \\
jSm}\ y> IfsJJ ^ c LgJlS
*+
jLwij & LJb*-s-a aJLpUII jlpI jiJl l1L^L>J
^-Lp ej^LiJi La>-L^“j ^ lg ^ ^ I,, ^ 1 •% >ri-*+*j
*(26-25 ^ t2006 «aU^j jj^d
j *,/ 3.; 4-P L-v^J^ aJjJl!! Jl>-jlj ^jJl>o JjJLo<JIj aJI j^JJt c^-aUuJI ^J-L^
^Ui^-NI JU«^Jl Jj-b aJjjJI aaJ 9 j ^
**
) (_£ j_ll JJ .,^3 « il j_Aj ‘ 4_i_j J_>t_j| 5_*—ib j_i aJ\ J J l a ) J
Ujup t^UJI i i-*> jji jlSI djj } ^(^Ij-JJl ->
t aJjJlJI j y aJs^LkJI c a-^>- jJ A-jjlj y° ^ jb
SjjXfi^Li L^ J l rv -N I ^-JilxJJ A^l_>c_<Jl la _,.*/? l L^
oJLA j t^ULaJLj c aJjwUI &L>J oL>l j
(Charles Onder) jJJ jl JjLi o y l y* 4*1^ LSI yiVl» jl (1)
t(Le regime socialiste, Paris, 1902) i^iJy (.(Georges Renard) jCjj
(L. Bourgois) jj ^^2 L&jj-Lj 4_*jwoL-^_iJl < u L^^ L iLll (_^1
197
_j oLp^ Lo j-&j (84 Q& c 1950 c ^Lg-S'jj^) oL>tJ
(2)
«<
*c5j^'j c5>^' L^i
Cxrb*^J J^i j-^-^ cS^J-L?
J-!^ c ^°
^3 ^yaj ^^LftljjJl I Sjb .L^JmO <^>-1j^J| <^P j JL»*j ^Jj>eJJ
j^Jflj (^0 jJdJ ^Jj>«J1^ ^->cjjUI jjhaL*}\ ^pLL c <1
** «t iT
o jiljJl ^3 Lx»o <JL>w<*J( ^3 Lgi^wU JpLojIj LjjljLiai
** t* *♦
JJ-ta <, L^jjJb" l*i*J L.S& jA\ iJb s& jjk j (•>' jibu i^UJ!
**
i j-jJlSjJU t (_£^j-jiJtj I J^jJI ^ JiT
(< * .
(^^jJLPieJJ l^)wLy^ £ t 4„^P ^L> .jJL^-lJl l*A-& 4 l-*^cJ ^Jul ^pLoJl^-^ l_g
^ ^LxJl 4^ .^L^l pJidJ -<J;lf}\ Uillj olill
iJjjJl jjJaJ ij\ <. U_pij‘> l u ^J_P ^ tj-d-i-U' ^jjJaJl Jjj-A
^J-J jJJl ^j-ww^jujl V^L^I O^j-jJl OJ>tJ t jp-ijl jjJaJj
jl jj I j-i-j lilS jl t-JajjJl l-L^J ijjJj^l t ^Jl jjjl ^-Lp ^ jb>tJw<^j
\ ^ Ifrl* ^xJLoJl <21 j I
** ** ++
aLI^j (U^Co l l^aJjbj IaJ-4j jlp
# ft / # ft w
j l*3^i»~l j '*** ^ j * ^-jLg-5 jj^ ^2)
, . . jjjJij jj-\ jx«) v>*^ ^ *~r^j->.Js^ tyi^ j.® jy ^ ury -tyJ-'
Jl il >Vl J-^i yJI «i?L^;Vl iJi;!» jl ^Uii j\ xe>\ ji . li ^ JLjI Jl j-i: Jj iWi
0
^ Jl */7 j' jJ-p jt-^-jL5j jU.^ t <ApLgJL^-'V l I g ■ a .jgj t ^a>JLo c LjULL L^- jl^azJI
^ ^ l. y? >a ^9^-4l3l LgJL^ V I ^si-pLiJl
^3^L>*i) jL^^vl ArtpLoJI^-'Vl u^Lp^qJ>c 11 i A& ^CwO j Aj^iAaj Loj^ (J ^l->* "bl I
. (^tJ[ . . . <ci»l^o t 4-Jj^ C 4.J^a 1, *cJjlp
198
iota j-iSI JISLiij 4 i^A*Jl ! taij&j t ^y>-
(jta->*^jJi?l iiljLA ; taj .LioL^ ojj-S'wL^Jt iJjjJI \
^iota ^ 3 ^ ^**3 j-bi Loj^lhA^-l c ii^jdl 4 jLsi? otadtaco ota - s ^ jL ^ w <»
. (Statolatre) «SJjjJU j\ «iJj.>)) I
J>Jl J ^ko: *ilJj ^1 iJbyiJ! **~J j-^' ^»J
M **
jvjL^5jji l oJl* j) « jj-j^L^-ii^l)) j
^J^jtj CwO ^ j ^oJLwa 3^ t( 5 jiL^y'bl!
4^-wJfl Jl*jIj j\ (c.<.lS>) 4^S'}kp-\ j\ jJ JJJ jijl A-JsLa
jli t (Herbert Spencer)
(3)
jSy_ U-S - u ^- jJj-jj
^i_P ^1 JJJo j-g_s t (. * . ) ^-dJt ^-Lixo ^ ^-iJl (3
*
.(88
1950
$r £.
L j-vJl j-^J ^ J_ykL>- ^talo bh l +&S.4 a. )
** +* ~
sLj>J' <jLp j IwL^ (donne en soi) <ulju ^^kj^Jl j yd\ J^>*j
£
. i^J > j! a - w - Lvj aaJ»^ ^ j^o iSjjJJ ^ti^o ^ t <upL^>-VI
< JjJL > sJl Jj>-ta c ^*-0 Oj 4 OwotaL* j
; ip yill oIj^LJIj jt-pLi i^>- Ji«-ta J ^ — bll
i3 '^ fc dJ J ^ o' <JjOJl jji j|i»
j -ta* ^-o ^L>cJ ^1 ipj oljjL^Jl
4jI J5 ^JUI (jUaJl JiLi>tJlj
•(89 ^y> 1 1950 t^l$Sjj.>) ft jA L 5 ^ 3 l 5
« oJ 1 JlS J c J++*& pOb I ^MMrW^ (3)
(A. Burdeau) Lf^ ^J) Essais de morale , de science et d’esthetique ^ j-osJ-L
(3^"^ 4 -J-"-j (_£l ; 1913 *4X*a> jJij 1 j^*s2 ^ taaj UajIj jk Ji ^1
. B^jJI
199
j j^Ja'.L) j j) .<.,r? j dU^
(.>1 i y^ c/i?^Lj L^jL^?jj) o^Ld) ^y b L : .^
a la 1 *** 1 JtjJL>“l ^£*AJl JtaL«-*^aJt i jJLS^L? ^51
Uj-i-l L« IS| IjUb) ^yU-oJl ^gJL>«-oJl ^3 LgJli-JuJj 4jjjJl
<* p, c ^
L yg^Jj^j ^1 UL- I^La ^L^id ^y-*j
t 4^_>- ( y^3 Ajy* ./? i JJ^S\ lA_ft JJL<» ^.J. la ~s2 u
iS J*~\ t— 4 jUs>j aJj^JI jijj £*\j ^r t — -a- '
p ^
<j yS^ ^Jslj aJLp 4_^_>- *«L»Lj A-wwL^i aJ( J.P j^> Jij ^
L^iJ>t>fcj IpL^uI^ bJw*j <*L*3 jfr t Lftjylaj ^ys iJ jjJl
** •*
{j^j^ SASw^xJl jjl>tljj *LgjJaL^j L^IjLjuN Iv aA i j
p p
A-wO— & ! (jl Lfc^Lfl-0 kZ^J J-^J J y^-s-^*» L)L^aJ ^-0 SJ_^JLw^-4
oL^ww-oJl v^L*-*oJL>s-<kJl b^^JL>c_^J 1 0 Lj>- ^3 o 1 jj-cJl
** **
t (^^>-1 c-djllgjj ^LiSL) aJjjJI olj-j j^ju yJl ( y*
1 ** ♦*
*^l jiVl yo (JjLjJl oLj y >- J ^£3 yaJl i^LtjJl Ajj->- (jL^-vi AiLJgj j^P
iAoyl]l jl^j yJl <— ^>Jl 0^5 c JmjJLj
%♦
0
# JJ J -| O^J^i l5A isL^I C~>-jS~<l»
^ P
^3 (Jj^Jl L^oJjJxX^I Lo UU (_5^ AJw^o aLA-wj ^Li
aJjjJ) oUj>-JLj aL-LJI oJla Ju^2j3jj ^ Lg-Lol^j
<(l ^^ Cr® tl ^ M tCJ ^ *y
.(89 ^ 1 1950 t^jL^5jj^)
P P
oLsJ>“ ^3 c-j 1 j->Jl aJ 150> ^y2-ljaj ol t AJ>- j jJg^l oAjfc JyO
O^L^zXd'yi ^^g-1 « .,«? il oAjLii jv_a^l
(ipso diJi p-I j->- 4 (355 _ 343 ^ tl839 icJ^i)
c. ,sa\~el j .j), p j^J t_is jJLj 4-^-i 1 4 J jJl)I jLgj*- ^iL>wj»l ^1 facto)
p ^
C <Jl>eJt 9 . Av^w^lg aJ L>- AjI^oj Q aLi 7 T^../? i C L>eJ O
V 4# *4* ,y 4* » 4 / 4^4 M •% 44 * **-/
200
i a^J jjJiiL lLU^j i iloJj>Jl ^jjUl <1)1
>* =■» f
I y>\ (atavisme pathologique) L _ s ^ J _«Jl ^IjjJ! ilJUjVl
4* *4
iwAjllij Lul^i>- L-*-A^ 3 J I j^vJi j JulioJlj jAjJ
^x-^o Li jj <1)1 .i^UJl ^AjiaxU dUiJ^ < aJj^aJI
, C A*o \ ^£t3j jr^' ** ^-v^AXi!
♦4 *4
^^Vl Ulfc jLif’l j fcayUL 4...». ;; laJl (jjA>Jl
.aJ jjJU A^*-*»JiJl ^1 4,wr ■*■! dX !'^ A«w^LwvJl ^l^i-\Jl ^Lp
^Ldl a^>S/ ^J>^l ^ ^ ^ ii* ^
M 1 *4
A-oL>“^j^ 6 j-pJL) La A*J( ^JJl A^jI^ jjL!l )
p
IaL A2-LL< kJ j^j ^1 o-jjjsVl ,_y& j ‘ (mystique de l’etat)
44 44
£ *
^JlSC-JLj 1-^ 1 P Qj^w4ww4J A-O J.AJI lX^LjLaJ! I i,U JU l>>^
9-
t ^umLw^I
oLi-5! oJ^ jLpt-j| a_^jLx_4 aJ jjJl j j-\-$ (. . . )®
^9 L»jj- 5 Sb^l jA ijiJl oV 4 UL>- *Lf-La>-Vl
** 4*
aJI . A^y g 7 V ^xJl J t 1 ^-jC ^-Jl 1 ufULr wLjjilj
£.
.oLwPj 4JLoJi-Pj J L>t» J^l ^
p p £
Jjbj VI t J_p-lj * ^pJLj Jlg -^ * ^J_p Liliw <1)1
44
CpI A-^Jj ^3 t Ul* AjL*^ j-# ^LSjLJLoJl
.(90 q& 1 1950 1 ^jL^5 jj-^) ^
pp
ol^LS" jl A-JLmJ^o AjLi_S" aJ^wUI A. < .«^a.lJL) c j .,/g X ll Ijufc j-^-P JLdJ
^ Aii^^tJ^jLJl t- -*i 1 * sy - 1 1 ^ ji P C AjL^Ji
ft
dJl5 A^»Ji>i l^J t A^O l«3WC%tij I I -*- 1 ^■5' 4 . I ‘ ‘
<1)| * w Apw^j^aJI I
<j jJJl ^L_J! _ ^jjjfe'^LJl j jp.,^? x 1 1 Ijjfc
*- 4* ♦* _
4 L ^-«jJl -LpLxJI IAj*> ( j_« ^_pjJLj 4 ^_iL^5jjj 4_~ww»- J->^j 4 ^bc-
201
y- <L>«jUi t (anomie) jyUJl ^>Lp ji y
**
4 l^Ja., ; ^ jp O^JLJI iJbyUI y*s-j AjoL^iSVI
JLAL*jJ 4 <doj^j*jl O jj 5_}| ^AfwLflJ 4 ^ 4 _L>wLcJJ 0 J-J Jj>* <bLp^ cJ jJ>tJ
^JiJb t LsaSU Uufe JJij 4 cLllS ^aj .iiJLia^Jl
cj| . 4JL> JL>cJ i d-J 1 ^yP L q J L>- V I ^jLdJl Jl&J j) la ;
** ^
^xll 4_pL«->tJl ^JJ>-b ^ Lod)*V L ^wIp U ^SL>^ <> j> ^aU j) */? *-*
Lg->eJLd^^ L^jLlp 4 IfrV ■a^j 4dJfeL« l^JL« tXd^wvJ
yj ‘^dJl y tyUi^ JaJii yu 4jU 4 LLJl
0 0
1 Ja»b U~2> lj~«- <.£~Sj>j 6yLo
^ 3 jjQPxJL iJHa-oJJ 4 i yL^ jjJl O^jL&j ^ylp
~ *♦ r*
l g i-ul^jxU 4 JlSvJuj LmsjI Lt^ c iOj-iJl
V ^ 1 <>r» y® 1 ^' y d*-! J yUy-Vl JJ-dJ
^ j-iil 4 a 5" ^UiLoJl O^LdJl ^j-i*jL>eJ oU 4 iSjjJlj
0
dP I jJa_> j 4 ^ a d > r_oJ I jJa ya L^aJLw* ( . ♦ . ) ®
^jJl^Jl jj\*/s <v 1 l ^y\^t}\ a ^ ‘ t y>~ jl Ij-fc
y oy\j ciUJU djSJ jl dj* 4 (l’etre collectif) yAj»Jl
** ♦*
'y 1^3 4 O^Jstj ^ ^3 ^y-W-S^O A-J { 1
♦* ** I **
.(92 4 1950 4 «Ul>- <i Sj^-5s3l
^yi S^LjJI oL>tJL jjiaj <l)ji 4 cSJJ^
i>tjLJl J?Lo^l $ >L^JJ
' v* Vfr
iowdJl AiLSj ^yil Jbl^lJl j^jL Cd>o) Lg-P jJo j Ca
t*
* * *
Lf^^o 4
p
Jd<K-» ^y Lft j*s* ^od>«-^Jl p-Ls-ipt 4-spL cd^^dLl
jl 4ii| ^*y : d •( y*-*? (y [» ^ (i^j^
y>i) JjVl ^UJI y yL> y Jj ‘Ly <J-^ V 1 ^ 1
202
** £.
*-iUaJI *XJL>j ULil jA Jl ,fr^-> yf- ^jS- ^LijJlj 4 jO jjjJl
iLpL»j>-'yi JlSw-Nl jU IJl! t(5JjjJi sZj'fe-xA (intrusif) ^jJLikJI
**
^-«L^x!l c^LjJ <. <^>b jaU
*♦ ^ H
Ju>-^ 4_Jl ^JU! *Lob jA-ll C^ L JiLp 5 J|jU 4j>- jj jJpVI a*b&
5J jjJl i^aJLIp j j j^. la 7j *L*->b j-iJ-J AjijJL<»Ji jpjwX-d-lJl ^ajUjlSI
«LoJil3 CaLsJa^^S 1 *,& yj 4-0 j-tfJl (Jjbj . Lg-jlJg.l **)J
j\ p. * la \« 1 1 Ja.-»j (J UjLipI i <Cab*jM iob jjiSl cJ^"^
ijjj^jij j \ jiVl V ^jI t lLUS { ja ^Lau^jj
♦*
p
1 4-iUa^Ji ^^Luui
1*L& jjl sl3 i J 3 L 0 JI 4>- o^Aj I 4 jL^oJ|
cjj +&j>- o^cJw^ ^xil <Lol^^M 4 - 0 j-iJ! c^bM-^-U 4 aJl^ 3I <Loj>JJl 6-A-A
**
6bJL>o Jh^b (omnipresence) j»bJl
^L^Jl f yA M£ t <u y^&S' 4_jwJ ^Lj^VI £jS! jJl
0 t Lia jJLli ^ S*AjI^LoJI
*Lu 1JLJ| 4*4«Lwbw<*Jl IgA |j--4 4jLl^J I ^ J&JI
jwiLojJl l-L^J ^lxx5 ojjju ^^JLi! l-L®> jLjlpI t . *>- (^^Jl *j* j-& 1*5
j£} .iJbjiJJ ^L^-'bfl JSGiJ! jj jlal iJb***Jl
*• ** *v
v iJj jlU ijjJijJ! JMi- Cj^j L ciUi U jjJ IJla
^L«Jl j ^jj-jIaJI j ^jj_ixJl jLi ^Ialix^^L
♦* ♦* *•■ -
.^j $ jjb c U5 <uj1^
^U^-'yi JjUjJI JajL oJijk Ji« (»^^51 jj i yd\ jL5 U
f. P ^ p
Aaj j»J 4 J-15U jiS't b^^g P 1 ( ^ hXjj 1-jm A bu^W<». ^ i
ft £
j» <> l ku . t l ^jA i j^ r ^ a Ja^jJ bj-bj Jaii Ju t ^j-p cjLp
t LflLftj Lwol^ o ^bLJl 1.L& oli
. (j£.jJi t j^S**LoJl ^JaA^Jl
203
oLwj-Jl j\ ji I ^1 Sj-iL* JS’ jli 4 4±UjJ»
fir
iLLS j*& i ^jjs a <?»il Ij-^J! ^1 p A*£'\*<*s^- S )l 1
(j» o\ Iu5Uj V ^>>*-U (• ■ • ) •'>Wj-k f j-U 0-5j
* p ✓ ^
4 dU Ju »-Ls CULi^ . 4-JLp LoJ 1 ULm/v ^
( ^Jl <U^ j jaJI A*^sJ>x-Ji}\ ^ ji}\ j ^a Lollajj J^LijJLJ
V*
frL^g-i l il J^ajj (y^Lo-i N LsJlLa) ~ sli? j^w«wU V
«_y <. 1950 ^LfS'jji) «Ji-b ^ ^JJl ^Lj-oiJl
.(93-92
^U.^1 ^yii Ldl Ig-ic pyb yJI aJUI 5^JU~<J! JU ja U c Til
j-Jl i_y^ ^ vJ I <u*ijUj ^Ul {£jj j» i^JI 4 ^jJUJl JlxjlU
*bf JjwJl o' 4 Ijijl Sjj5juJI 4^-I^j o' Sljl LfJ-p
C5* Ji ‘(H^^ b* «r*^ **r\y
9 - &
(jjl 4 ®4 j^jLj C-* Lp^-<» .>tJ? ^ —J la* ijJ j-'JlS' (Jj^l pU j I
f
0 L&jLL?| ^5 4 4 ^Lm*a^^ 0 jl Ij^J^tJL}
. (/*-H . . . 4 4 4 ^-LjLp *-^->t-)) *-**Jw>c-<&J I fLsipV
'W' %» •* t* tt ^ - ^r-
-p
4 1 ^ ^CvwJ <J^LpL^,>tJl OiAA (1)1 4
J*J5j>cJ ^g-3 4 0 jJL 4J>tJ>“jLlA Cjl>-bu 4 v —
l ^ « $sj h ^i5^P £^**0 S L-« j%. J-Jp t frLsip'V
<• *»
4 Lm2-*-J L^ Jzljkj) ( jS^ JL^a jij^lj l J y>- ^1 L*J^
j*_£pL J^~\j ^UJl Lg-^Llaj L^jL^apI ^\ 4^1^^
* (uniformite gregaire) 4 j jl!>- iJa^J
cHo^ 4y Lp U>X>oo> JS" o|»
0
o-*J (» ^ _Lp SJ_ftL>- J-<^-*-'
ji i j«*Ji ( Jb A^°J 4 '-^-Sj-^aJj L* j-bUj cJj-UJ
^ c-
J U 4 L.i' JuJL^ul ^OL*j o' . ^-^. ' .. P jwLs^iJ
204
LJU? j I {j* Jjsxj £jL>Jl <J-*
(. apU*_>J| <*_$ jjs ^j_>o <LfijjJaJi o J la ^Jlp J> j-iJl 4X*ijJ C^j
*
(, Oj^ J—S— * j L*_--L? ^_a oJj L o 4 JL 3
*•
iJL>eJI oJl^j LpIj 0j£j .L^JLc- jl>-^j ^yJl
Jjtr- 0 c J^b ^ jl t Lg-^jLijj
ft J^jj-JLJI oJla JJ? jjJL-LJ ^ LgJ t(JL>J!j .^LjjbjJ
.(96^ 1 1950 tpjl $S jj.>)
jpL^gll ^1 - La LfcLiL^ j ^dl j^j-<Jt iS’ ^ j>J( ^^JIp j
** +*
^jj»w<J 1 isy>*j (segmentaire) i^L«JL»l i-L; !bL*_*JI 4 _w«j^>JI
(JIjN ^_<J l oJl_A J ^>0 (jli _ a j_JiL_a_]l 4JLC - a
p'LoJLtNl jLWl j -g-b* l) 1 Lg .1 ^^-j ^ 4 4-^jb j-iJl
p
• L^w^cAJ taX>s^^ jJij 1 ^L<>w 0 ^y 1 ^ yA -i^j^*.** c ^nA^*w 4 kJ 1
p
i y>*-<Jl (J yu~<Jl Jle- ^jJaJ 21 iJta jjjJl ^5Ll^ jli t ‘ 4 -Lc-j
SJL*U ^^JLjJI ^^L-v^aJI ij c 4j j^»/aj| iJ
*»
aIID ^1 J _ r *^J L 4 JI «, 5-jjJaJ C^vJ iJbjjUl jl»
cf^J •J'*'^' r 1 ^ <-^'
4 4jspb-^>“Vl o^g^-'bl! ^$j obbJl ^3 jjjj ^ 1 g « 1 p 4 aLj
O^L^ jbiwaJl ^Vj_^ (1) j_^LJl ,+. ^ >J| LLP! ^LoJLaI (1)1 j
.(95 L y? 4 1950 4 j*j IgSjj^) ftlgJ <uJ % }LJl j
j*sP j~Lo Lg-)^3 4 4jj-»lSJl ojj O^i-b U^
. L^_jlJb LoJLLP 4 L^jLsA^I t._4f>l j-o 4 _jLw^j J- >tJ ** bfc
P r, T
(j-^jj -IpIj ojLpL<i^>tJl oJi-g-i la * j j-<Jl j^2_*Jl (jj^j tjl s 4
S-pL*->- JlS* (_5^* 4 <L ^%u3j CLsJ jJl ^3 Lg-XP ^jUJl j
LsJ^ SJjjJI 4 jiJpj ciUjj ^JLSCJl J^“b
205
J* J—- v iJjjJi a* ji . jj ^ uji j, y luaJi y v
Jl J**->- o j ^ t t j-*560l ^Lp J-> t i-OjxJl oL^Ji
✓ «<
^w»Jl IAAj . K4jjj 16I d^Lp j-q«>c-6I i-ijb ^j-0 4 -JLp I ^JsJLw *.vwJ j
*>• Iaj^j £• jJI iJla^iLl i^h^- £**>" ^ >*
*
iJLfc ^,-jo j „ L^-JLp ^-LvajjJl ^Jj 4 **pL**»J 1 ^^-%pLo^>tJi o^Lws^ 7 j 1 1 ^
jjAiJlj <J jjJl ^--i-PAjj jjJaj Ja->1 j6l ij-*Vl
^aJI JsjI j61 3^3 t 6 JJa 5 Lft^LjLpLj 4-63 jjlU yjjuJij jyj-%
** V* w
.^USfl ^LJI Jij,
%*
^jJsSj t 4 -j j„*..*/2 J 1 4_Jlj^/ oA^>-jJl 4 JLw*jJ1 6}^
*♦
.iljAJi J^-P j-fc 3 jJt>&Jl cA^fc (jL> jl j3^s/lj ^3 jjflJi
C-4j Uij JuLoJ? *^jL5 ^ Aj
^>5-5 jl o j5JJ ^/a-5 tf j dLta ^^_p ^ cjjj 61 6 i iJjjJI
3j 5J1 ^hL* t iJjAJl 1 j?"7 61 6 j* t j^^-^fl lJu& jj k»" »
L^J^LAj l)1 jIulpI ^J-p ^ ^ jaJJ L>~Ll> i La 6 jis-m**
^tjjbJl ol5 La l3lj .3 j5-LJ j j m=>x - a ( j^L^»'i/1 ^3 jjt>
&
4-ul3^JiJl j6#»v® C 4 — <— ,-m««iJ 1 436^^-11 oA-A („ Jj»j2j ^V.^3 ^» ^>imiJ
6JJ3 a5jJ £jlijJl 5 j&1Aj 6Li ciJjjJl jL^«j 1
IL.^4 3^61 615 iJ jjJl cJl5 IU5 31 .(...)
,(93 ^ tl950 Cjt-tLfS jji)
c 5 J jJlU iJl ^JUI 4^615-5^/1 jt-jLj-S*jj3 6 j->- i 1*A5jb
4j j>- i 4j j^") AjOjaJI CjL) j_>6J 4-w6-^o 4jLo-s^ 3 jJ>e-« UjLxp!
IjjJij!^ I 6 j3 ^3 ^Jj>xJ Lo j-ft j 4 j
CAj3yaJl jij^J L J^ iijJlU 4 jL1?jJ! Juju <*JlS
L& ^jl; 4 — *»jL^o ^>a L^j13 i 4-J jVl ^j-o> *,&«} I^jj5l3
t dlUJ .jAJ* JX5o pJu 615 ^JJI ^sldl J^J o>Jl ^ ^yblj^l
206
JL>- t oL>Jl jj ^3 l^J >■ JJ jU
♦* •*
p
1 ^ ~ g j <jli tilJj ^J-p i qL « la St j-° c-jL>- (_^t Ajli
4 1950 c*jLfS'jji) «iojUJl (tyrannies) jUtkll JlSLil y» ^Juk>ci I
<--ii (_^ JLJl ( _iL>Jl (despotisme) pIjiojNI IJla 4 (98 ( _^s>
** %*
ip j^sj) l ^ y^> j-o j-iJlj <^LJLfcLS^ .JJLio ^jlSI 4JjLv%^3
i* -Vi 4*
0 1 ^ ^ A ^ Jl^wU C . .Jl^J! 4^_L>c-^
jjJL» L^LJLs c ^JLq s^> ,> iijjJl jXo\ ^ 4 j Jj>*j
1 * * ■/* it 4 idU J j aS^XS J. .a la.il Jaj jj 4 la « « j jJl
^UiJl ^Lp 4jjikiU_Jl Ujl>«j ^1 oJiJLiJl s^JbU j:UJl
OU15L.I ,JLp coL^>JJ ^>Jl io^Jl j>jLj US' 4^^-Vl
H
l LgJ Ja t olpljP-^aJl AjLfc aJjJLII ^ J ^
ir?. J-! ^ ^-5i-* oU-lj-^Jl aj_#> -ij-aJ jJ
p
. (^Jl • • * ^ - * (j ^ o>L»L 2 j t 1 w4_a_^ h >' c 0 ^**> 1 ) cij I
Oji y!\ C^-° d-f LaJi>*Jl) ^Jl
4*
.cbLia JiLio
4 A_Jt j-wJ _ <L_pL«JL?-I 4_J,sL*_« ^yJl ( J_^<9 JJ 4 1 Jl£_A
4-JtajjLil jj-j La 4 <liliJl a 1 JJ g ^ y. tl o jJlpLsJI LgJ Jj>- ii
ia-jJ ^-P 4 iJjjJl 451 yL^I J iJl^JUi
a Ij..,. * j jjl i *jtt. g tl 4 j jjLJI lIjLp jaJ^aJJ
JjJI t oUjuJJI : iljjJI *>-jl . 3
“S-
0 I 3 % ci Ui*
a^w^J^jsJI oL^pJl ^3 ^-JLpIjsJI Jo ^L kJI j_o Ll> vC" ■ 1 ^ >•
oLLkitJ! ^^Lc- ((^UixJl)) ijidJ c^ju-;-* Jls j .iiJliJl ojj^j>JLJ
207
)jj <*-LJ
* i. * i
C-
Aj j ! ■ ? ■» ■) 1 ^| *\S2.A *) * l */3<t 1 C 3 ^ 1^
*♦
V^' <_^>'^' a* < ‘0 /9 J^ a ^ '■*-£? (hU-^JJ- 5
f-
(JjhX^wJl 3 | 4^wmL»i aj J&j a^kaLwm^ v^woJlS <L++>" c o^LIJa>cJI
J^ 1 Cr* t °' J - ^J° o*
c^ljLiJl <• 5j l ^L,^? aJI ^a LSil jj^o aL*j>-j jt-^lIaJ
J^»J : c? A J 4 W~H ^ fjUa^ CJIS - ^1 0^1
jW-*J ® ( j-jJiLrfaJ3'yi# —i j*_a^C’X> olS (j-j-i-il
eJLgJ Zij\a:<J\ iejJl isLi^^l *,« ‘ (^wj^SjUJl)
^1 (J *Jl j-oLaJL itfLwJl o^Li^jJl c>m-< Jii j .oljUJl
A_*.w ^ ? Aji jji3l Ajj^tJI t^y- 1 (3^J JsjI jJ A^lil Q. ~.. < N^
•*
(^ jJUJl La <Ulv2-iLJI 4 j^»Jl (ji jjD! JiUcJI
M **
t Ju\yLo ^pL^_l>-i J^J3 j C AjIL^aJI iJ^LjuJl A^-*-jJlj
JLjJL>*j lolp^j ^«JL>mJI iSjjJl AjLJ? j ^3 JjJL>- ^jA j^ijcSVj
•LS^J L cr*'^"' W^j-^ jir?J W^-L*
♦*■ «
^^3 ^Ji j*L*JI >JL ^jLuJI cJ-ft cJL>tjj
jUsxjL 0j->l5Jt j-* JjJ->- jjLS cJ L^X-^3 ASwj
4* ••
^-! jjlU o J uJwL>Jl a^jJLiJI <. c jl^LJ 4 jl^J
| ^ ^ ? LwJ ^J| Aa^*>*hiL$^ C l rO> ^ 1 Ap 4 «/^-^^>i J i 4 ^ ^A ^_Ss.^TlJ l
« ••
li ^ ^ i? 0 w\j t-i— ^C— 1 1 l ^
Oj-J ^Ltf - oJl ^3 JuA^a-jaJl ^>-j_j I Oj->Li-!lj
/
^^bJl jg *«*.# ^ j. ] a\a AjwL^JL o j^iLwa Lp^jl* 1 jj>-jjj
tiJJij c aJUJI aJjJl! Atf-^Jis JjI s j jJL ^3 t j^v«Jl^ j-J^p
4<
. ft^oL^alJU Aia- 4 ] J>^?-
(.
^L-l jSJcl\ C^U^J tLljJl ^ JLil
208
'^jyS JaiJi aJ^LojI JoJUo
H **
£, £
,_y 4jjjJJ (^Lo-Xp-I j (j£jtal (_r^^ *4®^" L$j>
j^UxJl jUt« ^y ijPlojjJl jj^> ol jjL JSLij
i(litiges) oli'^iJU /»jt>LuJl jJucJIj LSUaJlj Jl.^jVl j i^»waJlj
C-
jl j ^yg>&j o^b^-l a^SCLoJI
aJ^jJI aJ^JL^ <up^ j*~ j *3 Ju^Lp^j 3jIp| (.aSjIU!
f.
^3 O-* L^-ft Lwww^J I ^yjl o^-LptS ^1^- ^ ^»<>nX>c^J|
(Leon Duguit) j jJ OjJUJl \m jl*J t _>Us>Nl UL*
*•
^yJt «j^L5 LJIUI U*JLi!U jOJ ^ J_*_* JLdJ .(1928 _ 1859)
tS^UJl cuvixS! U^j c^ jj4 ^JI ^SCUl Ji-b iJjJl iJaJL. c .1
tiJLJl jJLv^ LftUl ( t A-oL^Jl ^1 4-0 j-dJl tSiljVl ^ j g ^ jg ^jLp
(_£jJl |j-w<jJl 1 -La jj^uj . <oL^*J I Ijl^ JLc, l 11
c(l^i^JL*_o j\ ol5 L^JLa) JiaJLJJ ( ^ 5 3*}bl?Vl a^1_p
j. ^ ^
W jUs-J J*l {j* 4 (instrumentisable) Loj^ JL^jC^^U %li
\jijy^$ Lx-A-i», i 1 o<-i_& ^JljL5_>o . ^ jpr - 1 ^-Lp <LtapL^jL>-1 4-p a^L^sJI
Uetat, le droit objectif et la loi positive (1901), et Letai, les : j-* j (4)
gouvernants et les agents (1902),
( JJ>-li 1 ^ ««««.*> I oLaJJ^-l® aJLwI. jJa.‘J.I ^jja j - J L k jj
* L 1 fil l ljL 5 vjji i. l ^ */> j& i ^>bJJ 4 j 1 *«J 3
(M. ji jjA tj^ijy 6 £-° a]I Jj>xj aJLw^I C..ja.».jji aij
aj jiaJ jJjJt aS\ Ml (,jj £ ill ^j-fili ^ .Hauriou)
Ajyiij ° J^ 3 aJ J jjl <JaJLJ Jl j.^-all LgjLsCstfjj C^.yJ ^aljJl C-»La jji-l
L^JJi L» ; (Jlj^Jl ^JJl) A*pLftj^Ml aajLJlI jL. h . < i j LfcLto
oJ-Aj .A*jjil ol — -3II »1 > M Loj t®LwoLsAi®
0 jj-S'iil ^ j-J => ^11 ^Jj-gJl jl jJ[j L*wb >- j ^JLJlSLSI ^ *Ljl
m -*
1 1 ^‘ a ^ya L £*>•'*$<*0
209
- I., ^ Lj 1 S^L^Jl J ^>~ a^wujLwwJI
*» 4* ur** Jjj jJz. jj^aJ jlyl £~~>-
£*&.*+* c iL-LJl oJugJ Ll*i L^ : .Uj t J jxJLj ^
f. 0* p.
l^L*l oJlpLlaJl o JlA Jj>xJ ^jJ j . J^>Jl SJLpLSJ |JL»JL>- IJLw«
U5 ; a^»w^ jJl Lg-ilio-* jl LjJ I Jus^v^nJ SJ^jJl j*cj*5 S^L-wJl
*4
.&'«** II ^1 jl jiNl
Jl *JljJl J-?-b ^L^S/I Uut JL»«J Jj $ tjUa_oJl jJ^-T
✓
tww^fc-^j .dsJwX>t3l ^3 *Jl C Lw^JLp 4j l_3
; JUJI J ♦jtisNl l*Lfc i aJj jJl 4^P j-J/ aJL5ww« ^jJaj (I) I
S^LiJl J a lg 1 ^ ) 1 ^_5li j ^yo <L*Jilj ,3 j->w° jJL-J dl
p
• ioL-w* ioljl ^P AjiX^A j I A,ljL^» l ,g « Q,«j 2 j
^-JaJjJl J->-b 1 4 : : ^ ^Lsg cviiJjJ
l)j-^» (^jJ! j-J-SJIjj
SJIpIS Jd?xJ w I Jjt Sj^LuJi Ajj^2jJ| ^Qki L»Jd>- ( /j-J>-jJUwO
p
Alal,.o ^jJj L^jI .iJiLloJl «UA*lSl eJlA ^9 LgJ j * Jl a j UlJU*
JuXj j ^yUfllJl |jm> ^^Jlp JpIjL>JIj
.a^apJL) ^ lAjb
^3 Ajjj-^->tJl AJjjJl o'y J-* cLU^ O Lj jT^iJ
*♦ 4*
Lsj>cj jju o_L>tj i!jjJl o} .j-^I^p o j£}\ y/>
tAjj^Jl Ajjj-g^J>Jl APjJl ^P Ajjjj^JI tS^L^JJ iJtJUl Ai-wJUJl ^
yA l +/h ^J I AjL^>- A^pL^j>J| cl->lj ^ g >cjJJ Jl^-P SwLSLaJ
0
La j LwsP lj ® Jj c AjilULs-^iJ I o^l^wk>wJtJ I^MiOtj ^ ^ ^ ^ t ^bLj ^ 1
0
p
A_wKjLo_a l_d-*^g> ^ > w . . Lx» J^SCsW \. q}n\ta .Z ^ /* i al^ (j| ^jCj i Aai.ii
^(Donzelot) JjJji) *Lil tiLJLJ! oji*
' la ^ ■ ( _jJlJa-<JI J-*-* (_9^ > '^^ oJ-C-Ls (j^9 t .(94 C 1994
210
(conception regalienne)
** ^
Ji-b jj— -IxJ M 4<JjjU
L’etat, le droit <uUj-« ^-pj.5 »— x5 L*^ j .i_oL_^ o: oli
** **
.(1901 iu-) objectif et la loi positive
^ j 4 Jl ^JLp >5^V N (sjlpUJI oJL&) jl»
SJJUJ N J 4 ^ j-dJI 5JUSL5J a-JUo JjJb- ( j---wouIj Lfi^j
^Jlp <j^ j3jJo diiiji A,kU, kii Lgjl .aJ^jJI
. 0 w\pLi 5 l 0 *k (J jfrSvglXj JL^ ^ *k*J 0 j Jl 3
1 1994 4 jJjjj^) kjlj kjcs^j c.^i (jktJ
.(95 ^
Lg «lp Lg ^ jAi I ^JnX>bJL iijjJl ^kk» A*P (1)1 kkj
£, 0
^UiJt iw> J^l tL *S* yA ^-pLoJ^-^l! Lg-L>^wL;
4 1 g : : Pj Jj>tj AjOjaJI oL y>J}\j J$jJL>tJl ok kJJ J-5" 4
p
A^J? 1 g 7 a */2 1 j\ i^JujShu Lg-Jl jj Jfl . l^ Jl 4 j^j-aJI ( j**J
4-SjjsJl ^jA Jl*j>*J A^L*JL>-N I ckSlkjJl / Mj 4 <Lol.S
~ *♦
.J^-liJIj jjbcJlj ibLjuJ! ja (naeud) SJi is- jj-aJI l 5 Jlp
JiCJb M ( _ ? $i t Vjl 4 -^Uj^-I ^ijiJl JjjJbJl j^Ju 44 UUJJ
** **
AX.U«^ ejj^r^ i/ Jj to^>- iJb ^1 ^li*-
pJij V 4-OjjjJl Aj^>sJI jli 4 Lj^ Oj-Mikl oL$^L*JJ
^■LJ idDi ^5 -Lp t^Lg-£jjP ^ ^-gi 4 LgJlji^J
(J^kJl kk-il AkiaVl ^JjkJ ^Lk 4^>lj L 5jJj^
Lg-^5U 4 AA^ko A^O JLS'I 0
u* tA^Ujl>-^l A^jlJl JA JikiJl IkgJ LgJ^J J^-4j
U^i 4 ISkkjj
• LollJl Aplkuk
211
4 ^ I J ^jLaJI j jla > J g j 4(_£^i-l Aj^Ij
♦♦
ii^AjJL] jujj>J! ^Jjl IJu ^^JLp w jJLp ^)LJ! j ^ iU S ^jJUJl
i \ ^aJI 4 ^j-SJlj aJ jjJl A^jUiJl
IfcX^ jLw^p! ^ pLw-^/I ^yA j- vC L* U 1 ^^LaJl*^Rw>^J 1
V*
{j-*-* 4 4 fl — wli J <LJw5Jj <^>tjjlj c jJaJ oLj-?-j <Lj*9u i j r A tjjJalJ!
JJLP <L*> jj la > 4 ^-^jLJl j j) .Ia,L.<» ,1 1
lil Ju\ i ^****J (jLS* LoJ 0 4 la. ) jJ3 <Uaj C-^L j jj ft-Lp 4
4jL^ j Jaj j^j aa]L«jl« /^jI ji j . ft 4^-p ^ ! SJL-w^JU — ;
^Li)l ( _^U lg-9 jjj-ilS (J ^ JUjJI
\ jl L/g.jl t(iJlJaJl (. ii-j^j-^Jl tJJuLlI ul-»il^>-
+*
tJj jJaj 4 jLLjC>j oU! ^>-I j 5 J^b Si j^aJij JiUl 4 jLo->J
.iilJiil ^pjJ c-oLS” L<^ t ^1 jiVl 4^?^>-Lt ^IbilLj t io 4j>c-*d\j
( j-« t AvsLstJIj <LjJL>J| C->li*^jJl ^9 Jl>- JJ j j g 1* j»_P jJL>_y
S-ili* ^is\l tl^Uipf oL>U iJbL; iiiiL* S^S o>
^UJl ^JLaxU AiiUtJl ^pUi^-VI ^JauJl ^Jbj J?,-&J *-<>^Jl J>-b
L^-S" dj£-> ,jj J-*»b>Jl JjjxjJI jp tjV-JaJjJl Ul* ^JL5l
LwO-S' cJ^>cJlJ| l)1-9 C ^ « i H ' * « 1 l*X^ A-a_^J
l A^iaAa^i^iij l (*-H ^i (^' t '-^’' J-!
O^LaJI ^ ^ 4j «/?* H L^>- jJ j—*a j*a 4 .1 ^
L^jLs^ o j ^/ 3 ^ jJI iilj^L» L<»^
— W#
SJ^Sjosj il^LjLo oliajl jj ^ . Ian! LgJw« N ol
4 J^l ^3 4 L&jLjLpLj Oj-dJl Jj ^ §A)J J L ^‘^ U
^ r .11 ^ <1 ^3 1 l ^ A I I ^y A ^
jLc c 'V ! J5LLJI 4 j>JL^J oJUJj>- ^uiiJ ^Lj} < ~* s ?h
Uj Jj>“ ^jA o~L)«-Aj>- io^LAP ^P
«Juju>J| c ^L»jL^ % yi ^L^jlS^I» J j .^jJlij
♦* ♦*
(Bismarck) i]j L — j L^jwsj a—L-J! ^
w ♦• i
212
ja t ( 1 889 -1883 ol y-) UUJl J
t _Lp I jl. »s- jjJl (transactionnelle) j
•*
P
j j-n*2j ^1 i!L<Jij iJjJliit iJbj^Jl ^ylp iwUJI oli'^UJl
OjLjo ^1 *Lo ^L! i L«| tt 1 iJL-ww^Jl ®
**
^Jalli! Ji-li Lc-jJ>y> J^-xJl t jUlaJl
^l^ is ££j ^JlS' I, * ^~< kJ i l yg .« i i
0
<s jb o^UjpxiAv.n ^?xJb
LftjLjLpL> t(<Lob ojbl ^ L^_j| ^1) A^-*_U
J^wJCO j ^ ^ J^Lg^L JpxJLj <Li jJi J <uJj>«^a K ^I?L>t>a))
c 4^ J^*j| o jjiJl c«2 jJg c Ap*-mAj ^UsJl i«J-A ^1
.(1986 .(Ewald) jJLLI) *J oUll
p p
aaLciJI oU-ljJl J?- ^ L^JUi ^p cJU i^idl oJla jl Ujj
Jl Lg-»li t ( 4 ^- j>*- j * aJL~^> ^-aj) »^-oIjj>*j
1 1 **
. . . . ilUa-Jlj A>- j^^tJlj Jj^o t oJb J-P 4 ^pI^>-I JiS'LJLa
jNl > ^V-Vlj ^-^bwvvwll Lg L^P’vJmO L*
«* «* **
aJ^wLJI Cm^ in 1 1 * 1 1 l ^ j, ArfW*H*«j
,^aJ J^-> j_U ( j_^s c j-*/?.*Jl ^UixJl .la^w^ 4 -aJs j_j
^bMl J-^xJLuoN I LgJ <jUkJ>- AjLlxkJ CO j-s^oJl 0 jLjT ^jGUj-X-iJ
obi t dJUi ^-Lp L^La_>lj ^wDl !^ (^p , L^_>tJl
(_5^Lj l^S") <u^L<iJlj j obw^ ^^3 o Jwa
J*yb>- ^ ^L/g: 11 ^ j+L* Jb-JJo tlj^jfc ,(j cLUju
p p
‘dzL^ »AjwL>- I-Lwo jj^J ^ A^-ixJjj ^pLftj^-Vl OjjIaJI
^ ¥*
*> ^ f,
A-^c jL._fl o t -/» 3 Lj n * L^_a*Jl4j^ aJ^-UI
213
1. a V.I 3 ^Lp y?xil l)j jJiw^oJl O ^SUJU 0 Ju Jj>-
.LgJ A-y jjLillj aj jl^^/ 1 oLjlSJI
w ( 1 927 — 1851) \jj>-jj~i 0 j-J cJjSlI ^ULJl ^ ^ U> iJjbj
^1 jji c^^Jl 'j-^ 015 5JjJL» J^j
44 M «* 44
p.
c (solidarisme) *_v? j - 5 JJI o_^JLuL!lj
f. * *
f*j-flo ^ Ij^rj^j £>>' Jij .L-*L«. Lft-ia
s-Lk^L <J <jAJl (dette sociale) ((^U-^-Nl jjjJl)*
Au\j J\ wO.A>- ^xJl 4 j jJjVl oj Jts . <_J ^JLsJl ^Lf- 0 >L^-ljJJ
- ^jJLSJI LjJjJj-a t(21 ioLaJO 1793 jjJLvO *_»
4* *4 ^1-
<£ j (jiJl *5jj UjLxpLjj . l J> H j\3j ^yrjiy^y^ J^ij-<kj
Uj^i i4Ji^-^Ul (JL^-'yi Ujj-b aJLL**JI (JLwf-*yi U
^ (. ^j> UaJ Jillj I (usufrui tiers) ^ y* L*J
*•
Lg -Aj « 0 ^>eJl^ 0^1 Jj& L*jJ I L* .^pL^>Jl liJ-A
♦♦ *• «*
V* 1 ® <b| <.\yrjy <CP JjA~> _ Jr~* (jjS iJLfc U ^ ilyVl
lJufe aJlSj ( -3 A^JfeL^Jl j 4uIa3l>vQj| ,\P Jilxl
LJ co jJ ^Jillj ajjj ^LJiJi Lu^oj 'b/ j^JJl
A_wytfLw-Jl <^1— wL^cjJi oLi c IwL^J » l) +/3j* ^1 5-j^^-iJl L l ij^->cJ OL^
jVl /^-vvs^cJ cOl?-*^^ C AjLo-?- cA-o^Lwvwfl) £ja\* 0 * U Aj \j
O ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ I L ^ j ^ C I
UjS^jJ .a^L>«JIj Aj^j-ilt yi>%y\ ^ ^Ai>-Jj IajLipIj c ^L>ti>-I
p >"
^JJlj c J)jJi>sJ! oJlA cJj-^fl lJ- 4 -; Ja-43
** ^ + •* aT ^
c LgJ A^p ^ j aj^Ip cjLs^j^u /^p o jLp Lgjl LwS* . LUj^f
p. ^
aJLfc ,y*-l j*— cjL^^OU cy 3*)U>-l ^»-->Ij ^j-a j jI
(^AJl ^uAjj c <U *J& t cLUj jl
p
AS ysS^S »j SJUai*^ LpU^>-I cjUjLS - Ul aj L»jxJI
;^^iJl J>-l iiU- £» J-** U
214
LaUaJ c oL>l jJlj j-oJl ( j-y> ipjjJl o^j^l wL5J
i LaliiJ j (jsJl ^jJlII) (preseance) a^aw-^J
4 *
£*j Jj>J! ^bUi) ^IjiVl ^ ii^UJl
uL>l> iw^^sj jJl hJli t J^b 5ij ol jAj
JL?p^) ^ U L> ^ 11 j-?^-l ^JiijJU LaLJijj t ( 4 -Lp ^L<*->-bJl ^j-^Ls^jsJl
Ula o yb o.JjI ^ , 0,^0 ^£jJl ^dJixJl oLo-^ 5 J^-l
SjjliJ ^jj ^ A ^ !l c V l lJ-jJ LajI jJjLjj j^Uad!
c la . .4 ll I jLL?Vl IJLA ^3 l g « 4 ^v. ^ 4 J t
^>Lv£?^ j\ ^JL>t-oJl L j^-& ^r*-* { jJ^ j-4j 4-Jlia-* Ow«*w J iJjjJli
j\ aJsLipI ikJL- O-^aJ IgJj .4^JlSj jlwLj i ate -Lilian ^ Ju c >T
w ^
t jJjjji) «aJL^lL 1 ^gJLx-g-ll t j_«L*aJI Jj {j£> <y*pj ^ ia- L ^
.(114 ^ 4 1994
t ( _^-L ; _~Jl J ^ jJajJl t j j( J_'JI I Juh jl J_:_«-
4 * +* **
£, ■*'' 1
4Sj>x^t »Lol > ~ ^ j g a c AXJuULfe L*J j-v« C ^^AvJLaJIj
L« 6 jJlaJ LpL^iaVl oL»jVl ^L»l Vj ^j'yi 4_y»JL*Jl wJ ^->«-5l
Bougie, Celestin. Le solidarisme. Paris: Armand Colin, 1907.
Bourgeois, Leon (1851-1927). Essai d’une philosophic de la
solidarite. Paris: Alcan, 1902.
. La solidarite. Paris: Armand Colin, 1896.
Castel, Robert. Les metamorphoses de la question sociale. Paris:
Fayard, 1995.
Comte, Auguste. Discours sur V ensemble du posit ivisme (1848).
Paris: Flammarion, 1998. (GF)
215
. Lefons de sociologie ( cours de philosophie positive. Lepons
47 a 51) (1838). Reed. Paris: Flammarion, 1995. (GF)
. Plan des travaux scientifiques necessaires pour reorganiser
la societe (1822). Paris: Aubier - Montaigne, 1970.
Donzelot, Jacques. L’ invention du social. Essai sur le declin des
passions politiques. Paris: Fayard, 1984. Reed. Paris: Seuil,
1994. (Points Essais)
Duguit, Leon. Le droit social, le droit individuel et les transforma-
tions de I’etat. 1908.
— . L’etat, le droit objectif et la loi positive. 1901.
. L’etat, les gouvernants et les agents. 1902.
Durkheim, Emile. De la division du travail social (1893). Paris:
PUF, 1998. (Quadrige)
. Lepons de sociologie (1950). 4 e ed. Paris: PUF, 2003.
(Quadrige)
Ewald, Francois. L’etat - Providence. Paris: Grasset, 1986.
Karsenti, Bruno. « Autorite, pouvoir, societe. La science sociale
selon Bonald.» dans: L. Kaufmann et J. Guilhaumou (dirs.).
L’invention de la societe. Paris: Ed. de L’EHESS, 2003.
(Raisons pratiques)
. Politique de V esprit. Auguste comte et la naissance de la
science sociale. Paris: Hermann, 2006.
- — - — . La societe en personnes. Etudes durkheimiennes. Paris:
Economica, 2006.
Lacroix, Bernard. Durkheim et le politique. Paris: Presses de la
fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1981.
Macherey, Pierre. «Aux sources des «rapports sociaux»: Bonald,
Saint-Simon, Guizot.» Geneses: no. 9, 1992. «Conservatisme,
liberalisme, socialisme». pp. 25-43.
. «Le positivisme entre la revolution et la contre-revolution:
Comte et Maistre.» Revue de synthese: 4 e serie, no. 1, Janvier-
mars 1991. pp. 41-47.
Mauss, Marcel. «Division concrete de la sociologie» (1927). Essais
sociologiques. Paris: Seuil, 1971. (Points)
216
Ifulal
P <>
^ ^1 * ^s n,,^ I a S" LjIj (_ )^
5 ^ ^jL*Jl litAiajI j . ( J^-IjJI ^yo 4jLvwJ^J1
£■ ^
t 0 j-LU i ji-Jl J-Lp Lv? j t j-JLp ^^LJl (J j-^-U
^^3— l-A ^J^Ljj wi-*^ 4 ^ ^ 4*v^wA I A^tX^wA O^A Ll? ^
.<ulal j$j j-Jl S ^>liaJl ^Aj t 5i jj»t<Jl
O ^g-L? 4 L$>*jLjj ^-jL**jIj j^J aJLw— 0 (jU t 4jiJb*cJ!
f*
t p ^
0 Ajjl^j^ A-1 hJ**>3 Lj 0 ^ ^L^W*3 LsJl ^3
4 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ - , ^* ! ‘ j a Ij ^i*3 1 a^J aaa/)^ (_J
p
Aj J L^^iiii 3 1 ^— ■*— *Sf^2>s>NM^W'Q<^a^ 1 Cr* (J-®^' cr^ <J-^-**^
p p
1 A-^aJli- ijiiJ jl A-Jbl <J*>\i^J kfuj> U- j (presupposes normatifs)
4_^£-L»JL^I 4^5 l^> (jpSf _^jP (J^ - ^ J^-^t fj^r’
O^LJ* AjLLqjJ} >o t^Jl ^-Lp ^ <L%^Lw«u^
** “
(. <w4-w<L>*Jl 1J A-L»L£ CcJlj-^-'yi ^3j c LgJwO jJLa V OjJfeUi
**
p p
oIjiN aj j^jiil j^L^Jl ot ^Jl -Lo j->- l g - a
#*
jS> a^aQ? l ^LLo .ilLlA .iOwL*Xa O j)isX*>3 c c ^-toliaJl aJLA ^3 ^_^jllj|
tl)_^Jl j---JJl ijj j-^jL<J| i L-jIj L<uS* w La J-5-1jI 4-w^Lww%Jl
217
fi,
C J JmP 0 j-Sil Aj 1~L) JCS* C J j^Jl
p
(_jjJ Jj^ (1)1 ( Jl 3 A*^-L<>Jl j jJaJ ^3 OwLo JJ^o LgJ A jI J-> l Jl^aSjj
j^JjJUJIj <_Sjb)ll l ^ «'. A,Mrn* r *f L>^ I
*• ** w *
(Outre jJI j_g_> ®-Ijj La ^y l </» ^1 liLufcj / ^4_jJ j-^-Lj^'' - ^ aJjJlU
«Jjj» jl ^JLJI «J j> J>\ i+rj - Jl aJI^JUI obli^NI cRhin)
< z**S Lftj--jLp| ^xJlj i ^ ^4-j-a13 jJI
« «* •*
jvjJLiJl ^^jLLil jl il-Ul_-.*yi)) yo l^>»l ilJLJL^I <jU^_)
1 ++ **
c IJLfrJ JaJa>e-«Jl i jJL& ^j-aLiJl O ^aJI fc— ol JlXa ^JJl)
* * *
(j-o LiLstf Lc-J^j c t>LLa j_« j (Ferguson) o j-~-p y (_$ jJ
.(^.Jg-«Jl ^jlsl y j^-Jl (Leviathan) jCLiJJ! olalf I ,> oljl^JI
wa^«j^»-*JI <Lj^\Jb<Jl iljjJI 5 j 4 tblb
O^**-*^ ^ """**** o bb l 1 *> ^ " p ^-^b ^jh^L)i *,<fl li Is - L ^** - ^b
. ((LpL-jjjJI)) apjJI uk^V LjjiSl oU»j^Ja)lj
A~l»1 j3j jJ\ o ybUaJI cb^*i 4_ z£ 4 Jpj jJLlI oJLfc ^ g a ■
ol^-. i-J j (interpretations) o^bijLJ fy-b j-^> 4 y-J jJ J-Lyi
<L>ojbJl oV jj>cJl yp AJU<ajL« __y j AJjly» j eJUJLP (explications)
a p
L v ^l j t y4*4p c J [p aJ^^aJI
Lft jjL ^ o o j LftbX-5jJ a^wwqLwwwJI Ch^LjLa jJI
oLjliJl c ,oL^“Vl v^-LpI
<i5wij j-Jl j^wwvwax] ioLp oLi^ Ls^jI ( ^3\ aJ^(
^ fr ** e.
aJoJ-w^ aJs? 1 j-sJl c
4 aJlj JL>*_S l Ljjb^lj (gestionnaire) Lj J - r i.uJl LgJL5bil LljjJl
*•
^ i <r P LoJ^-*^ I L-A^xJ I LjJU-Jb v^L ~S~y> *b r L oj.,. ^1,0. ll
,3 cJjVl JsaiJl 4 V bSJl IJL* JA Jjs\ r -H\ jk\ (1)
218
p
4 <la,Lww-ll *LJ 4 a^mjL) 1
(contre- o^l +J 2 ^ 3 1 4 *w**ws_)Lj ^\ I A \ s 1 . ^ , 1 ' ^Jl
<3jJL>tJl lLUSj 4 ^-uJl ^j^oJLJ aIjUmJI pouvoirs)
<jjL^ cd-i? O^jLdJl AjjJjI oV j
iJl^U b j y ^SljJi ^ jU^' tJj^Ji
( ^Jl ^J^> T! 4 jV 4^-0^-^xJl ^5 jt-^->6-XJl
oUl j_>-Vi (^JJl j-kj c oJL>- j ^xj j-Jl^JIj ^»L<iJ ^J!
“ J ** ♦♦ »•
p
4 4jj>t^ ^Jl>«j O' (^1 (**— ■•’L) 4 0( j^Ju* 4 4^ljl jS 4 ^- a ) <UjbVl
^£1 o^iJ-xLoJi
o^a-oJ| aS j->tJl <UL5 CJLo 4-J?l j3j j^-Jl £jJaJ 4 LJLj
4 4 JI 4^pb */s SI 4 4^jwL>cJl <*zj
+*
lpi*)lp SJ jjJl (socialisation) j *^>*_<Jl (etatisation)
oL-*^-jl *\ j^> j >t ^JL*_~»l jJl PLo^/l Ja.o., ,«,.) 4_J^Lt*JL)
oj^i ol^/liJl Jl j\ tij, U Ui-ljJI ^LjJii!
0 <U^ejjLl!l 4 _J_o_xJ| Jjjilxj! IJL& ^JjLa (jli l 4 _woLL)Jl!|
p
^ j_a_JJl Lftj-JlJ jj-^o J_ysL- jJi j (massification)
*• ♦* ~ ^ ^ “
* * p *■
^-5 lj^.5 t JLJI *13LL-&
*•
J 1 Lj i*>w» 4 II JS >* jl>l iUJ j j jUcJl oLJu-p
jSl y> Ji-b jL^la^U ^-1 v oj !— ijl ilLftj t «-j-l;.,iail
IJu Jl> ivj^j .iJjill SjIsJ ^ jXS\i v> Ju- ^1 J >11
> 3 L^?.3 "V 1 JaJaitJl aA?\ j$j jJ)\ <)L^w> 4 4^>- jjl
I ^ 1 4m^L>s^ ^ ^ ^ - j i*i ^ * IA>\ JjjJ I 0 ybUail ^ >” liiJU
LaJ^>- 0 jjbo j\£j\ ^ ^uJLo Aj 4Xsisl SJjLii 4 jJl
•• ^
-L^- ^Jl I 5Jj J j ^JlxSUj <. «jjbJLi
4_ ; _S'l J _^Ji'yi)) J ji J‘iL^- 4 (bur^aucratisation)
4.JLJfc>J
219
L a 5 j-sLooa Owww J 4 (J^LjjLS-oJ! o J-a ol
£s> ^l>Jt J-LJ jl L S tl^j
La lijj *0 £>^-A La j*JJ JlS'LJLoJI U-Jlix>5-a ^-jL5J| 4 I
c jjr^Lo a*^L>- a— <*-a! t \^2jj ] I I*xa ^3 L5
*4 *♦
o JLp 4^^^JL*Jl Oj-5Jl AjIJj ^Ls^ ^j-4 j-A Aj ^Jl ^>-!j diJJj
JLaJ .aJ?I ji J^JI S jJfcUaJL! AaJL>c^J| ^L*jNI o Jla A^i «|<!? ntf i
a-L^p & j>LkJl oJ^gJ L^lj^U c aj^-^jsJI Lw>-^J d-'->*«xjj
L-oL Si aL*jVI ^y, j*l* w“ (rationalisation) <<<JubJJ)> *jJlJz>-
t4joJl^*Jl 0 >Lk^X>«^JJ 4«Jojj ! j ^3*)L>-'yij *V'j 4-o jjLflJl _J
p
(concept) ^ tf-.a ^Ji^-J>r.OLi +*t 4 Aj S d-^I^L— J ^Lal q) Lj>g-^Oo-)l
ap j* 4 a«h»j L»«vvsJ I AAwbLjj)!^ 1 ^ W Lae ^
Cr* tr v> J^I ^ Jaii (notion)
A—P Lo^eJ 1 d-> L*j j UwJJ 0 'ww^ L>- La \ L^P Lj |j 4 A-^-*J L~Jl LjJI
W * V ^ *4 H ^ * * ( J * **44 ** 4
« b UJ 1 ap ^ £-& J^jLvw-JL 0 kAiV^v^l 1
4JLa jj ^3 j^SsJL) A^I? \ j£j j-Jl 4 I J-^-A
f.
d>ju j^Jj-i L -^J-* ij? 4JLpLw? ^jl j~~ j & Jij
(Lu Bureaucratisation «^JLJ1 SJ? jij-;® -; (Bruno Rizzi)
1930 Li cLgJl^OL .(1939 L_-« jiUOl) dumonde)
(theorie ((LjJLJI L^JiJ!» LA'Ai jjjJ 4l940j
(Max Horkheimer) j _^jL|_S'jj_a -~5L> Jjj>- ^voLJL^Jl critique)
P P
kliUtjMl Awoj-w t (Theodor Adorno) yjj$ 1
(Herbert jj_^jL» JL»_pI j-w>
oJS' ji 4-mjJLoW -J La jSj^S (2)
c y jj*\ ^y~ ^SjJI ^ S^iiJlj
jjJLj tj i OJJ^ jl*jj (. 1 c^l>*j'ys 5-wwv^^a 1 193 1 Aw/ 1 iJjfe LaOiP
220
Jlp Uufc JaiUw- US' .oil! I UJUJl j > Jl Juu Marcuse)
jl ^LpUj>- *LapI jl 3 tl970j 1960 j-j U ^ ojS’yi
^jj> as j*_aj c (socialisme ou barbarie) <<Uj>»^$JI
P
_ a!i3 JuJJu i^-ftJUfcl 1 l I ^ f' *'**** ^ ^ i I
1 1971 i(Lefort) jjijJ) ^JLi j— Jl (parti - etat) JjjJI
4* H
J_JSj X1973 t (Castoriadis) l ^^LjjJL-^LS'
JjJJaIj t aJ^I j£ j 3 jJfeUaJU ^j^a^e-dl! c aj ^ ^ aJl
; A-^Ls-vvJl aJI ^JLJ! cuU^j jJpI LojtV jl
. AJji^dl aJjiLhw a 1^ L^.l.P j* ^xJ! i^LJ^U ("jp** *
^ A*Lp Aj jJaJ Jii-b A-J^l AUw^Ji JLjei caJUJI L»l
<LpL/3 1 Cul «|/3 $llxJl J A^-pLgJu^-^y 1 £c-J jLj J aJj-XJI
» *<Xf4v4>kj 1 Av*^>j L*a**3 ! ^
5_.lji i jsJij JkJUi aby _* . i
P P
j jjl jl>-i a>- ^ Jl!I c A^-wuL-wJl aJoJUaJI a!? ji ^ pjh^u
., p
Cujl j-y^ Oj>~ j^j t j^S' o ^2Jl la.^l j\ aa->*^Aa]|
t f. £ *4
a i. ! JLa ^jIjj .Ixi jb Lstf*L>* LoUkjjfcl ;
**
p
dr* (3r^ ^ c^j>^>Jl ^y> Crri
Jr* aJ-P J~>*J iS^J C J *
.(1840 c (Mill) J*)
*
(jjJaJl o I ua^> ^o li^Uaj! c ( j^L«jjIa cJ y>- ^ tj^SjLo j
^jydl 4Ja_>- (ji U**wJ oJj& l ^ . la «.j AjjJaJl (hl^L^LwJil 'oJlz—j ajj
o^iaj^ll AA*<««La1J 4j*XaJ| 4 ft gll Jj^L^ oiLpj dJjLC tf-L^A^-'yi ^JLP j*S I lf^..l
i-Lua Ao^Ajj^Ji Laj^jp- uul-P (^d! 4 ^>^Lsa*JIj ^ <uuSulij ^u^oJLtJl ^JlJLsmuI
221
1 ^ o* jr 4 AtIwV^JhW^I i Cj^J
£
zJwJ-Px-J 4j>t^3 t A-oLL!| Lol .<LO jjLSI 0>L) jp>Jlj J I
£
4aJI*X-»J 1 t pyudj^o ^_jL^o'y t jJiL. j-i
■ ,( ^»' <Nl» -I Uujj L«m«mVIi 3 I ^pOfcv^jLj
•4
4jflj-- ilj^alj j5 yj J^J eJjj ^ J-iS’y £A J_a JjiijJ
JJL* <lLL»j .j-jj&Lo^JI ioljl ,*-*a>L ^LgJa-^lj 5JjjJl
u&i ‘Wj' cJ*** H^y ky*l\ o^J^i y i J^y
£■
i o ji AjjJ>Jl jl dUS .o^jj>-j jLwaJ (3j-i>Jlj ol jl£- S i\
44
^ £,
( j» jl>J 1 pj ISI Vl l yub ^ jj£ jl l ^ ~.. i x O.J Vj c L^Xj^jj j LgJLix^l
5 j^>Jlj (l’etat tutelaire) jJ| «J jjJ|» U»a j jLiial!
. (massification democratique) ^1 JUj jJI
( Dc Id ( j^’ 4jtJj^ t yy 9 y J^ 0 1 *_^**Jl 1 JL^_5 j
«ij^>Jl JsLy.* : Ujs> j t JjLwJl ya yJc^a yj t (1859) liberte)
oli «jjJajl Jjlw>»j io^l (jjA > Jl ^ p SJjjJl ^jucj 4 JU 2 J! oli
LStfiJI dLk jl bji Ji-JtJl ol^jlu JffLjjNl
** ** “
jJ }\- j /^p *>Lsii t aJ ^JUxj ^ JJl jjJa-J! jl . Ajj^xJJ
iiliiJi ol) jJijJj a^j t JuuLSjJ
t (Goethe) aJ^p t(Kant) cJL5) LJLjSlI jljjSfl ^Jl) (Bildung)
*
il5w^ ^ V jj>*J Lla t ((Humboldt) cJ
aj-A d_C-l — 4_i aA-^Lljji - 4.J ll y ^-1 a -j^
i La^J>“^ Aj^ jJlJ I (J ^A>JJ A-u A j L<v ll Aj j)\j ^yo
t A^p%p*jL*w^^ cj*^ ^ ‘ iX j I A)^jwww<j I
4^^LwvvJl a-j jJlU IjtJl ^ y*~>
.3 <■ JjMi 4 tJlft ^jA JjVl p d J l ^L>\ (3)
222
cr 1 -* J-* Jl IJu* .(181 ^ c 1859 cj_.)
LgX ? jJii JjJtPxJ 4 (O J^»w$ 4-Jl 4*J^I S ^lj.i
:j 4 JJi <jX*-oj .LajI^-/?! ^y> wi-t-UAjj
^ jjJo: ^Jl ij^Jl yljjiJ t^jJdJ «^.jl^l iftl* jlS^L. t,*-pl
*• *• I
o ^kJl oi jJlaJI dlL* J c elSjJl UjOpI
♦• **
£. f'
. l$j j-> ( V^ 4 jl 4-0 4 4 -JLj 1>“ 4jj^- jj) >,iglj (1)1
4 0ULL^Jl (_£ ^U-w* (_5^ ^ ALP 4^jUl filjL^wO^Jlj jl^J>-Nl \3dt Jjja
•Uw Lf^u (*-pAjj tijij" «-^ (Ji
ii^X-p ^Li l5 JLp oljL^^AJl ojufcj jliu^-Nl I Juts ,1 pLj ^jl
JUI ^^Xp)) iJjjJl J{; ^jA 4 <wJLLJl ^Xp <lJL>>
(clientelisme a**-*-*^ <Lu jj J ^9 ciU^ Ju*>*Ijj ujIX*joj
**
ipUj»Jl *UapI ^Li 1$a* ^1 ijl»l yj^Jl ©U*J generalise)
** **
Qjy$i J-?^ 4->*JL*-« ^Xp oJ-%^-j_)l C5“^ 4 Jl?
** «* W
t lXLJS J^LjjI ^$j * ^J^UjJlj j^-JaJjJl 4 — J.laXj I
^JLp ^-j-X>5_iJIj 4^1jj^II o^IpN <u?L>&J1 aJLJI jLSJl^-NI I Jut jl!
cjULoSJJ 4 oJl>“ ( j-a Jbjj ^XJl ^L>sjJl
p **
*j?r j*?l 4 ^ q&a 3 aJ^I jij ^Jl 5JNl 0 } .4JL*jJ|j ajj^XJI
4 ft jXJ! ^3 a*X<k*J 1 SiUiiJl J5j® e-lS'JiJl yo
Oj^LaJ' J-5^ jj* * cf L*lj iJLf) ii jZ
t*
oX-te iL-^jiXJ ojjAj jaZj plS'jJl .4-^pl^JL>- S ill
<^y>~ j^JaX! 4-J^lJl <aJs^j 4 XaXi 4 jM 4 l.g ilN I
**
UF® ^L«^' 8 ^ SA^ ^Jl ^^aJaJl tl^Lp y/s (jl (JJU^ *(j^®
cl 859 cj^) (Xjb Jl^j oU-jjJ! jX~Jj aJ»I yj^Jl u jjLs&
A^aj^^cJtj 4-jjI^NI aJS/I 4JlLiP (jli 4 jj IgJwoJl iXjt J .(184 ^y?
( _^ l-jj^Lli cSij-^ 4 W<LwoXp^ 4 JL 0 < u ujl
223
<- r
aJT ^ ^ U-H *Lf^
fr f. ^
t jJLS^Li jiS'lj L^j-i ^LJLj A-JL^jtJl iiLiiJt
i <~Jl> j$j j-wJl jLgj>«Jl JJ>-b SjLiJ i &\jte\
Ji->jJj>xJ ^ L <U-L>I ySj j-^-JJ lo JlS" jl»
^bJ j_a jljJLJl oJjfe JlSLjJj Lo
<LLw& Jj>-b Sj^* j-oJLoJl 4 S-fl^U 4 j
•X
.».k::ll IJL* jL5 LJ5 j o^LJ lgiJ_» i 4 L.*
jZS I iwJL>- ^ t J-siil J^LJLj £->o t^JlS Ju>- ^ LoU
d^lJLjp J5 b j~A-> V I
>lj £L*wgJ>sJl £z- y*p\j ^ ^ ^ \js
^ w^UJl ol b-Lb ***-& w*ji j 1 4»sJ^l f” l ■>/? £* 1 ^ ^ M - ft
1 (J i L^wrLta/O 4 ^J**J*^P l»i^t-S I ^ -O ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
,(185 c 1859 t Jlo) *^ 3 ^ .a^^p
ol> j-oJaJl p-LvijIj ^-Lg^tJ! (j'LS’jJl ( j/? L^aJLoi Jj>cjj
oAJ ^L® 4jL1p 1 ^ ^ k A i t 4 J 0 I ^3^ ^-Jl ^ ^5b J^~b <Ul^-gJl
t ^
5 jJLSL) 4**/?jIjCL® t <Lwn^>s-J> o'V j^-oj ^JLa« LjJ c LJb
j-j-P ^Ji&L> 6 *o 4PjjJ jA^ 2 -® 4 ^Ji-Lflj ( Jl&I ^Lp 4 4pLoP*Jl b A®
j! ^ j_dJl I-Jugj ^jlJJl iwid j^gJb <JLLaJLo 4PjjJl ftJjfc Jju jgJj .<5
— ' (.
.ijjjjj ijjbVl Sj^l 4_^- j JJwO C^>e---s^l Jj t lib
p.
-uV O^LgJi LftJ^^cwJ ^
jl 4 t J*!jJLwjJ! oL^a»j-^JJ 1 t <Lfl-js jJi cjUo jj*y jJj
. f" fc f' ^ I ^ ^ . I
^1 t ji J j j-^wo j j-o t
^■Jl A&, >g.-j X4 (^1 wi->SL_J g>-£ V t s^b>-j-\_Ji
^Jl */3,A wljb <LiJp c (jL^Jfc ,(<UvjU jJ^J!)
JUr*
yA a J^jl- o.l1 ‘tA. j Jg ^Jl i ^oJ>*j ^o^>s^>J! 4JL^aAl>s
224
* fr
Jl 4 a* \s\\ ojtgj L*ajl J-£Jj t -kii ( j~J tcJUa^Jl
lb*L^j t 4 ^jIx)I «ap! ^aJI oA^J LajLSCsI^ L^-jIj j *,< a j ^JlS"
cr^J 5 J^i ‘£J^' Cr° 5 -> J W* j-* 1 -? J - il J-^
#*
'“^■J J-* *J“ # '-^ tlrHJJ <i_JaJl
I ^jU ^^JtJl t ( J^3 J-v^l>J 1
(...) cJ j-wqJI oJl& j-o J jJI 4-Lww*< ^J! jU
^ oJl* oUISjU ^LJi ^^JLp J?La>JIj
** -M
LgJsP- Jax^vw<JI^ Jail J I dJLJI ^Jjp LajL2j|
J* ji y : Jl lojl Lo lilj (...)
<J yS^SJj U-ijI l— « bl t <» J— a_^_il J^>-l « ajjL^o. 1— i
t (pedantocratie) “/^JLsjuJI aJsJl*)) l.g.:. : L>lji
^ jjt jl. M a> i^L-j vl
♦*
ft^LJl i)jy*5* j-o jjJ <j ^- vaJI c^L^-LJl
.(186 ^ c 1859 t J,)
t i * <s^? iV. 11 C ^ ^ i Iw^-A ^
oj j-^JloJI I t oAa 4^sl
~ ** «
*
4 im^ l oj>l^ a 4 1? L..*> J—S* i— .1 ^ p ^ t LijLs^
«»
N t *LSjlI! jLSsJL^V L>-Ll> \^Ju& jj
**•
p p
jj^Qspl Jp-*^ jJLij t l^S*LjJol ^1 <Lo ja] 1 (3 oL* jpxJU
JuaAj t^4^L>jJl 4 j^>cJ|)) Jj ji? ^y> t JL? ^lil <uLo**Jl J? j jJLU
ijwliJi J>l>tjl^ <ul?l j3j j-J( 4j tl^ljJliJl
P P
OjJSnjJl Ol jJ>- 1 4j* . t j ,LgJfcL>tJ
l^wvipJ i ^ j^x-i O ^ t ^ LJ Lj^ 4 0 .L ao ^^P <uJLw*J|
SjjiLJl ^ k) j>a}\ oJla r j^kJL! jlj>-^J| ^JUaJI L g J ^
** **
< sr *^j S ^ oLv-|»)) ^ aS~jL1o.II Jl.) (l’initiative civile) aJjuJI
225
4-*-P 6-*,^ O* L**ww*^a ^ ^1 ^ I ^ J^A^-^Jl ^_Lp
♦* **
*f
C-^-3 jJl <cLw^jj IjUsI c(^<U^-^JaJ o l ju> uJ j-L> ,j-« Aj j-^>-j
/ ^ f,
^ijJs (...) L^*b f» 4-~ tf . i l jly^l *jiLj ^J> h — aj
» 1 M I 4t
^*-£aL^3-I Jw*-aJI j-b
<■ l «, /ft j 1^ kL^j ^Lo&NL j^J ^L-Jl jt-j I o>Lp^s^^&JI
A IN %, <!? t iJl5U t2 T £S\ 5 ^5|jJi ^jA 3 jjiJl 2^1 ^3^1® I 4^j^>ej
p
LS^ j*“”^ -4*6 I «JUa_JL t/ SJ i^LsLJlj
^1 4 <=L*-^j^ I ^1 jjJl ^Jj3^ ^—9 ^v3-Jl 3 jjCjj A^pL^^eJI O^^oJl
P
61 <Jju j-Jdl oJl>- jJ oLjLp j_>cJ a5^ jJLa ^-wfl aOLJI
.(181 ^ ^ 1859 4 J«) «4iyJ
U5j t ^ JJl Jlx^J ft AaL*J1 4 a. laiU Aj jJaj Juo 4 Ij^fc
A.i.JaJl aJL* (_^^J (jL5 tdJUi ^jJl ejU-NI OJL~j»
t l— * ■* «•« U ^^jJjjljtJl ^ C P jj|)) j (( . J. 1 ^ yy 1 1 pLS^jJl)) ^JUl
*• •• ^
. (4) i! jjJl AjjJj^j 4Ji>tJ
p
aJjl*JJ Ju/tfU 4 jIJUj j-fc £u^j*ol! life 6U 4 J^o ^Jl A*-OJ6j
Ji-b _^5ii ^iS'T J Sj yjas- jyj ^1 AJ»lyj^Jl
4^>c_1.«^..q6 1 a*J j-^-^ 4^/?L^xJ| ^JL^JL »«!.*<■) jl J-b 4 1 . a I J-fr
4 A^UJl Aj ^>JJ ^L*aJ| jjJauJl 6U c6JLli J .4aL*JI
aJIS o*j jJl ^3 c A-w«j^6>tJI o^lp'Li^Jlj <Jl]p jJ I oIjJLa!! aJLSIjLa
•*
A-jjl^^/l a_L? ^6 j-JJ sjo-UJI ol j-bliJl j-« Ju>JL <09 ^ .<w j ^6Jl
j^-Ojj .aJjjJ! aJaJLvvJ o3La<» t aJUU olkU a^ j-SC>6Ij
> 4^Jp1 ^3j L^jjIj! C ‘LAjIj <LL^JL° A ■ .<» JJ Lftj^Jaj 4 j| l (3^1
(j*y )) tijjbVl 4 JVI AaJsj <J j^*j >w« L^SsJ l 1 _£j C. g 'lj
.1 I^JUJI JjsiJl IJl* J. JjVi J, £J1 Jo, 1 ( 4 )
226
j u* ^U^Jl j* Lajj- 5
^Lj^J( uLJLJJu J*-^“ (L)Lj ^ \j~>-\ * ^L*4-L>-^ 4JL ;^->o .^UfcJLplj
c^l t>r^ cf® 4 °jb^'j <»j£s>*}\ j^Ull
J l-jfl .1 4 AA 1 I ^ yj J ^ 1 , ^Lg- J— 1_*-J jj 1 L.* 9^1 1 ^^ <3 3 » l »• H >
** •»
.AjpUj^-VIj ^pUj*JI olj^L<J( ^jjl iJbJl JJL> 4 l$J SiL-a^Jl
^ p. £,
(1)Lj 4j1 i AJLa jj ^ /? 9 y j*J Ol ^-frjj
f ^ f,
4 ^^>Jl ^JsIj LajIj ^-^>-^1 Iaa ^^u2_?
aJ^I ^ jJLj <■ Ijl^-a .j»^Lc'^Uj ^ jLjlU LaLlaJ 4jl*<0 jj> L*LJ
^jUtiU ia-^J ^jj-^j (collecteur central) ^ji' ^ (( i^> y}
•(182 y? c 1859 tj-fl) ((oJjcuJI oNjU^gJl oJLa oxJlill
iftl a J jOJI : iiDI oUlj^aJlj JJ.I y Jj5 JI - 2
iiJjcu ,_sjj oUxi! OjU <gi 4 A^>*jjlj l_>Lwoi<l C.«.qJ&L»u
ejLxpL 4 <cJ jjJ j ^jAaILJI ^y > JU ^ I y j_^Jl ,*_>w2Jl ^1
k_xjQpjJl JU? ^jJi ^^l^ijj-wJ! jjJajdJ LjkjjLJl JLiLiVl ^
** •*
UJLLJI iijjJI OjLM JLij .aJjjJJ iiUi’yi ^ i^SUJlj i^bVl
UjJiJl ( j-a Jl, ^JL>Ji j ^I^JUI jjjla^^Jl ol£SI 4 LiL2J
oLwJI® y& L^-jj \jJ-zrj il 4 ( _ S i?L»JI
** •»
iJl ^JU j.y?&LJI ajjJUpx^ oL>-jJbj L«j^ KojJlieJI
%*
5JL5Cl^Jl o j_$o L^JLp j c^ILUl!
<u5*l jJUiN I ^ ^jjLJ ^ j^^Jl ^jLxxJI <>c-Jo Ifl A3 4 J 2 I j-Jl
cJjVl flLjl y ^ Jj
ci« , Lp'l^s^J l 4 4 *«-LLta ^ ^ ^ ~ " *^ ■AmmmS'^LqJI J^b
l _f-^J 4 tf— .M-l- J i 4_jJ_>eJ( A_la ji j-i d->l , .,h~. i aj <1 <Jj_?-
o ^1 j <wiJ Ji-b c 1919 Jll« ^jdt cjIpIj-^JI
^ •*
Ij-LL|^^J| Lj ««lj *LJL»-J<Jl <Ls^jbc«Jl ip J_«j>s*a lJ
227
^Jl (1921 (Alexandra Kollontai') jJ
4 ~~SjLJI obUxl*yi c(Trotskyste) 1 jlJ Jj-b
Lwwd j jj 1903 j 1902 l d ^ •* iJliAj . a^_>- ^*JI
c^LiUJI J jj>~ 4 L^jLqJL d)yiJl y* ^JjVl 1 js~*j
p, p
^ ^ ji n ^ I 1 *^S* ^ L.a^Lj 1 ^ 1 c i
t 4 jjyJI iS yJJ ^1*1 y j^Jl jS j o3L 4 iLcuJlj (Rosa Luxemburg)
J LjJajJl oL J lS* j+/2j?~ jt-j SI
^ -*aLo LgJtA->- y* 0 ^^ c 5 ^
** I ** ♦•
iJjjJl j-uJLj ©tal ol .p (^1 t ® jpyLo»>tJl 4 j>- yJl»
( 1)1 ^)p Lsil ylij • t— 5 y« aJSI jA lg ^a f ^y ( 1 ) yJl
**■ **
iri (, *djl>^JJ-^ ^jA)l» L^-Ip-I A . « .Ja aJ l cJp-ljJl ^y> j jbo
*+
aJL^wO * LmOjI J - c _ 5 JU^o J .y^o ji^xJl J yw<^L>rJl
dr* ^---f^JJ ls* ‘■ t _ s -~bjbJl ^L-Jl j£jd\ ^ ^uipIjijj-Jl
tt ** « «4
-* 0 + *
ol® y 1 j ^>0 Lc>-jL>* L K^as>- o ypl SI t <oij jJl y yJL>-
*» tf
A_a_Ja_Jl ~ 1 1 ./•» * 4 _a_L>- J^>-l ^ t (machinerie d’etat) « 4 _! jjJl
)» * *i ^
^Jl*j2j 4jjyJi Lp U*>~l.5 1 j^>" Lv^j 1^ 4 <tLoy ^Jl Lj1y>-jj-Jl
^j^Laj y£y ^ ylll ji&^Jl y*j 4 0 ?L>tJl <dL^tjJl lyJju*-
iyJl ^Jwo Lo j-^j c 5 ( 1 )UsjI jO d)LuLpJ 1 d)lu^^ . d>H ^,^11 kohls'
ii? y y ytj (J j-w <Jl d)I yj^^w 4 4 jLJ^j 4*JpI y j j-Jl
‘ J^ (aJ ' dr* Lftiy^a JyxJ yJl iJjjJt ^olilytjUj Ljjill 4 ^Li^Jl
S Jl < 0 Ls»- y jy- Aj j jy t LLaJL^Jl yo JLjJj>- ^lyl
■ clr^* iAjUa^Jl iyjJjJwbS/1 JlSw^AJ L^jIj) Ljly-Jjjl
^ y JLji L>J, ^ U j LoL*lJI o^Ij^AJ ^J-Lowo l g-Ls^ y iJjjJl
.(jkJl . . • »LjLm] 1^ f ^ 1 1 * y*tj ^ 4 f ^ )l 3^1 1
228
As*- LJ^ l < ( \¥ > ^ ^Jl eJU&
blX ^ >»>rtU ^ I 1*3— A (Jl ■ A ■
( _ 5 1p lo^-'bM oJLa> c~*j»! jjJl a?- jVl oJucuJl (problematisations)
v*
^JUi pw^j aJI i 4-a-a*^*jL<>-L! j. la * 1 i ^tjjl^Jl
.l$Jl J^jll>Jl ^,<3 «J
tr f'
JLAj AJlij-a ^3 ^ I-Lhj 0 1 *> J
*♦ “ ^
(1843) ( Critique du droit politique hegelien ) 1 • : g M
tiljjJJ UiJ (1845) (L’ideologie allemande) AJLJ'ill Lj*- j
^ *>• ( 5 )
<jLd t >\ ./? tf « <o UL5 LfejLj^L>J , 0 AJL^SLi
4-^Jaxii ajis £-<kX>s^Ji cJW2jijI c ^si jJi iijjJi
aIsC^^JIS L^-a,9 JlxkjJU j 1 ^jis*sj ^Jl JJ>-^
SljU^ji jju^o <3 •/* JJ <* ^Cj*)1\ JjL^jJ <U*3 L>tJ) <u5doJl O jJp qA
0>L*jl LLJijJi o CcilliJ .4^L»JL?~Nl o^LaiSNI
t ^l) U y*^“ JjJUII Lg-oLlij La>3J->c_j ^xJI i a]j jJJ
** *♦
A>tLs^oJl J j->- C«J^U*x)I ( jA ^UijJ A-J-ajlil ApUj>J| v ;Lp
^ 1 H
^JUa^JI ^jJlp A^oL it-0 4 _oLp Aj*_w? (jl lA_w«wfcjJl A_«ljJl
OjjSsJ Ol *wJ>^J C Iwl^J^ *Lj^L/a^3lj LpU- 1 ^1 Al g jy ll Aj2-Ja_U A^4?l>cJl
UjLipUj t<_yUi r-li ^ aJj jJI oj ^1 t o jj j «/? iLi
4* -*♦
t^Lo^Jlj (_£ ^JaJl JiJi d)l LjJ^oj apJl>cS ^J.<c. 4J> < _^9 t i-liJ SS
IfrJLp ^jXJI oLJVl ( ye-
^\ L^rSjlo Jij .A ? pU^>-'y! olit>U- lf>
^ji\j (Staatsmachinerie) j aJ jjJ! aj^UJ jJi LUl;
£Lr^ cj* ^ j*
.3 t ^Jdl J^oiJl c^bsat IJtA ^ JjSlI ^1 >:l (5)
229
(_£ Lg^Oj 4 _!jJLLJ J^i-JLiJl ( j_« U'iAJaJl t * jI a . U 1 1
Uulj 1848 U^JI J}U- 4 L—.L-JI oU^k^J
.(Commune de Paris) — jjL> a! y> jS J“>b-
4jaJa.il oUl jma)I ^ oljj ^JJI Ijl* d)[
p
J jl 4 (1850) (Les luttes de classes en France ) Lj y
c^jU) OjtUj* 18 ^Jdy 44 J
jlfpJ oJbJ^ ^uil ^,-JJgJ JJb .(^L-Jl t 1852
^j_*~w>- j oJufc. oLJLlS jUJl Li^AJaJl c 4 J jjJl
“ •*
4^“! 4 <£
l»— A */3U 03«»Xp ^lL j 4^Wlnisl^ »/?. 1 ^ fihX«wOw4i>Ji
p ^
4-aJl Jr*
i 4jLJL*j ^^Izaj (Jj}\ lJij& t (_^JLL>-
.(186 ^
^3 LajJ-s^-o oJLa (jl jLjLp( ^JLp J
♦* “ J ^
y> JjJbJl dUi jjio U5 <. (monarchie absolue) bllkxjl *L£LJl
p
LSOuJl eJus <jU 4 ys a**^' OjJul ^ Jua ( jy J y}\
yS AS jJ j ^ O-o-aL^ (_sJl!I 4^pUai^/l Jsl_k>t_j| ^j-C- | . a k ‘ V ^J
jl**- JJ-b Ojb^l i_ajL1s> jJU 4 ^51 4Ujl£^l
4 a.Hl 4 ^ 0 -^J 4j ‘ tLs^’j l g a .,«g^j^ 1 g ail OvbxJ t jb ja-»
J^“ (*-^^-0 J-> ‘f'j- 9 ^1 * (( ^u'j-^JJ-J'
oljb^ll 4lUp j ‘4; ',y}\ a jj y 4^»U Jl 4j^JlS^I olkLJl
♦*
4 Lw ^ t ^ ■■■ ■ * j ^b 1 1 ' ‘ I a I l . A ■. 4 . 1 iLj ^ g P a * ll
230
O-Aj <Cw<iww& ^lJwOw^J 4-J j\
4-JpIjJ jj-^Jl C^ JL?x^>jI <L*jJj 3JI oL-pUa3^/l JL^? 4 jjIj_>-j j-J1
^JLoLaJI a.c * la ll wL^/ 3 ^1 ^Jl ^ C aj 4.L^^5*
C ^ - o I I 1 i».LA im 13 O^^a^a* Lw4 4 mLw%a*^ C 1 g - 1^ L t^3 l
SJ^ULL%a>I (jLs l ^Jl ^ -LoJl (j £ jJiLoJ JsaL4^»e^L$J 1 l A3^-oJl ^*-PjJ}
j*L J j (restauration) jjJl o^LcuJ 2 j& J* ^JloLjJI ikJLJl 4jJULp j
W H ^1 j */3 II 4^JL<»«*Jl oJlA (jl* g 'a.'L+m L jj^j 4*fCJLa
^L J yh cjJJS Jijj L*j .LpUaiNi 4^Jaj^l JUi
J-o^iJl S^-Jj cl^H (causalite circulaire) *-ijjs
^ SiLjJl j* J-vai^j tiiJlj - iy>ji^>Jl Ajsl^ij^^wJt J-*“b
- If-ii *y>j L^JljL^I
t 0 ^Xj^X>~ 4^>ci >/? a C-^LpLq^-^ JJhi ^ ^ (^.Ui
.(187 1 1852 c^wSjLo) _ ft <iJJ*XS* 5»-Li-L>- 2^Lw Sjb\l
2J! 2jl>- jJl ^JUi ^isLjJI L^.jI
Jj>-b p-jLiJl JjLoJlU J oJijfe C^ootaLa ciJjjJl
f, ?
(3-^1 Lo-g3 4_1 jJLU ^i?l j-5 j j-a-JI JL^>- j-lJl JwwL>tj ^j&jju c Ijl5La
aJL^IjJI oL^jUcJl t jLjlpN I t4*JLJaJl oLp! j^aU jlapIj
A_JL5w^I ( C Lg 4,2., : la S' 4^JL>wa j*LwvJI
4-^ljjJl ^3 ^l>tJ La J-^J . ®Le)) 4 jL 1? 2 Jj>-jj t U 0 jiUv^^VJl J
+* •*
P
^ ^ 3 C 4 ^ 3_ L ««s ^ 1 ^
T*
0 ^-*L5 ^3 4^-fLlJl 4 j> jjj ^ xy L^JJ 4 jI^*JLj 1 L« 5 jJLdJ!
••
ow> j (^1 1 1851 4-L>- «ili fC JUl t-j^LajNlj 1848
4j 3 ., ^ . 1oJ | j^j sbl oj-^j tl)l oLS* 1 5Jj jJl Lg-^s c^ju
“ ••
✓
^j3 WLaLw ^Lil^ww-* >s.«|i<? 7 1 )) Lgj j la.*.*.*? ^ - g ^Jl
4-Jj jL>-b 4^0 L 4*Ja3 C—» I jJ ^j^Jl j .LjUfluJl j2^T
231
J <Lj
Jti ,\+\> a]jjJ\
o* J-^- . AoO ''bf ^ylJl 4*yflL>cJl K 4-0 jjlj L^jJLws^ t j^JL#
OJL lOo 15 0 ^^>-^1 oJ-fe Oj .4 jjI^>*jjJI 44 big. 1.1 OO^-oJl 4>-^>Jl
Jo>-b ^-*31 jjJl o_*-> c 1 ^.:p oA-saaj! ^Jl Wj^OjjO
4jj jJjJl OL^**Jl 4JL3 e-Jj*- ^ t ®4-*pLoJw>-Vl 4 j>jj) ^ a
K 4*o LJ jj-J I 4o j^. -xTb. ^*1r 1 j )) C-j ‘4J o^_J
t LJLi^li 4_4 _v^2j^s C-JLS” J_2i tt±US t j.e- *>L-aij
i " 0 jir^ *dj ^yrjj-tj C^riJ^- Cr^^J ^dj'>=rjj-!
^JUI pLaaJI aJL>-IjiJI oLoL^JtJ'y I oJLa c— sj-« jlS j .<LJLj j <upL^>
** **
oli^l>*l 4-3 (_£ jJl 4 Jw<va^»J| 4j^JgJJ ^*iLJl Julodl 4*3
4-oLoJ ^J| <LaL*Jl 4*^-o^xJl 4 j 2yj2JL<h}\j t l— 4 l.I>c-0 { j^J £t!L^-oJl
j-j-p J <jJ tlJu^s-fc .(61—60 1 1871 t Lr *i'jLo)
iJLJ ^Jl ikJLJl ^Lv^- ^^JLp ^jljLiSI ikLJl L^iiib- ^^1 Si
4oL> jb Jo t 4j jl j^JU 4-Jj>-l wLSI 9 LolJ 4*3 Lp 3 j>*~*
i?Li>t31 c jjL^oieJl J^Lj tLgJ*)L>- 4 jJI j->^j j-Jl oJLa
p p
^Jl Lg_> j^j L$^ m>m ^ 4-LoL^t 4 JLJa L g ° ^ yj l ^ A
^UiJI ohw? Ji-> j 4^l^j>“ > y I l^:lgL*» Cr 4 <*'-* ^ if 0*^’
L^J aJj-UI _}!-$->■
.(126-121 ^ 4 1852 t^jU)
4JVI 4^^LSjL^1j jLS* hi 4j| C kiiJ Jb-S* ^Wtf»ljJl
Cr° h’J'yrj^ <iJaJI * 4 ?r\y L* iSy~** ^
»*
4.00 L 4 J I 1 La 9 1 1!! I i ^ip h^jj Jb oJ-A oh c bO L,2> 9 IjJ
! 5 4x)bb>^ boLJJgX^ Ja**>Q 0 j-s^ht^Jl 4-«>) ^^j>eJl 4lgLJI Ji-b
,, , p p p
Jb^J j_jl jJ^o ol j-jh j-» ^Ijl -ULh
p ^
Ol l) LLwO Lo 4uuI? ^Oba 4IP 1 la.^ o L . Q0l4blfl.il
t* f.
dwb^ ^0 *** 1 1 * — ^^-i* ^ . l _^ 4 0 .i l fl ^ 4 P"^^j
232
ajL^jJI L t SjU j (taiLL) jl A^Ja J l
Sr - ^ "
.(199-198 ^ c 1852 t^jlO «toJL^ l*JLS Uo^J Jl
^lll oJw^J 4->*_>-jLLdJl A^^LitJI 0|
i a « yO H J l ^ A ^ Lg_jjl oJL^tjuJl c 4JLsL^Jt a-j^L<JI o JaJI
H
oLyfliLxJl l5 JLc- f-Ui^JI ^yi W-^H- 8 jW^i <_y* (_^“ s r ,JU -^
4* *• ••
J IfXA-sJs ^ i. Lr SjLa tLJLJaJl
^Ajj^lll A.g.dJ A^^uLjuI A^je-Jo t*jU.5 ^_ | - L V ^ - x - 1
^J! o-j>Vl Vjl j^pJL- tiJjjdl ikJL, U> JJb^J jl JJJS
^Jl A^ww*jJL) 4 -^wuL>- 4Ji>tJ t iljAJl jlg->“ ^J-P J*->tJ
aJssJuJ a^jc 4*3 4 jLjfc L^>Ln^ ^ aJ^jJI .SjJjuJI I
Jl S t ^JLsLfc o jJ jSL+«*aJ\j LajL^-p- J?-ta t4_v?L>*
J^ 4J^$ t iJLgj SjjL c~-~l5I
£%J\ IJLa JLp JjVi fUUJl J OUm.^ 1 iLUJl iiJaJi
fr Mm0/ ‘
JA>cjJl 1 Jjfe . «l*p I l.g,^.la,L*> J^sS^U o^/l Jj>- ^Jl Laj^?
H!AJ)) j i I ^jl^JI iJLww* tj^-iJl tj^5*J-^JI ^^LjLwo^I ^Jl
jUp 1 ( J c Jl- 3 CjJL5LiJ <JpI yj j-Jij <u** jS^L>Jl
** **
t_r* i V J J ^ C^i-Lj t«5*c-Lks)/l \y>
J*i Ji <.\*Js Mj yjJJl .Uil ^jU J\ i-JL . JJi
** V
P
j' yi J*-l jr°
P ^ n
Jj>- 1 t A«vv^3j cj^/^ t Aj I ^w^l.^.^.lp.^i.rt H J! W v-^J'
*♦
aJp ^pd-AjJl 0 J— A jt jL^I ^^JLp t^LLj^U oJUJu>- olit>Lp jlj-5}
*<3tSJ JSwj jUjM^ t jJl IA^j aJ-^JI aj ^^LxpJI
^ \1* {j* j
++
.LgJb*- ^^JLp Lo-^) c a^ jj^LJl aJLl^^I jujlrJI iS^L^
AJjjJl jLo^ ^ip aj^LSJl A^wLjuJI (JlxJuN L> AiJLjtla aJlLjjI j
233
*
<* ^^WwOmwILj LJwX^" <— 1-— i-^-S J^#wsj l
v'y a* ^ * *<*A) 1 ^Ju^^WW^Kiji . U,ft J 4j j^J I 4*JL%-*J I ^3
A-JpljJLw^ oL>cjLj c^Ja-L^Jl o^L^jL^-d Juj->tjj ^pUiJi>-Vi ^Lb^l
Aaj c <j jj-iJl aJL^-*JI c^l^« la «..%1l £_>- ! jj j
^gJLJl jxU oUjJl>- aJo- ^jmS*j3j 1848 cj 13 Li>- j
p
jj-w<*-*J J^>-1 j ^i-p c j-Lp ^U3i (1 ) c^Ljvw^^q^- /^o ^IwUjI
J*A^“ I JU JL>sjJ 4*JLJaJl c2jLp( j+/9 LI ^JLsctfj! ^jjLJI (1)1 j*S* .Sjj^AxJl
A^>-\yi ^Jl JjJj>- ^ < j^J^ a L>^' ^ ^^jjL
. <6 VlJb J^UlJl
- LpU^VI oUUUH JlOl J U*ly J^l a >..~JI - 3
!l
(7)
0~^ J^ 1 <_s“* 4 -^ s ’^Jj— ?r^
•* *• *♦
j j-jI ( j-« ^j-^J jj t <lLj j_>J| 4_5j jJl oLo^Lp
® jJa.^.svJ 1 Lg l^l->cj *L^jL«^Lp
.1 t jUJI t^l^il IJU ^ dJUJI ^1 (6)
Jjj .jllVt jj^j— Jl (Jipf ^ (1920 . 1864) J^s Jbo (7)
Uethique protestante et l esprit du capitaiisme (1904-1905), : j — SJ — J n ~\ — a — Jj_a
Sociologie des religions , Sociologie du droit ,
*
AjUj lii 1909 <LL^ ( I jl jja 4JbJ_*JL) ^IS (^jJl p->=-biJl j-lJl
jjjLaJI l$Jl j^ZS bjJL>J.I oNUJlI oJub Juvaij j . Economie et societe j^j
jlL*J! Ula bwwwjJb t L^-Uj L° ^3 iw/j—joJ? 'Vj t t (3- > ")
<da^L. .<Us^jIj J?** J** jW^i
oL^jL*-«JLS j L^iLbVj oLc- ^^>ti) bJU-a ^oL*j j\ oVja« ®j_ 4^ b]
jt->-j 5JL5 a 1I o'i/ ^Lw'S/l Js>^Jai^- pJiJLij ijjlia ojhs*-
.(49-32 t2006 <. (Colliot-Thelene) j$)
234
p, ^ p p p
l l J_?-! t (_£ j^- 1 Oj_^LIp (_^l t j_« ^JLSl
« ^ r k r -Jl» ,» j-g-^> J^U>- j-j Uj^-j ^1 (formes ideal typiques)
fr
JJLSCft . (rationnelle) jl (domination legale) «it<j JLjl
& J Ifl LJ b_*— 1 L> 4 j— ^S* jLj LJ
4...::ll .*,**, 1 ! ix* L
p P
a 3 >^>P *» <_5^1 ^ 6^%>“ ^ I o>AA ol J\ niUS JJ
Jjb)/I LfJj_j_?-lj JjjJl iaJLi *_$J N (rationalisation)
. d-O -Aj>JI L>t_J 1 ^-OJ>C-^3 1 «,fi? ^ I ^ju • 4-0 JJ I J
Ja ," Jl jL^_c-! /j—* (focale) (_£jj>— Jl ^ ^_Jl 1 j_a J^x_« o. jj
IbL-. 4 J^UJL LJ JU JjjUU JJ yj^JI
j . jjJalll I3 -£j la i A jj «/ a*Jl CjU^I*J|
j~ U ji ^Jl olilUl Ul_^ SjUI Jl j_i jjji*-, L.
l.^, UbUaJ lLUSj i ^JU-^I ^Jl ^Lyg. * sNl j a-J?I j- 5 j
♦4
* 4*j>- J <v^ N^^iAaO
«* * ,✓ *• • £-
olsi 0 *>Vj i <L««/aj 5 JlJL>ijJ| JCJL^j
aj jS j^jJl A-w^^l J^O\JL)l cjIlDI oJl& j^J J . ^ ^J>-N I ^JLp LaI ju>-N
p
•i jl J^jl t ^ AaP ^*»vjl 0 ^ " y ^
p
♦ Aj^j^sA.^ (3^ Cj^ c aI ^I m >U ^*aw**^o ^ ..J a *.i J
«A^jUjjjLS')) oLowwvwo J ' 5j \q . ^ 11 tjLlaVl lJu ^-w^i jjy^AiUj
**
^J-Lo jj» LJ <^_w»e_>Jl 9 j_v2-pJI ( _ 5 JLc- a^JLSJI i (charismatique)
^ q»i w 1 <? 1 1 1 l f )[•? i in 1 1 ^ • ** ^ j a * 1 1 ^ * d|liilj ^
t*
J-JliJl a^Ij_Lj ^j-Jl ^LSjjpVI)) ^Jl eJL^^w^Jl (traditionnelle)
oJ^j p^x l a . l ,!.*) <UP A^JLv^Jl
; y ip j <^J 1 «iJt>U*Jl» jl «4^^Jl)) ^4J! \jjJi J t«J:L- j}\
235
JS-^j ojj_L<Jl
t.1920—1909 tj^i) ^ tJJl^jJl oJl^j
O^liL^^J J I (jLd tj^Jii^J! IJla ^ .(290-289 tl
SJjjJL <w?L>*Jl c
^ (lJ 1 ^
x^UaJ! (^1 jt— Ji^-lJ 0j-w<>-ojl <LwV^L>J| J t iijJL>tj|
^i-P <_3 J-W 1 Q J ia * »■*> LI ^a/?J>c-J^ I
“LAV cP t d>j-^j uvi ^ J". ‘lSj^
ob 4 _^p^^v*JI o^ Is « ll^ o Ls t ^ ^ .p ^ ■ i M l? « ) ^twjl-5
^ J ^tr 5 J 5 J-^J
» ♦• **
J-Jj2j ^U*Jo^yi JukjIj ^ A^^LvvJ I *Lip|
c ft A^sA>^Jii N ^-j 1 J- 1 ^ LJb 4 j Sj ^l2jo aJssJ-o^ j! ^j-^ 0
ipLo^tJ! ^5 i ojLjLC-Li 'Vl ciJJjj ^ i ^ la j l)|
Ujl-U^l *L*P Jb^«J 'y ® L^ ) io^^J>eJ( (1)1 Jj (. ft Jg ji (J JjLaJ! £*Jaj
fU^jJ C. .) JUlJL^M ^^JLp ^1 tj Jj LaJJ^P ^1 coljl^SJJ
^ ; I l 1920-1909 4^J) «J^J>- j* <ry ‘ Lr *^>')l
“ <+*
.(291
J*A>- ^y> 1 $Jjj ^yJl ^L«jfcSM fc ?l*Jl JbJb»oJt lJufc t ^* ri
^jbNl <l>- jjJl oli Ji /y . i 1 ^
(corps JJ, Syrj J\ ^'A^rrA?
♦*
5JjjJJ J_£JLj L) jS^-a \*jj>- LftjLjLC'L t fonctionnarial)
4+ '
JjSjJj . LgJ jl^jj ^iJl <Ls^U>«Jl j
a a *,/g >B-J^^yL]l jLjuj l Lfel A^gj>-I ^jJl ^ >J I
**
p p
01 lLU^ 4 i A*& y*0 ^oJl^
p
V p-V jJl oU*>lp J5 p-j-Jl ^5 1
jl Ijusj cl-jL^S'^I j SjI^P'U <ul^*Jl JuL*)^JI (J^^-L^j
236
^ ; I 1 1920-1909 Jj5y\ ^^JLp cLp
JlS" ^p ajLJs jJl (jL>*^o ^ _^Jl L **>L>o j^j L® j-*j .(293
^pLLlsVI jJl IJ-a) LgJ ^^2-?-^
aJL^L$L*L t (vassal) ^^LLi!>U £_jLJ( L)L£ Sl»
^ La j^jcj L£ ^i51 ^ f-L^jaJlj s»l c a^LlJI
** **
l ) t ^ L n L^wm^o c a . .. & n i 1 ^ OlJl*-<Jlj ij J-1 j ( 1)L Sj
>»Lj-» (professionnalisation) in^o i _ s JisJiZ j .(134-130 ^ 1 1919
(. £, ^
LL>AA^0 4 Lg-^> A^2 L>sJLw*wqJ 1 ^LjNl ^1 *5jl L) j)-^\-> jb t ^uli? ^<*Jl
J^-S.4 jl .A-s^L>tJl j\ 3 j\ J^P L*Lo*J
Jj-P N j A . ./? ^^Lv 2 ->- /j_P jL^j>sJu j-*L ia^Jj
Alp-LaS' J^P Ju (. <UpLjJ^>-'Vl AXo jA jl oJ^^Lw-o
ol ^X>e^J ^aLs^l j-A (. jl>n^L ^jiJ^
4 . c— ^Ls^Lw—ll ^—>-*->3 c ^ 1? « *>.3 1 1 * ft a. > 1 1-Xa oLs c ^Lp
<* *--*' «* « >" (. ^P j^^Jl {S J
A^JL>tJ wl>o ^£jJl P-LxJl I -La ^Lp /v a ^ a ^ Lo*}\JL*Jl JflL^j
** H
t K£jL*j Aj J^JLa)) io^>Lip C viJJ Jj ^j^JLjlj ^ <L J->iJl aJjJJI ^3 ^LJI
^j»a o C 4-ojJs^J 1 aJ LaaJ 1 Lta^* A^jbl A*wij2j Am^j^LaP i
oJJLwj c iu^LixiJ ^ j^-\ JL^I ( j& 4 (-iU^ pi ^j>-
oLJ^Ai*J|)) j^w-3 La j-pJu ^i5l lLUL ^Lp L^.
0^3
t ) Amw^-3 ^£^Lw<j £^jJu C o^LA^ * ^ Aj j !XJL<±}) 1
0 *
Oli q^LJza ij2j oL>)jLqwoJ 1 t oli J */?~\ bJL>t>* ^>Lalp [ jA^ jt
aJpL^j Jl$L J^nJ jJ t oLLjJl ^0 A^^LSjjJI (jli t^JolioJL ,A^J
c A_^aJL>- LpL^jL j-o'b/l J^L*j ji ^s>-j .^SllJlj JuL>j^J 1
y.ly Jjc JI Oli ,ii J _.>ll Jjuyi JVb aJjLaJL^
t 'LmmJI 1 (_£j ) * *■». . j C 6 t 1 ^ ^ ^ ^»< a JlLj
'. o! — -j^Jl j ol5 jLJS ,j5 aJUjJI ^ JSwJl IJla
237
bUJl
£ ^
,_Lp (_$! cl Sjb^/I jl»
JUJl ob aJ»I yj^Jl Sjb^l *JLa 4 jUiVl ~ fj*>L)1
p
L^Ijjj Lg,„: » JL; (bureaucratico monocratique) i_oL*-VI
4 C^4 JLj Aiillj lfi/»l j-y»J LgJsLwaJlj
** H
jl ikJL_JI jJJL J\ -L JL aIj- LfcjjJ *i yJI wU-;
lAjU«jt 4 pL*Jij OjJLj 4 Lf) ^1 <-—151)
c-bb c*l*Jl JS - jttJl Js. US^Li\ L^Ul ja bUJl
iyiJl Lj>-LJl y> (perfectible) jUJ^/l 5Jjli ( _ # JLp y yj
1 1^1 fiw^A 4 jA y*J t
^1 ^jU-J cOyfJ J5 0,1 j y> ^
d c 1920 - 1909 c^y) b^Ul y*
.(298 _ 297
jljy^l i=rji ys ciJjjJJ ojb^l ZbjSjJl ^Juti clJtSjk
C <C*<yJJ yiJUJI c LxSJ jl Li5w c Lgj oJti>- yJl
(_J yjl yb'ill *Lj^Jt*Jl oJLa j jh> J ^y- b~_y> J d^l jiSI
•*
p-
. 4_*pLoJi>-^yi c^L%**^L^oJl j ^-1 d-^LpLlaft
t j 4 ^L*>- 4 <L*^J*S* t aJj ^ ^ Lw$J I ^3 ®
4_^.«,,jjpo t 4_..,*_^_->- t ^Jl ./3 a 4_P j^_>e_>o t 4_j^Lv2_3i <UjULa
t AijJl>tJl (Jl^JuNl jjJaJ 4(^Jl. . .
*A-J^I pjljJl ^0 4 aJ^Lmu
fr
iJjjJl (spore) c~y» l» yjcy y> co y^l o-U jl
.(298 y* d C 1920-1909 c^J) i&JbJI ^yJl
iljjJl <jJlP jl yjq 1^“$-® c yVl UJU-1 b b)j
l^oJa^ jl5 jlj _ ^jjbJl j Jij ,ylj^> Lfl ^yJl
«uL^- ^ji - <jji — * j*
238
;^j) & b'jSi, Vi JCi; V I iJLip
jljiVl <(101-89 1 1919
1*jL^ fcAjUiiJl iJiiVl idip U^pI U lit SJjJLlI JJ-b
t^lLbj V 4_b*^UL*Jl Sjb^/I jj la 7 ^3 Lo A_>- c5^l
Ju>-b c o^UJJ 4 oJ»^JL!I ^^2jI */?'>cJi Ljii j-p I djlj j) la^l l
v v*
ji J - ^ ^CoL>eJl jLJLXjI AA* tiojiJl
0 ♦* *4 1
olstAjJl jij>£ c-J^La ^1 aJlSLiJI oljjJaxil oJl* c-^w
**
w ’
+ * +
i Ijl^-a .LwLSjco b-^Lw^) IjL^_>- ^Jl^jj ^jA jj
♦*
A* ^jji) ^VU«JI j^uJij s^z^cJw^Ji y*jilp ^<»Jl cAj IjAa
*• •* ^ “
f
^-JlU! K^JAaLpAJU AjLLoj C (^Vj-ws^-Xpt^Ji 4-UJ^ ^J-P *■ A^Sb
ij\*y\ US' t ij|jL«Jl Lj-^ Jl*sl*j ^xJ! ^-Jl 5 J^aJI U.^ As* j£-> y
jLjLpI 0j3^ 4-j-P A_ p|jJS j^-Lp i Lg_> Lg->* J-J <^-3
A-oiJlj jJUJi JJLo) Aj J-> tj J*S ^j_p
LU ol -P .(i^JJl - iJLiVl oUlkJl J oUfcicJlj aJ^Ni
CJ*VL>s^J! ^ip 1 XI 4 l.l>- (_yJl 4jJji*Jl
j^UJIj SjbVI ^ J 5 JiAj ^1 ^LpUi^VI
^ ^ ^ **
L(3_^_j I t J+m-Arni L<> ^.A ^ l l b»P
(*-^ tffr 9 ‘x^ Ai Uc 4 ^
*
((<_£ ji® _> Lj-»iip aia_j j^a l^J L c aJLjCLo o jj L*j3j
ojj)laTo ll I oj^JL U<?J «i^J ^ Oj-^?L*-«-!l 4-o
. 4 JU— >1 jU iol - 3 JI oU-JaiilLj 4 Jl>jJ! JjLJ'}/!
f ^Jl j*_JiuJI j* J-*-^ (_^' 4^o»L>JI J^IjjJI j-j
4* ' H
j^JaJwaJJ eLo>«Jl (j jj-^ j ~ t Ju <C.La«J U l^>- ^-a ^ .x>~«^s\1
(J-— a (_^jJl ( J-l>tlU Jj*~° t I oL-ajL4»okJ(
< _ 5 JlSI 4_4jLJ| 4_<JijVl o-^xil jl
239
v* F' P
^Ls<a-pl A * «, <7 Oli*>Lp C-w^LSI
4jJlJLaj - 4->^Lvfl_i3l j ^ ^ I j»jjJLxJl > ^JJ>-b
- (356-355 ^ .11 .1920- 1909 .^J) ijjjj ^LLJlj
J^LJlj ^j\ ^U%J Ullii JUJ jJl pJaaJI jiLi
. ^i-lj oLi^L*Ji 6 w\_A C-w^L? tjjj . ( ^P 4-woljJ^/lj
** **
(calcul (jJLd-JI 4 — iL~^*J! j_p ^jli- ^jl>«_-o J^«Lp J-S’ cJl **>1
«^>l ^1 ^U^S'yi oL-jL^Jl i Js- tlJi5U . monetaire)
^ "-- *»- ■ C SjlisJ Li j • '*•>- lfl~‘. i (jl 4 l^Jb-b I i_il > Jl 1 JlA
I* I *♦
aJ ^><J ! j aAu1m«woJ! a . « i/j >w >xJ 1 kjijLi^>L*Jl y^s^
^ 4 1 1 1920-1909 c^-i) JLJl r-LJl oLpIj iJklV
.(116-112
<Lj jJLaJIj iwiLwJl oU^LaJI <L.,<g>wJiJl a^j-s^UxJI pjj
^JL) 4£^^taAJw4 A^P y*P yA «Xpl 6 .AjLaJ 4 A^_4 O^b^M l^-b
J^LjJIj ^LbVl oL5*>Lp ^j_P a_ : ./? >«-JLJl L^JLajiJiI
a_JlpLisj <L5Jl>cl«JI a-p oUljJ^I L$ip j~*u ^yJl ^LoL,<g:SNl
M
cLLLaIJ Jlj . J qJl$ JjLw N . c^l I aj$j5 j~*J
*+
0 p
aJ^cXJI <L*Jj 2»P 0^9 t j-y^ aw>~^ . 1, «/?jl
JL9 . (J Jjli ^Lpj /j « «/? «/2 :>cJLoJ I jp>Jl
•*
^ ^ P P P
L jj j*P |jLpL»«*4 ^ - - ** 1 (jl J— 5 4 AjjJ^sJl aJLo_^jI ji\ j yhli jllsl
Jj^Jl jIjluI L^>-jjI ^1 cjlaljJNl cJL$Li (JulijLi . j jjaill ULgJ
** “
P
jl c-jIpL^->«JI 0j}j*Si
a-JL$wJ( l~^> Va ^ ] 1 j jJaJ ^ Lit-jjU ^\»Lp . aJIjuJI
ajJLap (j j£ ^\ c S jb!>U j OjjLiU
4-JLli ^ ^ V I fr^Lo-*JU c.* « ■». ^ . j jjLaJIj j SjtaNl
..obVl (previsibilite) ^5 jJl
240
t 4 j j-JJU j jl J Vj®
Jl>-Ij 4->-ljjl IjJ Nl 4-^UxJ! 4JL.aUo
U 4 La -L^ 1 O.AS^» AjL+t2j J*- 1 0^ jliU^L ^ ^ j. *^|
^jLxp\I vaj 6-ii»-lj *jl LJ j^>*j ^JUl La j 4 Li JScuj ^JJl
t (Catherine Colliot-Thelene) ( j_JLj; j_J j_£ LrtjS'S')
.(164 ^ «. 1992
4« >g ^ 4 -*-s^L>- J _ <U~a*J*-aJl UjU*>eJI 4-_<s^L>eJl fi Jl_A j
c^ji JSLUj i L^t US cUjIyL ^JUJI flkJI
Jp jJiS c ^ ^1 AJa J! oU*l >JU f U* J5
0 jjLSJI ^jA - LU 4j jjJL<*Jl 4-ot)LjL*J! 4 la ) ^J
J~L >LpU_i J\ iJ.I^JI !jb>llj
**
C 0 ^<v •>/? a 4_«JU*>J ' (^0 4-s^JL>cJ|
p p
.(IaJ-pIjS (>* j' ‘^^r'
** » 4*
( j) W * M i 0 . nJ c^*l>e_^J! 4-0 U*-^ jpoJ I oUiJl oJ-A 4 uU^
JjjUJIj 4jjI^NI aU?! jij j-Ul - o U-^J( oL*^ji^<J! oU>jU*a
*•
o> ^ frUJI ^1 ilLjk ^ _ Ji^Jl JLJI iUoiiMlj JKjJI
. J-^UJl y» ^-SoJl jj Jj i oUaibJl j CjI Jj jlU ^yLl? jJl Ji*-|JLJl
U ISli H 4Jwl5-*Jl 4^-Ukp jv-SLiJl £cj>-jLl!L> 4j 4 6j^-*yi oJlaj
JjUj c j J-o U ^Js> L^J (jr^M ^Jl iJu^Jl o J la dJLT
*♦
Uajl LgJU ciUJijJl 4 JUiJUj (calculabilite)
^ Lg-^a <jl gUa
4-Jj>t^Jl Lg-X-sJ^L5p 4 (j| <2-U>x_> 4 ^Jl>-!^ ki-UaUj
-89 ^ 4 1919 4^i) l^; U^UJI (^j]j^sS\) i^l IgS^La
tAS”^L<Jl j*_jAU a»Lp^ (_gl it-Uai^L o j£j j-I tlJLSC* .(111
4_wv»jjL 4_J_o_xJl oNL>t_^Jl i j-Lx.>c-a i jj j\
241
p
CjwI A-JJJJI • iw/LJI) Jl 3-UU
J^P JlSj .ilSwa oLpI^/? SJlP ^lp oJla <JO>xj
* ^ £.
j « : -,*> ■ t(modernite) 4j|Jb»«JL ^w?LJJl jJl oJlb> L»Lw>-l
cjil^dU iLUJl U^UJl *_Jjl U^\ ^ oUl^Jl
p.
_> axc ^Jl IJla^j .Ijkjlisl ^ la"Xi d)i a^>jjL»^>JJ ^^xil
jSLo-i V ^^Jl oLpI^ ./g 11 » _)j (guerre des dieux) «S_g_Nl c-> j-p-»
~ 4*
c 1919 c^-J) LJajI t (inexpiables) “LfiP
A . ./»a\\ <Jlp 4jlJ(L>*}\ ^9 t(l07 — 106
4* “
2 rkl -/» T a*Sf I iqN L> r-o-ll ^j-o oLpI j ll oj_A £_)jLL>j .<L^-j j la o. ll
oNU-Jl oju» jPJ iOjbVI - O-Jl. iJ Jill! _ JL^L-Jl.
* ^ **V P ** ** V *4 ^ *4 44 ^
Ijjfc (l)Li t ciJJ jJ .Ls^ljI L LfjlJb 4*AJLLvww4
A^oJaj! JJ>-b 5 JLvvw>t^Jl <0*>UL*Jl j jJaj jll?J ^3 t £eJ>-jLJ|
JlS jlSJ jL ^U-vJ! c J^UJlJ o jj\$ 4-s^L>tJi oi ^S^ij ia^-siil
ob ^U-^l ^Jl yg:iNl iJ*)ULp j j&L** !j l5sjfc) ^ ^Jlp & yb
*4
<J jjJJ (^jbNI iJLip o j^jo L^S* iJbVl ^^UL«Ji
. (^Jj, * - . jJ! ^UaJL 4jLJ j tAjlp ob
JJ-b ^i4 yy Jl oLijVl SjUI LlJ_p k^^uj
C L^wvjSj 4 J Jjjl
••
^4 L^j 0 ^Ja^wwJl L^>- p'Ld^Jl aJ^jsj -Up t
,S-jLsii!ij 4jjb^l oj-gj>-Vl J^"b ilp ob jjJaJ 4 j^LJj>ej
(typologie ygj;„]L j.-S'juJl J*>L?- ^ i b-j!j L^j
44
JslJ ^ jli ^ heuristique)
i AJaJL^JJ ^.. : ,la.::H ^VJ aJO>t-oJ( ^jl J-JI jl oL-O-^JL)
-UjU^jjLSJI O i OiA^AjSj O’lU-dJL^o)
242
^rrr® ^ir* ‘<3^" (j^ i J -r 1 - jJj-^ Crij-^^ o-LS’l 1 ^-£j tjL>»Jlj
cSj^' J-^-i <_r^' 6 j- *» J » t
** " ••
( _ s JLp J^-p j-g-s t5-pjjJL<> Jl 5j la . ... 1 1 “>LSLJi l^,i^»
cAkLJl j jlp! j-aJ! (positivite) Jl ijj>y L» ^ aajLL^JI
^JaL^I jl j\ J-*- j^LaJI J-oj (ip jjJ\ (jl) ^U^j^Jl
Ljfc j-o'i/i ) LgJ /^o a^**jJIj a^p j-JLi!
,(aPj jJL&JI
ajjJLkJI Jpij-ill ^1 ^i>-I c A-w*taiJ a*p oj^
<l)j^ CA-j^j-iJl AJp j-JwJl ^^JLp OjJJLJIj LX-ft C
p
^ llj Ij ^p cJ^LwJlII
p
APjjJLa <1)1 -l^j J>JL~ (Jl ^xJl aJw^Jj>tl^J| o^jJloJJ
^ **
^ <^-w*J>tJ l LgJJP LoL^j JjI la « > C A^P 0 ^ lg a * Ah 1 1
^ la 1 ... ll i>H J^ 2 -^' o-^^! (-Sj-*
Jl>c3 aIjL.JI oJijb cjjobLo cl^Lvjci^i ^
L^jL 5 LgJL*jl ^JLp JlSL^II oJjb ^ji^J Lg_)l j\ c ap j-Ji
.(230 c 1992 cJlS*
^xJlj) 4j^ui!l iJliLi^l jjL>tij libjfc <jl jJuj
L ■ - ^ ■ jJ f j J l ^ & Aj ^ ‘ ^ l * . ^ . ■ 1 1 > ll ^
£* Uiw^Jl flJub JLdJj ‘(JUI J-vtiJl <ts- ^JL>tlU*> t^JUl
P p-
a^w^JLaJI l— ^ jpJl A-^jl ^ j ^ ^ ^ A-ww»iL^^ll a-^w^Lw^JI cjLlL& jJ!
♦♦
p
jL^-j oj j $ a > J jy^jJlj
^j— U^_]| ^p j— siJl ^ m^JLj ^jJl t (Weimar)
.jP>J! 5J^ Jl (^jUl) ^1 ^1
P
L^ 1 . . i L^jif 4 I I A 1 V ... a 1 1 Lai
243
l ^L^Ji jJiJl jl bi^bL*Jl ii j jJl oils' bl
LgJLpl>Bj OaIj b^a J 4 ^ j+/2 :>- JSvO bb^fl l^JLo^Aip <OjIS li| La j
J-**-’ <JL«jjJl {£y~~» L ^
Lg-ojSjj 4 j «,<?>*-] I 4-^bw* 4 la 1 . ti ^JS" *ti_!l j Ni
l i 0>bb>^- JtbJ ^s/2J>tJ <J^ ^JLiLS 4 K 0 JObvjQ# ob! ^Ju>-b
I jSLa 'V LSbi* \ jJo o I <\J aj jO 4 Lg_JLp ji«j (j I
M
4«j^b^)M ^ <?. 1 i 4_1 p ^3 ^_-Ji J^b 4 wQw'>xJ i
aJs-L^JI Lf : $ J jj>lO bljj> JpUa^tJl <-a*>Lp 4 i-J^JLsJlj
**
< _ 5 pLjj>-Nl Ja-^aJJ 4-laj (Jjbj. ^riOk^hJ ^ l LvwS i
^JUa-Jl ^-s^l j-lJU *bl °bb b jjL 5-H (bb-oJ L^ , £
I Jla J_bJ j j . (sociaux particulars) o?L*Jl
( j r A jljljJI ^Lo-&! ib j_p a jS( 4 <L*_-o j-wJt 4 J 2 j-i^Jl *e-b ,r 1
^b>- Lg-*s Ijlj k bj I b o ^ I *bpjJi I -j Lst^J i
**
<3?^ j-*j bjlSb^ J-fc b <UPj j-JL« <Loj^
-*> cJjlS ^JsaJJ bb 4 j-wiJ 4^A^bwwJl L> LbbJ I
. (Fetat total) «aJ j^bJl il jjJb ^ j^jf Jb4
«-'r
Castoriadis, Cornelius. La socle te bureaucratique. Paris: UGE,
1973. (10/18)
Colliot-Thelene, Catherine. Le desenchantement de I’etat de Hegel a
Max weber. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1992.
Foucault, Michel. Naissance de la biopolitique. Cours au College de
France 1978-1979. Paris: Gallimard, 2004. (Hautes etudes)
Kollontai, Alexandra. L’opposition ouvriere (1921). Trad. fr. dans:
Socialisme ou barbarie : no. 35, janvier-mars 1964.
244
Lefort, Claude. Elements d’une critique de la bureaucratic. Geneve:
Droz, 1971.
Lenine, Vladimir Illitch. La catastrophe imminente et les moyens de
la conjuger. Oeuvres. Paris: Ed. de Moscou, 1917. T. 25. pp.
347-397.
. L’imperialisme stade supreme du capitalisme (Essai de
vulgarisation) . Oeuvres. Paris: Ed. de Moscou, 1917. T. 22.
Reed. Pantin: Le temps des cerises, 2001.
Marx, Karl. Le dix -huit Brumaire de Louis Bonaparte (1852).
Trad. fr. G. Cornillet. Paris; Editions sociales, 1984. Reimp.
1992.
— . La guerre civile en France (1871). Trad. fr. Paris: Editions
sociales, 1975.
— . Les luttes de classes en France (1850). Trad. fr. G.
Cornillet. Paris: Editions sociales, 1986.
Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty (1859). Trad. fr. F. Pataut. De la
liber te. Paris: Presses Pocket, 1990.
Rizzi, Bruno. La bureaucratisation du monde (1939). Paris: Champ
libre, 1977.
Weber, Max. L’ethique protestante et I’esprit du capitalisme (1904-
1905). Trad. fr. Isabelle Kalinowski. Paris: Flammarion,
2000. (Champs)
. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (1909-1920). Trad. fr. Econo-
mic et societe. Paris: Plon, 1977. Reed. Paris: Presses Pocket,
1995. 2 Tomes.
. Wissenschaft als Beruf. Politik als Beruf (1919). Trad. fr.
J. Freund. Le savant et la politique. Paris: Plon, 1959. Reed.
Paris: UGE, 1963.
245
(L»iW
(etat «<LJLJ_£Jl iJjjJl»j «4 _Jj_«_ 2LJI 5JjjJl>* u-
oLw-jLwJl ^ 4_p L jL Lj_» totalitaire)
*iLwwJ! Ji-JLJI <J jj>- 4 o iflX'. <v ll
i^y^} 9 jL>-jJcJ 1*^9 .o jj
Jl*j j i\ y% jlCJl JLp U£Jl L.U S^-i
1 -fjljLO ^iyCu L. UU jA\ vliiJtj iiaUliSVl oL-jL-J!
♦*
A£ <_** LitjjbJl J^>- ^y>
m
iJiliJI tU Jb- ^J>\j (stalinisme) ^Jli~Jl j (nazisme) 4jjUl ^
j 1 h (*LJL)I LuSLw V tdUi ^»j .5-JLkjNl (fascisme)
••
^3 ^Jj Ol jj_*w3 j-Ju I j-£jLoJ( IJ-&
-p,
^5Uj U jj^sj" Lr ^il Jl iL iljJJI
«*
^3 L-JLp A m ^JU J&t . aJjJlSI SJt?- ^
(idealtype) j_o_Jl o'iLuC. w*>M I A^i-s ' - 1 ] 4 jLU>l IJu*
l!->I j^L^o a) tNjI aipLw? o_oJ jla3 ♦ k<LJLJLS’b
Jl*_> La Oj -3 ^3 jL>e-^Jl £c _*^3 J < 1 ) 1 _SC_*^J 1 4 JKJ 1 A a ^ ^ {JS
249
^ tiLib (heuristique) iL oVjUt*
tilJjj J-s^j tuj i Jj-LJa t Q-& j Lo
jl 4^-*»Lww*Jl 4-JI j^L» ^Lp
oLj jj>tJlj <Lo jj3\ (3 <uLo->- >Uij 1 ^ p<v <j-/Q
' 4*
fir fi- fi
4-g^-l^-® LaJj>^P ±L> j g Iff 1 0 j-^>*Vl 0-i-A (J^? (1)1 t ,4-w(^Lww«Jl
4 l ^ J 15 J ^L<W^p4wA<%»J 1 A* ■*» * g.ll
Aj ^LoJLA'b/l C Aj d)LgJL**u ^ Lio jl ULta ^J^LJwj
£
<J^ (>c-! ‘j-lalJl ‘V>f Jim O 1 i Am X .,< 0 ~ ?m *> ■ ' 1 ^ ‘ -■■ a ^1 ^ fr
^^1 j^f l*i jju ^1 >LuJI oli^U ^ * JLjJl ^LJl
4* •* *•
<4 ./?«} i ^»w0 j>-'il! <_5^i <Ujl^al AjlloJ l L» LajJ
.(1981 i(Lefort) jjijl iJltJl L J& jJajl) <1
cA^ Jrr’V ^L5j iJLiiJl jJ-o <■ j ^ kuJl IIa j-*
fi fi
_ 4*j ^UJ! o d)1 L^-s^->t3 c ^1 oL&L^jI
AmJ***mAj 1 ^ l Ol ^3^3 ^ g ■ Vl^ 3j A*tm*jJ La^A«J l
o*-La ^JjLa 0^3 t ^Jl^cJl o3Jb ^3 t ♦ lLUaS" o^Lj^pIj
•* ~
Ja-L>cJl l g *■■ tf > ^c^x J (1)1 IgJL^aji ^ 4jjli*Jl
~ ~ ^ ♦♦
oLwIjjJ! (j y^~-* ^jJ-p- L»-U- cui?b>-l L» !i| Nl L-wJl jSLal}
r*
A.O 1 Lj t 4^yy>> Lki^m 3 1^
^JaJLJI 1 4 + -<v.-«.^ 1 1 ^ jJ ^ jtaXj^/l L 3 1 ^
*
ijj-^jwJl 1 <Lol ^/?.^ 3^1j 4 ^pL^jlsj-^1 J^1j_^JL»j IAjkj ^
j^a li-Aj tjUJlj *JjLi<JLj L^J^Jj Lg^Jup tLijJiJIj
••
L ycwww<JJ L»w?L>- Jisq t ^LKi! o! t^UJl I
♦* 1 •*
c j> j-ap >-U-« < is ^jq j^J (^JJl j-^L*-^Jl ^jjbJl (*"^ JjliJl
jJJ (differentielle) ^jLij ^U*- t J_Jj £-J>j
^ytmmjy L1jL^>- jJl sJUb ^0 ^x3 .aJUsaVI <UJuLLU^ A^JLJU J *u5”l
250
^Ll ^ ^ a^p j^\ AjiksJl
aJL jJaJl (jl <iL3i . Lj>- jS c ^J| aJLw^JI a^^LwwvJI
<Cjd\ oJ-fe Lg J&j CJua/? ^1 £^>Ji li-A Lgj ^jJi
£
oLjLa jJI UL^t j LgJLp j^J jJ aj ^JslJ! cjI . .,^:2 <J'j jj^ji
**
wL>"U o! ^ jjJJeu jJlSI ^Lpj , LgJw^wsA^o A^j?-
LajLL?| ^ c-o Jl>- ^xJl aS" j^JL^Jl jJLlI ^^-xj t oLoJJLxS" jLip^U
** *4 I
o jJLSl Ja-^ijl Jjj* ^ LJlLo L>oj^w lg-tf */? jj 1 4^LA5\Ji
^i-L 'b/ t Ji?l j^j>\ oL> jt-LxJI A->
A-JUli^jl j-^oJu c(L^2j1 ^j-^Lk^-cJI jJlj o( 1 oLjjiJ L*^-U
•*
Uijj C _^'M ^iJl ^ ^jIjluJI «jLiJaJl» ^ ^
** •*
&J* c LiC . L^-l^jJl J Ual«Jl iJa^U iiJbJl JKJ,\h ^
J5L-jJ» JaJsi dl^L-Vl o^^k; SI y J£jJI IJL^
c^kSLj *Ukjl U^-^SjjJjbl! Jj (t^jj-LJl ^pUl «_i^Jl
^yAJb Vj) aJjjJI jl i a-L~»-- j-Slj sjl>-I jJI L~>- jJ I
**
oJ^-ft ^ ^JL-^wO A— C*4 j-i 1 j— w^_S* (Jj) ■ /? ^ t dL}*
(, ^ f, p
c S jJa-j-^vJL5 JJJLaXj 1 jli <*\ .(a-a^Ow^j ji\ Lj>-
^ ^UJI -^^1 yy*l\ 6-Aj-j pJli
<jjbNl L^JUwsj^ ^1 JiJ>-\ yJ> J-5VI (^yl-P j! tiJjjJl
AJLoLtJl o ^la aaa*U Ia^jLjlpL} t aj A- w^JjJlj <L^o
C ljL& j 3 1 L<aJL>“ ^ I ^\ ^9^1 ^^J>_P
Jj5i cJJ/ Ji j^l LLJi iI?L?-Nl JLp LJU-p
aJ aJ ^ jJI ^ j g a* Jux_>tj^ ^LKJl Sj.
f, *
J jLS D ; aJu caJ^JJI oAalJ > « lg ? AajLl^J IwLJsij . LJLSwfl A^utfj
0>J1 c^L^*>li!l y (schmitt)
251
<LJ aJjjJI i 6 4«»Lw J 1 _ 1
OjJliJl ^ <s>^> j^li jj* (1985-1888) JjtS -
M
1933 Jl^. ^1 ^jJI ^>>J1 ^ > JI -^J
jJl 4ja5liij -L^jL <1)1 J-*3 *• S 4 la*X» ?l ^3 <S*> I o^Lp Jajjpjj
**
jlaLtS 4L^p (i-jLiJl <U-^JL*Jl) jPh}\ >Xaj ^£Jj 1936 AJwuj
J Jj>- 4j jJaJ ^jjjaJ ^3 J* «1 ?j 3 !l 4-Jj <JjJlJlj
4^>- ojL^_>-^JI JlaL>o IjuSCaj V .5J 5J jjdl
oIjJwmJI J^L>- L$-> pli (^1 o}LJl*jJ! ^yi <^>_s<aJuJl
I %• **
aJ^iJJI p ^ a a jJLxJ ^a>sj 1)1 oA^J ^ .cj ^jlJI
<#
l5*)Uaj1 <U>JLjco Lwj iJ
^ P'
*- | 1 " 1 J ^ ^ ^ C Lj ^ d ■<> 1l IwJl-A ^ — ‘.VWvJ .
*
JJ->rJ| 4_lj.) ajl*p jj ftjj L« 1JUJL>tjj aJjJlU «^LK» ^-p
(bureaucratise) l^bL* <1^>- j-* Oj-JJl tS^>L*_«J!
t2_JUajJlj ijjb)/l i^lJ^jj Lfijij ,jj^. ^ ^y-lp 4^ji
^ p
4 itf « .5 ^ |. ■/? 4 I C l +/2rnl 1 Ojjdl 4^ I 1 ^ - - ‘ ^ ^** * 0 1 ^
I l&j .^pL^SVlj ^Uj^I JU^JI *A aJjLuJI olS!)U
cij^i SJjjJl ^ i^ytpjixSj ^ i! jjJ! 1)U %
^ p
jIj oLl*-a 1 Ilv& .4J ^ dr^i
<y ^1 ojMl jL^i ^ij ioA>Jl iJjjJl
•♦ ** •«
*4^1^11 jLo.^3 4jjj-^-<kJ^- ^LJL^ 4^^JUl ^>sJL Aj
4ijjiJ 4-Jlj A^^au j\ jb>A 4l^L>*^/l 4x]jL>t-o I LjU
C 3^j3j V— ■> I ^ aJ^wLU ^j^lw3 t ^ . ‘1 1 1 ! ■ti^ ^ C
4-> jJijJJ ^ 4^ : 5 ^Lv2j 1933 4Jw-aj /^3 Jjol Lwo
1^ i ^ j* s^aXS^ d^LwwuJI cJ^->“ 4*j^jLflJl
252
^1 Ju c t L*A ll*lp . AjjLJJ
^£\ ^JwviNl ^_L_L? jJl I ^ J_>e_J 1 J^w>-jJj^Jul ^j_P Oj^Lv^Jl iJ jjJvjJl
*4 ** ♦*
U_£ jJL-> i[ c-sJuaJ! IJL*. (Nazional-Socialismus Partei)
(J Q..-<»-Jj Aj jJaJ L» c-^y~i 4 aJL>-^L!I ^yi
•* *4 *4
^LL^Jl j-JLoJl ^JL -la>o t KaJj^-jJI aJjjJU
.^jUI
2,-U .^U ,>~ Mjt ^ aJj^jji <j jjlJu
l)Is IJLjJ J .0 o jJuU( ^3 A^->cjjIj A*lrO*P ^P
C A*«j1j 0^1 ^9 o i o ^A t aJ A^ dJJ
**
j-y^ ® j-r*J J J_?-JjJl L yJ-P L^jjJJb
C ^aw< 3 l ^ <3 */2 ^ f yiJ I c^Lw^A.) aI^.*,^
H **
U^jIj . (^Jl . . .^»UJl ^jJl i-il y>j JUajVI J jL-j
l ^ 1 >-^Aj * < .».q_i <LJ aJ jjjl j^JL*_l C I.XS\Jfc .Aj jjJU Oj~La AmX>«^sA
4* ^
lLD^XSj Lg-Lojj AoL^zliNlj <LilJiiJlj A^LaJ^-N I oL^kJI
r^L* ^UiiiVij a^Lj^NI J5UlJ! a-J Ju-b
d5 jJLwoj c 4_Jj jJlj 0 -0 tl)l i AJ jjJL
j^-I ^9 ^j(j jj Loj^o j £> Lo-g-L«j>tj i Lcw^.,a a, > aJ^Lj^o a^axJ obSLoJl
.v—dUa^Jl
LajI la a Cwww o j_aJLpI <jj*LJl l^i_A ol t (JL>*_llj
p
A-L** jL<<>..^ft Aj ^) j ^ .o.^- j La j-Si I o j^?L^ a». )i aJ jjJl
M
^y-f-Lo—^-N I j_«_jJlxJI aL^_« a_w« j_^j«JI 2 j_&JLl iJU>- o_;-^>- 1 1919
AjjjJl ZuXj J^-li ^yialuJ! oJb- ojLjJ! jjk j w (_pLrfaiSN!j
ftjjk (^Jl!I jj^-jJI (j ^yJLp- jfiiLJl iJLft L yi>c^ j ‘ajU
A_*_il <L w .uLw~.Jl j-> ^JcJl ^ ^qJLw_u ^yJLfrj AwJLp ^)L^_)j*yi 0
.LjJ aUiP ./?" .q A~j jjUJI L~>-^J^jJj jl (_£ ^LwuA t^-^' J LgJb-IJj
iljl ^JS\ J \ jjjl Pj-*>«-A ^ Jblj^Jl Jiv.^JL isjla aJ jjJli
253
i L^’^VJLl^I 4jLoj>- ^Jl j^-JlJI v^^ajl^JI
•*
f*' f r
1 ^Ls^JlJ jJiSU j_xb I ooLj t ^—Ol^LwLJ ^3 ^ obi
t oLLij tc— <L> j-$ c^LpUi*.?- Jb>-b 4— <^P L.O«JL > -^y \j
iJ ajJl l ( * r ll . a^a'sLc^lj 2LJU.il -U_« . a!1
. <u^L>*j| L^tJU^ io jl>*J obi LaUJl Lgj j3 J jj>L j jlg>JL!
jjJslL* LJ Oj^IpI ^ll! aJjjJl jU
H 4*
^xJi A»pL*ji>-^n <j^^- y*
j_ a> j (par faiblesse) ^ Ml t c — J tUjLUl ^
4*
w J - y^JJi ji ^J> c^awiJl
<4*
P
L . . yy . aJ ) «^Ji^Jl «JL^JIj t— >I^>-Ml o j.ia j„,»« f-1 ^JL>-I® ^j_P ojjftp
£_« #JL* jjaJLxjlJ Mj .(362-361 d 1933 t(Schmitt)
^yJl DjjJl jLs- l^a yu 4^-^jJI Jlc- Jj
Smm *
aU^JI /^-P ^-oUJ ^Jl j^ju Lo jjtj t L^, U>J>xJsJ ^4A5 sj
■ *«-
t- j|j->“Vl ^Jl A^^Lw^Jl o jjjl Jij
: 4j ^Uj>J!
*•_/** ♦
V LJb iJjJJwwJ t u j3 ( j»P j^a^l ^Jj U jiaj Lo bU
Jj tiJ j-w aJj^ ^^Lp tlJU- LJLJI ^ li^l ^^2
Ji t A_J^^»Jj l— j|^->-l oJLP
aJ^^wwvJI oAA j*£*aj*j (• * . } AaltaU A*J^^JvJl
^ jLJ ^Jl jjls^i LfxJjUx^j i SJjjJl Lf i?
♦* H
* +
L«-*m < b "~J "'" ' Ip yj> y> iJjjUl y»
t362 ^ ( 1933 ai^J ^^slJl L yS3\
**
.(89 ys t2005 t(Karvegan) jUJ^S - i*j>- j
t -4 _Ls»-!^ .<g)ML; Ml ^>JL>s_<JI i _^S’ j . <v g T M 5J jjJl j Mj
4~*L~Jl aJL>- ^)l Ju~y3*j ( _ s xJl AjiL^Jl ^lfll...ll Jw«Lp J>5wj M LgJ j^J
254
Ls^jIj aJ as ajUUj t f c ^_-^-*iJj
^ JL) /^o 4_?j> jJLaJI 4 ]aJL*> .U 4_J*j La A^wLL* o*A_P^ ^jLg <l)LSLo oLl^j
aJjJaJI <Lojl oLi t IjlSLa .'L>jJl}\j I c^LpLq.->«JI
^pL*^>-I ^-A Lqj ^1 y *#*)! ' 4^L**Jl a>»^I ^a 4 aj La
u**?- t lLUS ( _^Lp J-gJUj J£ ol~Lb ^\ l
Lj^LdJi Aj^jLa^qJI^ 6 j^aP ^3 Al^w^/v Si ^>tJl Aj^iflj 4 ^
** ** **
10
4-o^jLflJl JlP I ^jLLS A-*-P^j^j}»<jJS 4_*_>- *>L^J I 4 ^J>cJJ
^jL^aJI iol^>-Nlj LJiSLjlSI 4^^LlJI j L^jUi jjLLJ ^^JL^jJl ^ Jg/««Sl j
i *
^y+py^ (JjyJl ja jj+al 4 til j+ i .If5-Ja Jj Ujlj^?V
•* «
<M OjJliJt lj)\z {j£> £jl>- J^*-* (J^ ^ 1 ) J^tlJ
jIjl^V j (jj- >t ^ — L-C- 1 ^3 5_JL*jiJ I kj j-Jjl ^Lp
JiiJl jl oli^Ul j SjaU ju, J5 Js> ipU JS^j ‘ j^UJl
4 0 ^^3 <wol JJ LoL (^^-Slj J J-s^-Sl l^-^-S Q** <fc *ti 4u£>~J ^£jJl
oJlSj Lw«L«I j j^i c (1934 c Oww<>^i) LJlii^Jl j ajL^_>*^j ^.p j
^UJI jLa^JJ .-Jl^JLII aJ jjJ 4^>-^aJI
♦• ••
ii jJ J^Jt 4-P jJj <]jjJ\ < 1 oLm ^j" olij «d^ J>* J*J ^kJl
^ aJsjL^j * ji 4 ^jJlU UaAJI AkU! i)U. JkJI ^
^ ■ *•
<up aj^L^JI oj^i aJI^ ijjjJl ^il j e-li-Il
p
o^jJL>t>o Lo| l) j_$CLwu aJjJJI AjaJL^*i jl 4 cLLSS j3\ ^J->«Jl
♦♦
<lJLp O jjC$\ J QJL3 LJ-^a? Jilaal* La^Aj Aj>e-> ^) J^>cJl o^LpL5j
u. 1 j i ((j^iJI ajL!L>*^ 0 j-> Jwo^Jl V t aJ jjLl 0j% IS^Jail
^JJl (heraut) jL?-Vlj j»ljVl JiL ^^JLp ^ 2 iiL^)) l$Jl
•Aaj A^fju j \ ^^1 ^ 4 ^LiJlj «£jli j}\ ^j-p
p
jjt IJu»>j 4(36-35 ^ 4 1922 4 0 ^*^) (t(aprescoup) jlj^l olji
^ jJt I i_j jk /j^s 4 j 4_j ^Xs^oJi ~^r > ~ ts*"^ JuJu>*Jl
** « »T
•4 ; 5* , * , ^r““ Cr 4 oyLdJl
255
* &
Ji 4 4 -UJIj y>Jl Ly UAj c
alJoo , L5wJ cLww>-j LJjo aJLsu>xj 3 j-SJl Jp>J I aJ L/3g*.j *y
^ *•
p ^
<u^ J^»J1 jjX> Jj t i-LJl JJb- \y*£j ^ Uy- (eflectivite)
. A^
aJL-m-o Lg-JLc- jJ>-\jj ^ jJ I a-> j^UJI ajj L^J I jJL
^ jJ^'yL ji) ^jcJ> jJl JpJl A^S* jZi 4_lL*~<J AoUJl aUJLJI APjjJLa
jjJasJ £— j 1 u-*—^
J L^^-3 .AljJL>tJl oj 1 ^-oJL>&-<jJ I JJ-b 1 ^ ao^-’LaJI
jj ^ a -* *4^ <_** ^y^-i
4* 4*
v r’j-fr~^ l^-*j .iJLJ^Jlj iulsIyj^Ji 4^yigj>Jl ^jA aJI^JJI UjjJi
p
wLj ^y ! LjjLp hA ^1 4 Am*m!) ^ >Ql *I«»J 1 0 i ^ ^ &
j\ J-2JL* JaJ u J uS* ^j-o jp>Jl ^Jl <jjL^Jli jjLaJI
p
. Aj Jj>J( Ajj^loJ^Jl 'Ij^-^yi Al*X»l to )& m y^2 ] t t^LJl
M
4 OuL^ 4 ' 0^\ Ot-Ajto (jt 4 - ■*> ■-* ^
~ 4*
j*S* . A^pt<iJw>- N y \ ot%>JJ aL®IS ^y+^yvvJ O^lpl ^J-P
oliil jjJiJ tw? t>- L^JL*j>-j ibis’ aJjjJI AkJLx j-a 4 JJJi
.1^1 wLo aLw**J Cm>u 4 AoLj ^Ji APjJl JJ>-b aJ^LjuJI
p
4 ft 4^4„*,y9 *tJ J*£ju ^Jl aJ^iJJI oJa ^Loi ,^ywAtftN>til
^ ) g -A^ t A^5 ^*Qi^wJ1 a!^*-LXJ ^ 1 OtiLp*^
W **
aJ .» aJ y J>^“l-> 4y SiU-l C £*icJij ^yJt aJu»j«J|
4HV +*
<lJI wwJiJl aJ a-^iJl 5J jJdJ $j) aj aJ^ j\ ^ a *Jl S
•4 ♦ «« ** V v *• V ^ ♦* *♦
^ p p ^ ^
Mjl 4. 1 ' ~ 4i~ ** Aa^>*j 1 JJl 4 p iJl iJ-A /j .(«v^ 1,)
0 ji 4 AJlia_>^/l A^Jo tJl ^Jl 4 O jxil ojL^Jl
«* *♦
p
^ *y i Aj 3 1 . s<<? J3 ^y 1 j -iJi 0-*
o^^tsji SwL^^-^Jl aJ ^4-vJJ a!-L<w<JI 3^jJl 0 wLa cjb 4 L^J_>-1wAj
Aa^**
256
J ‘L- lM
pjo ji *(63— 60 1 1932 ^c*w«2) laS» ^l>w>Jl
oUi ^ LoL^l^iNI j-^JJ tilli
j ji j*s> c j^o^yi iJub ^ JpLjjI j t
^SO ^ jl t jLJ^Jl ikJLx (Reich) jJI ^Jj
il^L>-| ji jjS' *LoL>j \1a pL*J|
^ A A ^mtM*mk,*i C A*^i 2 A^Ui lAj l
^ oIL *-0 jLoL^Jl ljufc 'Q& J^/9>cJlj 4^L^*J|
£,
1 4 .y 3 -SL^ 2 ->- LjL/> j 01 J--— ^yJl iL»-L>J! 4 J jJlJl (genese) ^jj^J
4jJ__illJl 5j_^>-^U (_ 5 jbVI jjJaJli .L$J 3 J_wo_<Jl
•* *
oJJLo-^Jl J Jp-eJJ 4-0 1 ^J>-N I J <JL5LiJl <lJlL*J| j 4^-*J j-JtjJl J
<jkj* Ji t ^ ,11 '■ i'.^.* -** t L^-*-woo>- t ^p L oJo>- N I J^LJLlU
^ ** **
! ^-uuU-^i ^A U ‘U'ib
J'j tT-'J' J* UJ A~*y>* JSH\ olijydl jfjC'b
** 4*
.i*Jl js jt sjj-Lii ju. y^b t5 i^j
<J jJL* L5 f9 ^ylUUj (...) (intelligibles) 5J jJU* oLOj^j
** +*
0
i AB*Xl 0^5* O^Lp 4jj*\Jl 4 LwoAp
p p p
l ^ j V 4 ^ 1 o o Lp I ^LoT
LftjLSc^Lj iJj jJl c «taL > j c Lg_* 4 JLL*jo»
aJoL^j 4 jJaJL^ p^Li-l <3 ji ^Jdl ^1 jjJl AjjllVlj (Reich) (^)
tijUl ^UaJl ^Pj jIa-J .^1 j^Jt tJLft> ^P- ^JjJllI aJaI***
^ ■■ ■ a j hsjb J.- 1 -flj ^tj ^Ij 1933 4JP> ^j-4 ^lllXJi iJLA ^jl JL lO j&
ulJliil ^jl jJl Jj-oj U 4^j^a > j 1945 <u*> 4-Jlijl <J.L<Ji t— >
^jJl cP-jJl 4 _wmjJL5j^ JLJL^JI A^jU^ 4 ^UaJ^S”
< ^ AaiJa.^ 4-^^ j j JaJ~
257
SJ jjJL la » *jj 0^3 4 Joli<JL> .(. . ♦ )
+
I j S^jtG-AJ 4*>5-s^%_^ *1^ * 4 ^Jti Lq ^J}L***0
^y*j SjjjJl i j^ r > JJ*-ljJ iJL-A ^liLo 4*Llai»-^U
<* * —
^ aJj5*AJ| LaJL*-£ ^oJL>t_<Ji ^r a *,/3— -*.*> 4 i^A-tf-Lo^-S o^hH
-L>- 4jtl*ji* ooLS ^1 jjjJLlI jU 4 tiJUi JoULa
Ojj} J*j3 iU jLs<ff>fc-> L* _J-A^ 4 SJ^dJJ JS
*
^ 41932 L^!jJL»_0 A <>■ la .* « . a
.(59
+a a 4^L^*J! ^ j | gja /^o Ju^j>x_j ^£jj| c*- LaJl Ula JwxjSjj
j_* Jj ji ^j_fi_<j i jli 4 4 JjJJI ^^.i.,» 1 (presuppose)
N jJxo AjUa_p| iJLS^aJ UAjI Jo 4 J5 LL<Jl ^Jo ^JlSI ju^jJI
jljill olSLolj (jlS^ 4 LaS 5JjjJi ^°j .LoL^j
44 ~
4 L*J ^L*^« ^L>*jIj 7~Lo-**JI 4 Ly^-j 1
*• W 4* 44
4 dlta e\ j>» i ya ( j L^Jli ^L>->Jl eJL>- jJ £^JL<Jl jl ji}\ j-*j
a^Lp c_d ^_*_> ^jJI ^_a I J ^-dJI Ijla^ . 4 -w-*/ 1 ! I t$ ■Mm U-
_jl J^'i/I ( _jj ®JJjJUaJ|® /j-J Jl>-I,5 C» 0 ^
•* %♦ ^
^gJ j ^U>Ji LjlSI 0 * 1 ^- 4-*3 £LJ&jJ (^A^I^Ji
4 jJL*JJ j JiJUAU OJj>t-rf*Jl j \ jiJl 0 ji ^jJu ^ J . 4j>- j.} ^o 2 jl
L-^i jL» Lo 2 j 1 N Lgjl Lo^S" 4 ^^Lv*J J-A Lij LaJjJO 4^ il
^ ^ * f' ^
^L^Jl jL j\ 4 j?A \jJl& jl ULjl^? 4^1 jjJl
^ f- f- ^ * p.
^ 41932 4 4w4.«M<V.»*i*f ) ^ L^ lwwV4> 1 J I | 1
**
J5 ^*^l**o j-A Lo IjLwva Jaid a j-£Jl oU^3 .(72
J^ij 4 j ^ JL^tVl
.<Lw4«aI d>^ jtS* j 4^3 jJ^ 4 6 6 taXA 1^.3 )
4jA*J!j J^Ji jU i j_£ j^-l <L*-waj j
258
^ t J
4^w^Lvt-*> 5Jb- jJ* J A^aLiJl ^ J^ll iJUJl 0 Jjfc jli^l ^
** v **
£ £
c -1-..^ ^ * - » L«4 I i»\J i ^ ^ ^ (.J o>*— L^I ^aaj
.(70
1932
iioJi
aJ^wO! j^1*j 4>-^ jJ^^I aJjfc Jlij t dU^
t_x^ ^j---i4---<J I j\ j-A^>\ ^y^i ^ ‘V. j '*&
P- t t- P ^ ^ P
•“V* UT^ 4 iMA i^Af) jl ^»l ?L*j|j I jJ*\ l J-LaJ|j A f /S 1 i
r, P P £
iJLi JLaJ ?<<u obi SjIIoj j j&L* t(_5 j^-l A^Jfc b ^<w<l jl i
«ulj^ ^ tiilij tJjbU JUpI jji t^JUJl ao^JI UL*> (J^ o^w>
t« *♦
j^UoJt i i^LJl j-U ^j^JI ; l c SJjjJl
^j1 jJU Ajj^UxjJl j A-w^Lwy%Jl A^jwJl jpJjL t 1933 ai^
IwL^ ^>-l.s SJj^l c_i j~^J j~i j~y* j -*- j ) t^JLiJl
* y
> ^ . ^ i * - vw -J ^ ^ ^ Ifl ■«- 1. 1 !^)l»£ I ^i.'i^? " £* l»^..itf iii -y^ i ^.sij i* i*..) 1
y *
j_s/ 2 _L* J( ^J_P ^ lii-j jj C 4-wO oLw>eJl I J^P.\ P
**
rt
4^jwipj-Ji Lo-^c—LJ 4 _w>c-Si 0ij-j>-^-Ji^ ^ * * *“ L>_jJ
aJjJlJIj v_jj_><JI oJLs- j J_>c_i_^ (j-~>- ^ t (Volksgemeinschaft)
f,
jVI ^ iljJUlj <-JJ-x-il <*-^j 4 (Hitler) jJLla ^ l^L-l
1 «#
p
^UkJl £U> <>J L./g o ll <U3 dJjj-J (jjUl ^j.<^* ll iJLft (jl 4 <Jl>tJlj .
, Lfl-'J
y y ^ C ^ A^r. * 1 ^ 1^ ^ jLaJ|
.^L^l oJL*i lLU^j
t *y ^ jJLv%w* <jN • Vjl
y
v_-j«-jJl Sil j'i Ijl-^j (Fiihrer) «-^jJl ^paiwJi (jJUl JLix^^Jl.
p, p
«<Jj-lUj ^y>Al (Urgrund) ^L^l Jjl j LJ ^_c- a_pL^>- a g ^> j ,
.(28 ^ «. 1995 c(Seglard)
259
iJ jjJl JjLJI SvIaJI gJ_a (jV i LjLj
t- *
c-JlS* iJ fljJl 0 low? 9~tu (. ip LkJ>JiJ 4^»L^sJl 5 — l>~ <Jl a^j La ^ L*ipL
^ t ^ • *• * ♦* » y» « V * *
A*J>- aS ^>tJ! ^Jl ^>- L>* js£* ^3 l jj^ngXll jj^A
**
L .,/? 1 1 ^ L. ^ -) ^ t.— t ^ < >J l 1 j 1^3 i - ^ ^ ^ i t ^bU> 4 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ * w«
<_,*> l$Jl
**
cv p
iJ jjJ! c-> ^ jJI O^Ap ol L. j?^^' ^ — ^. A ) L*_A^
di-LwM^ ^Lo \j L^L^jI t 4 -ww^L^wI a jl^a U jLxpL
(Alfred -bj_U! J^-» (j-^dj^-N j-~~~z-^
l# JLp- j jJl^-Ij-w-j ^j-jjJlj 1 1 934 4 Rosenberg)
p.
^JLpj ®iS* j->Jl^ c_^Lw^>- ^JLp ^ ^J jJlLI Lg-^s UJL-4 4 ^^_aI
L i^yjyj LLj j u~A_Lwm*4 ^Lo U L^-j I ^A c 4 m ws^Law1 ^umuLa^ 4-w-^A LA^jLJPu
(Alfred -bj_U! J^-» (j-^dj^-N j-^-z^ 1
l# JLp- j jJl^-Ij-w-j 1 1934 4 Rosenberg)
p.
^JLpj ^ i^ j->Jl^ < ^JLp c iJ jJlU Lg-^s UJL-4 4 ^^_aI
iJLwvw^ 4_>tJL*^J t ^ ^^-1 ^Udlv?} 0 j-Lis*^ ^LJLHj tj ^Jlla^ Lui ^t-Lu^
4Jwo^*wgJl 4 »* - Lq^P ^J! I ii^«-Lll i^}y^ a JQA* i jJ» Jliu^l
.AjjUi ijULsai
<L_JLJl 53 l aS ^A\ \ _ 2
*£ j>~ Jsl j>*j\ 4^^»U^- Syblt l*Jl JJ
• 4 -
P P*
o*XA iw^A A^LoP ^j 3 j\ i ^ J ^^Uk->xJl
?^sAl^>ejLj ^ J), d.X» 1 1 Lq3 .wL^SLj y*p yA 4 l ^ 4-wj? ) ^JfcLos^eJl
iJL^Jl 0 j_a dj>sJL^ ^ jJj I a.l>- iJUVl id oJ jL>- JpJ
jli^l ^3 dJLSSj t LgJw« Li te >Uaj 1 ^L*Jl J c LjjIjJ
L/ 3 Cji^y^ J'jj ^UiSLJl
jl^r j j^-vojJl j io j^>Jl ij^JxJl 1 LoP j a^juLwwJI iJl
.3 l^tiil C IAa ( ya (JjVl will (l)
260
_ Ja_)l jjJ CjJ— ijl JlJ_>c_j 5 JLs<al ^->-j-jj
) laJl _ iijjJl <u^v? J jj? J 4 Jj^aL^J>- CjlS* j->- ( J
«L*JL?e_i_q-JI 1 g - S , j U ^J| t JjS/l *UL<Jl _ (l’etat -parti)
t-LAjjJaJl oJLfc jli»l ^^-9 J^vfl. -u^Lr^ Cnty^
^£jLjl J>“I.S 4 . 1 a 1 OLj 4 -^L~^ ^U>- j] J^i
*• •* “
! t^oUl^JJ ^p^jJI ^-. i ^i - 1 1 Ji-b U^jjUI ijj&H jI '-r^HV
** +*
^y>-*4> Uk^u* jl jjl J| oJjjL o jLLJI
4 ^ ^ ' > ^ ^ 1 C 4 *o Lwi.^\J I I ^ C ( 4 — L.sp /a .. 1
. 4 _JLw*J| ^L^->eJ 4 _^L>- O jJ >*5 J>-ta 4 ^Low*^oJl 5 ^ftLlaJl qXj* JJj~i
5jL>^w*ji l £ t ^ J***** L^.S' t 43^)LLa 4*%&*^Jl &>-La
Jl Ju^ixkjJl I Jj 5 i J^JJ , oJ-A J>- 4 jj^tj J|
4 ^- 0 wv Jl L>- J j-^ j ^- 9 iyA-* ini ^ yy^ jt-fM
Jj i L? k*-« <ib o^nk L f c '' USj r\ <_^J <_^ Jr^ ^
4^1 j^Jl ^Uaj Jl«) aSJj OJbjl LJJw>tlA^ l 4 la l ... 1 \ o^Jl>c-o A^lil T J-P
aJl>-IJl!| 4 iaJLJl oli^Apj (— J^>Jlj ejl-^Nl jJaJjj « — J I 5 jIpOj
o^J^I oIa -u 5 Ltjj L-Jy>Jl Oli-Jb
4 jj^J| j J" Lp- J^wOj-LflJl oJl& jU t Jli^JL .(• • • ^!
4.^-^,-,,^. ,1 1 -/^ -4 ll^ 1 1 4 ^-^-Ja-jl " '*** ^9 4 J a — L «.n^ l I
L* jJuL & ^Jj jJi 4 ^i j\ 4J j jJl ^Jp Jsj jj V ^Jl JjL-L^JI
pjo iwijo * 4 ^ 5 b 55 * Jp
o5l5 pIj-^ te^j->Jlj 5jjJiJl jL^aJl (phenomene) oybUa o|
p f'
ojJ jl Jl 4_ r „jJL cu—_J t(apparente) Syfclii jl (reelle)
i ~ . 1 ^ ... * j^^yJl a«wvmL^JI L>- (avatar) J y >t ^ ^
t ^L>- 0 ~La wLi^ * jJ^s* ^y^LJl j J-U 4 -jLJjJI ^w 2 jl
4-jjJl J^ 1 W-^W-^ J^ 3 ! (J i lili jl jwLflJl l-JLg-j Lls
261
JLpUV^I oU^^I ^ cJtf ^1 ^LpLo-^I
** **
^j-p ^y?l>- , 4 -^p Lw-saJ I 4»JL»_^I ^1 j j) 1j.> SjlS j^-JI
ci^Lsul? ^Lp ^ Sj jz)\ «Xaj L* ApLSC^& oIpI L^_>-
^L*Jl JJ U l J l ^Usj O-XgJ <* APjL^Lflj 4-LjLj-a £tJL ^Sj» ^j_P A^wjl JLa
L5* V-T*^ wJUJIj .I^JLjj>-I^ i-wl »J <jO^ L^i
*4 " •*
bc-Lo-^ll ioJl sJl& JOi tiJLii^l o«_*gJl jli?|
Jjj »_jj>Jl (_^| biiaJl ^ JU&Nli .bLgJl
t 4 -wwLm%J^ A^P'L^.jL^'y 1 o^Loil JLk ^iJl J ^_>«jLil-> A_1 -,^? II
c*~«jfcLw» i£^\j *• j-“Lp £~“bJl <J jJLl! jj>° ^jbJl *■ a ^ - 11 £Ijo1
^^JbJl j^iJl ^ j/Vl a ji*}\ J LiUiiVlj v-LJl oUjSfl
*•
<J^>- OJtaXjj! (Jj->tlJl \jjb j£jUJ ,4jj-Oj £) ^9
£, ^
sblj iJLiSJI iu^JLI Ik jJ> t<(*^*Mj! (atomisation) SjU
/ 1951 toJJjl) a-**^L O-SjJl Lgj>-LJI S^Ip^/ aJL , &»a a
•*
iJLib gjiij Nj .(232-224 ^ UaJj cJjSlI J-^JJl dll c 1958
( _^L r «.‘>L^Jl /»j_j_iLJl b^olL jlbJl jl S' L*_£) la. a a *^jj»oJI
,, p
j^4»xx3i ^p
P P
J— i_f^~ J-J J-J 1 i->jl^_>-jj_Jl ./? 1 obi LajL^LpLj 4 4_Oj_aJ|
olOaJl (depolitisation) L$_>- j_« j LJ-JaJl oloLva^-ll
obi j*-Aj) £-ildl j jJiJl J^Lb bjjjl jliL* ( j»o OwbljoJl
<(IjL*il)) J tfmile) ^ J •'»’
^ tAiJaJl oLo j»-Lgj ikJj^Jl <JU^> jl .((populace)
oJl^ Ji}\ v-UJlj LpLo-^I oLUL- ^J l jL^jV ^bi
P
4^>J 1 Owo^LwJ Jlij . A-a->t^Lv 2^>J I 4^*^>sJl 4 LgJ^A_>- ^ a
A^jovJUJt y>Jl ^ J jjJU <CoL<>J j-Jl A-oJojVI
C^La-L) dLSJu ^3 > LoJ Aj^LvfiJL^N! C^LojVlj j ^J j V I
4^-fcti jJJj A>g,l a^Lo. U A^ul^ jjDl jv_*jlJl <J.i aSLA j ^5 LoIjIj LoL^o A J.^l? !l
262
jJLJ iljLSub .(35-34 ^ till 1 1958/1951 cOJJjl)
a-S-L>- Lp t
4 ">*• 1 ^>3 ^ 1 1 d^Loli*LP“l CT^* & ^wgJs^ (^bJl t
^ 1 -t--g 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^1 A-^Lp' 4n it ^j>x_Jwv2»^ cboLS $4
j^l ^JLjJ oJL* OL® t lZjUjjI 4^-t +**.>- 3 , (^-s^^-v(2->tJl
iS jj>Jl ^Lvi^-'y 4-<i-^jJl oVL-o^Jl j\ j-jLj ^u<^L>t-<iJl
J I ^ OjL-P Jl^-PtS (_£bJl 4 -a*^jL> C*-» jJl C O j_a_A U->tJ I
* Hi
lj_4> JaiJUl IJL*> . g a , j . (oxymorique) LtjJJLa LSLJU
4 _ J S jjfc t *JL*j tl)l-X49
0*
^yjStbvJl ^Jl <U**jJL) aI^XA^I Ol^Xis t ^w*>Ls*-*
1 r* t*
(2) p
. &Lo J^NI 6 J ^vvOJ Cw>u i A^jSj
p « .. , * p
^1 *1 •‘iiViP^ LJ I ^ I y> l-Uj - \jJ >- 1
J^\S- ( /ya 4_>-jj pllS t4p*jL^a JU ^LJl t _ 5 ^JJ ULUi -
** **
l olp-l j-gJlj oL.rg^LxiJl Jp j- !a>- Ls^jIj 4^L*j>Ji c^ljwoL,/g^ll
«* £ ^
^JLp Loj^ j Jl-w>&j ^iJlj 5 ^jJL>mJI ^i o^j-^wJl ^^Ls-wJ!
,(<upI cS IS jJj ^xp- ) pL^aII iS* i^>j
(. * .) l^.. U 4 — ayA-i oNLwP^Jl ioLiSJl jJLall J^LJl ( JjLpJL)M (2)
^jJl^j (jlj <U<kpe oJL^LvJk O^ljjCU^l jl is" j*Jlx J < j+Jl>cL\ jil«Jt ^Loli
.iS* (J^"^ J pJJ Nl 4jajj-^ 4 4A>tj pS>- *U*j4Ij
^Ji v^jLpwJI JlS ^Ju>»Xj S^ f| iplj^iJl oJla jLjlp! 4^-lJnSl ^ja
jJaJil »l Ji-b ^ (...) i*-wPJ>ilo iJlto ^P J~j£ i yt 4 ijy iwaS^lll 4>JL^ii
jJLjj .4j>^>-1>t11j Nj 4j y^jJL M tb j ■ ■>■<? »*.U p-UiipSll jjllj bi ^ y>JU j x^ **. l lj
<SA* lIUjs Lqj c 1 jAi J3 4 o1jL*JIj ^^Llail Julblj iS ^A-l bl
KsJ^ ^ll eJjS-l J 1 * 4 ^ 4_i C: >iS* ^3 ^ ^ I
.(29^ 4III 4 1958/1951 c c^xj)
263
I -Q»J ^P d.-s-s^w^-l U ^
oULiaJLj ^?L>Jl JjJsoJl clUi ^JLp jJo N j t
oj j j s^jL?^o oIjuI ^Lj| op j-^aj ^JJI
^JLp JaJb (j Ja «.7 <f j^L»j>tJ|W ^JsulJ jj .JjLjuJI
^ «
^J— ^1 |*wA^kA-P «. * *.V> J L-*j t ^ >1 »$S^Lj J
j^wJaJJ ^1 ^-LaJLlNl i l*-« l^gj jl s'yt^a^i
frl j^i A-S'jjLO^wl' 4->wl .m^L^J! ^-Lp
j\ oL> JaiilL* jl oL>tu<kJl oIpL*j>JIj j\ o^LwwwJl
U5 tjlJiLJl AS 1 ^ SjjUL ^jbl*j>J! J^ry .oLUJL
**
isi ^LJl ^ oUiJl iLJU JiLu
L) s^ 2-J L* l^pL-S *A ^ ! t L « .»w*<
^UajJl) ^ I jb j>tj( <jt oLLpo^I
.(32-31 ^ <>(Systeme totalitaire) ^yLi&l
m
P n
j ^ * ^^1 JL. JJU JLt (jj O 7 J^>- (jl t <jL>eJij
•* '*' ** *
*• ^
LJL^>- Lu>- o^L<>j ^jJI jjUl oj j-iJl
p
N 4j1 ^ L^jI^ 4j j-^a L^->«J 1 AS"jj>tU c(^JIjJl 3
* £.
oJLg^u Jj c <oJU>^ J aJU J l>- ^t)L^jo J^il jJ c 5 JLj J l>- UIJ-aIj oLIp
^^3 0£>tJ H v3*4 ^jj>0j 4 ^>s3l
•* 1 ~
: IM\ sVL.'AJl
3L-15| ^ bJLc-l UJLU! Vj i5l
U,^-3ljLAl 0L> L>" j-VS-J j»J U5 4 Jj J->- ^Llij
L<k^J Vj .^jjJi v'^j 3*
5j^»Ul ZL*m]jj 'if C f^jA>sX> (jl 6jii3,*»<* 1 1 (J^^
a 5" ^>w» (mouvement) <5^>- L*ai> Ja2i Jj <^jJJ jl^r
264
o t dJUJu a j-aLJI j <. aI jjJl (en mouvement)
CT® Olj-j'ifl < J_S’
.(49 ^y> dll C1958/1951 c^Joj!)
^ J ^ V-b- 51 W' ‘Oib
f y l| / ^ ~ C ^A^LoJ^cJi II A 1 \j3 1 ' f *^A
C'
Ai^Ji S Jj>- /^o c Jjjl l^w*> 4 ^xJl olijUJ! ^jj* 5-L^Lwj
♦* ^
J-w.3 jj-°) ^ jJ^^I <LljULo 4
! j \ AajA^JI ajj jjIiS'jJI
L>- j~p iili-fe Ijl>I i^f****-* ^ 1 LlJLp
^ Crr*^- tr-" - oL j ijlj ^jlp- jiyJl oliUL)
LjJ Jv«Laj <LJ y>j| J 4 jJL>JL> LgJ jjxo ^ J^IjCj
SwL>-i^ Sjtal ^-Lp l 5 ^ l ^ a - Uj^jL-Jl
*y t <L^ j^i>sJi ji ^jlIi <luJi ^i jji oL»j
is * ^>ji 4—cwJl UjIp Jl5v*xj <ji
4 1958 / 195 1 toJUji) flUol O^l^wA
.(127 ^ till
OtH jlg^aj^/li :Jjl ^s^v 2 ij pi; j! Laj
^j-Lp ^iljJl ^ j-^j ‘tij-AU* jJ\ £y>* ^rr P Vi^b
ojl^Vl c-jijLbjJl «/? * t i3l i ^ Q oLL-LwJl
iiLjbj <f>- <>» J ^'- 5 *~ijU9yij if»- (jA AjjljjJlj
(^ji\) v l>dD
Nl t £-a Ij— A Jj-jLIaJL) 'y i JJ-9j LTi'y
A 1
oLg-?-ij» jj-^o ^iil ^^“Ij^j'yi oJ^> t ^il jJl
i>® J j '-^’J ‘Sr ^ 9 <S ^b <L ^-^ <>ri tijyfclla
(jj* i-j;jLo_aJl Ajii> sJl AjaLwJl 5 _» ^5(?xJi
265
Ja-Qj ^3 4 4^oUl o Jjb J^>xljJ . Jjj>tJl e-3 J-L?
Ja^-^L) LdiAlP L»^ jy/sj>~ 4 AJLo^-^Jl
*4-
^Jt ^JuSlp**0 ^Jw V^ ^J 1 4 ^ ^ . .. <3 j I ^ -*wvv«»<k 3 ^ P' L^S^-P' 1 ^
Ju>-ta Aj jJjj>tj ^ jJi jJl jl I^JlLLl^ C-w>sJ 0 JwL>-^j ^xjl ila-LuvJl
t AJaLwvJJ (jLdljV ^bo iJL^xI^w'V I oJl&j .iS" jPxZa «LwoI y
\ jJl J oUa-LwvJJ o jlS 4*Jj Jii-l,} 4 <O^JL>*>a e-lJLJl y* Ki S jJ>sJU
bA i^w. » iS j->zJ}\ (jl <J ^-^-) 4 i^LpxJLIa.
^ k ^JLXSJl jL^p- Lbb (mobilite) w : . ^ ,r-
l ^iJI jS^J I JJJ ,>» ^i_^- V ijb^l oy? jilj
c CwJLiJl ^ Jlo-*j (1)1 Jj 3 4 ^ o^g-sH t iiaJLwJli
*w?L>eJl L^ilal «,»> o ^ j>- ^J! oLpL>_>JI ^Ap
•4
^L^JaJVli (...) ^ j-^JU l g lp
4 4_JwJLojJl j <oo!^Ji Aj^Jl 5ja-Lw%Jl y*j
^^-4Jj-JcJ| ya IjjJ 4 <la-LwJJ ^L*jaJl jJUJl Jl*j>-
^ *♦
.(129 ^ dll t 1958/l951 woJujl)
® 0 jJb A^LJ! JlX>Bj Ojl^Vl oj 4 l JJjjJ
y& ^AJl ^Ip'b/l j*-*p jJl o jy^ ^ Ul 4 <lLIS
‘lT^ 1 lA* cs^'P 5 ’ 11 fj-®
*4 Mil* I
ciLiJlj ^ iSj ^ ^ j') (*r^ i
! jj-oVl ^LJl$3l ]p 4 (^Jaj^Jl
((Fuhrer) LJLjJI l k,l .^Jl
4 ApJa_^wv^^ ***1116 4 I ^
5Ja_LwJi ^-3 A-AJ>- (^LwvJLS'Lj 4_3 jja Cww>(J
<1)1 ySL<^j o^lj} (1)1 kiJJi .4-PliaJlj
V U> ^Jl d)l (...) oliO> j oL-^j
266
^Jl jLoJj t 4 la 11 jJLw^a ^J_P Ja«L>Ji^ S-jL^-j
S^ljl S jpJ^LwO 4 pJ>-!jj 4-jL ^j-i?l j_a JuS* Lg-*3
J^aJLu jl^j^l c^L^pI jLl>*j JtfUJl
t ^)l jJl 5^15 Ia*a»j Li ^-JL o L)L3 viJJ t <ul j\ j£
p
t ^ ^a 0^-*»L^a 4 «Apw**wO >y. ^ikL« (jL >*lJ Jp lylS"
i ' g ■ •>? a 1 4 la....,* jJl uLjIj^I— ~*J l ^Jl 4>-L>-
s_Aj (Jl-ili t 3~^yjj
.(135-134 ^
- , ( W p| H
till 4 1958/1951 ioXjI)
i-ij J-b <ujL 2JI LjLlSJl aJj-UI JJUj JLp tjLpaii-lj
*
^uSL^^I *- **->' jj 1 ' L*-m?L>- (Jlj La t
^jj>iJi _ iijjii! jU*r jU cL* j£- ioJkJlj aJjjJI LJ
t ( _ r £*}\ JLp Ju t x*p - Jl (etatisation) aJj.5 J ^
(<Lwa j i-JjJliJlj 0 oL^j-« <ujj ^3
**
a.LsJi jlpxJi .aJaLvvJI <Lw*jL»»a Jj jJ* 4-L>^L^ ^jJbJLj
Ujjy ‘•‘4j'- 5 b Vj^J V-! l J '■^J J>=r
M
J^-P ^1 jl 4 J^Lw Jwal^Jl l^JSJL>*la ,L_^5lJi jU J CjUflJL-JU LjU
ikiUJ jL^jJI r kiU 2j^j ^ J «kk^ r ^pl»
L$*S3 .(,^Jj - . • t jlj-JiJL^I C 4 _jLp 3 ^_a) l ^ ^ ^ jLo^a ^3jJ^
^IWI VI pjj of b . V 4-1.4 'i k 1 4 . ^ ll ^ S'
Lit Jl i_JL kii t 45^>JL] iiJlkJl JLj/illi
P
^ 1 AJsiiuw%(Jlj L- ^ ^ J 4 aa*vwJL)
.(142 ^ ; 1958/1952 cojgJ)
oLSs-KtpvJi l) L® t ^uJjbXJi ^ _g~^l JLj oL J lJI j -& L-o. 5 j
tl eMJ <JLgJl ejLaLpjJlj ^jjii\j Jw^Jl
j j la j C L. «,y3 ! L Ja_^*iL) L« C Lg-jl^ 4-^ j_>Jl ^3 Jtf
267
11a t 4^s-L^-p *&.) ^^lII ^IoLjlJI a \ ^ 3l
^j-*jjjL ( ^jLjw>-I N 1 jp * Jt :>Laia1 oli c jjJaJwoJl
jl P-oj lP*”^ (J^ S^Jfi-j-wsJi *£ jp- ^Jl <Lj^JL
'1* ^.Lp iJjjJl o j^cl^ (5 .Lj-«j-j-i^ cP^
+ + f.
JLjU^I ai jjJI : U-UJI _ 3
JJl^Ij (1995-1925) j^>> J**- ^>11 ci^JLdll r^SI
udJldl U^I> ^ (1992-1930) ^jUU ^JLLi ^-JjiJl iJl
«* ■* ** ".»
^ s> ^
Lwfl ULj i.(Mille plateaux ) <L*aa < all : jujlJ. j-S" ^ aL^S" ^JJl
P
i_^pLa_^>-Vi L&iL*_)l iSLSLoJ (conceptualisation)
**
* P
Jd~b (libidinales) <jJ_w-JJ! j % J t 1 J \j ^L-Jlj i^U^Vl j
Juj ajjj>«^JI L^jL>- j ^ l?l ^yzi JU .iJldSd! iu-^gJI aJUp
Lid-I bl 'VI iJLV iJb>J j! V iJj^dJl iljjJli .1 ^>«jIx; Ja—j
t ^A > cj La j^S” (_j-)I <cL»LJL!I i— j ^>*Jl A-^sLoj jLjlpVI
s ^ jLSdJU idSdl <LjcJI j ,^ J wL^J 1 ^ ‘ ^
** %* V . >
.(w-j jp- aiL^aJ^sl « «/?-* 1 t 4JLa jj ^ .1? 1 j J ^ ^d>sJl
^ C 1 ^ -*i v Ai* LaJ »»Xj 1
«.* iuLKll d)li 111 ^ LajjJj LgJL^i j> <l1$*p
^ * (.
A— 1 d 1 a 1 <)j ^1 dd c Lob {^ ' ^ -i 1 4 j ^ ^Lxl ^ ^ - ^* t 5
(Deleuze- gjjllli- _ jjJji) «ajjU^LI il JJ>-b L^id^J ^ Jlw
*• j. -dJl i^jjJ^Vl oJla JJLa JaJLvJj .(281 ^ tl980 t Guattari)
P ^ p
^jjLj ^ Oli
Aj jj (^lll .SJ^lL j«>tJl iS^LP ; 0jLs^2->eJ!
J^pHU Lli^wj SJjUS ULi ^LjxjbLo d)j^j oL
4 (^J^J| J-fcjl ^ J-Ij) lk-ws^ ^LJLj Jj^Jt
268
c ji jjo JjjJi bjS ^5ij ( j r ^ ( 3 ^AJa-iNi
I 4 y > «Jl ®>^J' o^ioj jLfsr
^jh U 5 ) aJ jjJL L^J ii^Lc- iJLw^^ujjoj aj^Lo SAp ^jL>&x51
U;l£.L .(JP Jl JsLi jT JLsIjJI oU*^Jl Jl v~JL olUl
aJ()) j| i j£ J 4-i jjJl ) «Lj1jJ 43 ^P 4 J^Ufljl ‘U_v£> ^Jt5 jj) .,<0 7 1 (1)1 lil
J ya " . a (j j-£-i ■> jj»- j C->li 0 jJ JaJLi JJ: - 0 . -V 1
•*' ** +*
V JJLLj Jlp 5 jjli 4 ^jjLJJ y Ip j (continuum ideel)
4_-> jA>xJl A>tlj jl jji j-^ 1 4 -r^ otk^^o Jb-b c oLjj>
P
_ j jJj^) <uL*_? jJuJl jl £L^_>4 Sjj j ./? lb
^JUI JJu^l Jil dJL&b .(526-518 ^ 1 1980 c^jblp
(taiJLbiJ <*>sjjbJl b^ljjJl Jjil jJb t jJjJl oJjfe JjLo 4j>tl4J
dlbj ibxjjbJl jjjJl *— i ^jA cu ojJjJ I-L&
oLJV <LwO 4^ Ij-Xjl ,4-J> ^iiSlj 4j L^jLL ? *-a u_*~vm>cJ
J JjjJJ 4 j j£L**aS\ SjJSJl tl) j-5o c 0 Xa oJjix^Jl ciLUjJl
4-bLp-VL) J^Jbju ^bLo - 4jj^s-^Jl 4jjjj| 0 jJ5J b J-^O Jpl
.iljjJl ^0 Lg^obxj JwP SjJLj
o^^AbL>ej ^0 c Ljb ^Jl I JL&j ^iJl Oi-Lfe cjI j)i
(Carl von Clausewitz) bji JjlS jjbj ^>JU ^5 jjilo
* p ^
A_L«Ljjl <— 1 j.>eJI ^jJaJwo ^Jl ‘Uww-JLj Lwm/LwuI L*->- ^JJl
4 (Ludendorff) 4 JjjJujjJ) jjill 4^L^J^ 4jLJ*yi
cJiijj- (_yJl AJLS-Jjjf! ^3j-p J-43 .(1935
c-) 1 J*>L*JlJ ji j c^Lou obi® ^jb l-# ^j>J( ol L^^LLa j
•* **
— 1815 tjJU3jjJiS^) oLi^bJl oJ-gJ j 4-w^LwwJl
oJL»Jl (^^1 ©JL* (_$jbLpj .(46 c 1831
ji^jjJLSb /^LiS! jL y j ? . g Jl ^3 Ia
: (De la guerre ) l-j bl j^pj
269
* * p
^j-^j) <jj->tjJl ^ oUapco j^-P o _^5oj ikj j-JLo j^J 4 *-^k-a
~ **
p p p
o j-i jJ ^-Lp ^^jJLaj jJL^JLj jl
p p p
j\ ^pLa^lj ^-L- jL^pI ^1 Jl* Nj <jl ^
«• « **■ •*
Ajl^>\J^}\ LjJI jJI *_£_> Jajua jJfc La i. l~JU
j\ jJLflJl UL*. tSJu^ «SJbMi» J I JjjJI oIjl*N
p
£y <^>- Jj ^ 4jLila-^Jl jj>cJl ^Jj ^Lw^vjJU 4
•4 *4
‘j-rr^ Lrc-i .P'
^1 ojUNI up jj>- ! L^j&j UjjJl Uu* ^ow?L>-
** “
^ilJLaVl v— iJULiJl V Jl ^ 4 J ^-
o < <>1 ^Jl (i*l*y\ f-l jj ( j-o o jJaJUwoJl
ioL>jJlJl ^wa-il fULJjl j-j-P t
Lg-L5sJ t uJL!S ^o ((Lj^^-)) JJaJ ^Jl u^fjj>eJij
- * *
(conditions ijJL>Ji 1 ? jj-jJi j-®' ^ jjJ ^jLoJ
<Jl y> a u* J jl l^JLSCaLj limitatives)
.(523 ^ <, 1980 c^jUIp. j^)
JJLJJjJL? ci^UaJI ikiJ O^i *■— —
SjJtJl <LyJ> ji <Jj3j LfJLiJbu ^Jaj
oUa*-4 S j^aS" u jP*} I ifij .<J jjdl a\s 1 *Mj Kup j>k Jl oU^J!
p
v*“.) l» jl ^
'y ^LJLj t(jlSjJlj oU^JU J*>Ll?-I jl j^i Uj&^jaj J j~J& 0 I
«* •*
. ^4-Jlp a\ a \\ jl jJL*JL c_3JUb jj-* ^Jb>tj (jl
-a-' P
*^Jl j| j J d.‘— ..«4 t jl>- J^*J| Lijl U l^!_J
270
p ^
^ 4i^" J 4 L».L«3 t* ^
•♦ TT ** *
4^sa^LwwJI LgjJ'V^ ojj-S'j-oJi SjJlJI l)I .c-J^PxJl QjJti
*• *+
wjLiJl Ja j ^»jJ ^j-^i !i-g-!j tJaii LfJ <L3jjJl J^>La- ^
9* •*
4^- ^^oJl c-jUlilLj JuL^jJL 4 ^UJl
J 4 ijila^Jl AjLkJI jJ* J .,r?tflU^) JjjJl
*•
— 1815 <, yz~3j jiS 4 ((5jLp 4-Lw#jJ! j j ^<q > N
C ^JjljiJLj l*J Lp j-^> y> cJ ^>cJl >A^vJu lJ ^PxJ I jl .(46 ^ <.1831
c^LJL j «<Jjjdl L^iLL^Jfl Lo jj^p LgJ oLp ^AaJLj jJ^Suj
/ «■
Liwol^l^ I^-IjLJs »jj 1 g : * « : L? » ^ jjL^o ^Lp I 5JMI oi_& cJ
p p
c>* J-T- ^JL _*>j Lg_j| ^1 c ^ j-flJuo (* • * )
jl ^>-1 JJ ^Jl Lfl <Jj^ ^ c JjjJl /^o oli^UJl
Nj .(521 ^ <1980 <^jL'U _ jJjj) «l*A.UJ I^Ul^!
(JjjJa (j-^) IJL* JliLil <Li j-*-* ( _5-9 la 3 i (Jl j p^ J l
iawali^ ^j^T.-.c. J»*5w!> j SJUl^wJl <LpL*^*-'ifl ob^gJl
JJSL_jJl ii^ UJ J_> (. . . o^Lw^uJl jlpI jJL)
#y ibtal Jj>-1 cL^JL^L^j LjJL>-b- 4 J jJlJl Lg^w\j>sJU*J
j! jJLaJI iJLgj c LgJ oJu>- LfcjL%xpL) coi-La
JljLa># jJI oJ_a o ol ( j-£ ^ > Nj .(438 c 1980 4 ^jLjLp _
J^**’ cs 1 ^' iljjJl 6j4^-l
■t -L»:Tj jJJ ijjJiJl ^IjlpI ;
,4w-jI J*i&]\ JuJj^J^ Lwww%J «cul JQ jl)
0 tf-
^xJl <L) ^SL>wvw*Jl o ^JiJl Lj>- 4 L^L^i Lx-fe oLa^JL?
«*
JaUJl l j r a^ij Jj <(militaire) 5 j jiL^p Vj (guerriere) ^ -i r.Tn'i ^
^1 JupL. jJI j ol^pJlj ^-IJI *UiJI v 1 S'
9*
.tJ^Jill ® IfU-lJb 4^»L2 Lj
271
AlyaJl aJLj j t JjLx oJ-A <jl t JL>tJlj
aJLo-wh) aJjaJ! jjSaSj c <^Lo J j>tJ1 ^3
iJjjJl .iS^Ax^l aS j.?- a . * *.*sj c a^jij o^l ^3 jjb j jJax.ll ,a*-<>JL*J!
**
{_y^ ‘U 2 ^—\ J Jli^l * 3 • L^_ J A.^t»*wO^ C 1 aJ
jLlJU aJLmsJI ,J^o j o j_^p- *V I oJLA j jJaJ /^SsJ c 4 _J Lqw<-aj I jJl
A~kwL*Jl ^3 Jl>*j Jj-AJI a-J-A (jLi t
A^^LwwmJI l g \?j j jJgjJ L> ^_3 ^LoLc- L d_j jjC— *j*Jl a jJiJl |l^^-<vaO L^->
J^L-Pxj V Ij AO l <,^-13^ I Cl^l jL^JLO>^ I ^JLp Jla) A^j J^jl j
dJ L j^JI j^Jaj j ^Jg c-jl j^il jIScl^ 1^ a^J^JI
J3^
J^l j-vM l^l_ -llllA *(.^J| . * . a JL* > 1 jlJI J AyC'l.^yg.Sl AOL?xJiJl
j»^l ^jJljCo^ ♦ o J l>«JI aJjjJI j j.lg" 3 JL>tj t
ibL-l JUI Jij +S\sj Sj^Ji J*ipL
I—*'
^JLflJ aJ^LjLoJI A^*-OJi gJLa ^Jl JJJLw J iU j->J 1 aJV aJ jjjl
aS* jJ>tJl oIa oLol j jiajj A^pljw^Jl aJL^w^I ^J l
Ao^>tJ! 5 jjh]\ ASLxjJ jiS"Li jiSl o3 JL>t^ aJU^ujI ^J l JuoljgJl
fl*
j -Jap ^_> L«.vJ I 1^1 jo->I SjJJI oJla (J^*-A-U
AoLJI Aj^LygjJNl oUj^L<Jl t jJ^P ^UJlj
i aJLoLILJI ^r 3 ^!
Ujr*- VJ-^ (j- 4 J^*-^’
jL>.tx^L> j^>Vl ^JjCj 3 J i aJLo-w^I ^JL ALygJi Aiyj laJj*<w>
x m* C-
^ — J jJ>*Jl gi yg^3lj ApLw? ^3 J oLJl c^LJI JU-! ji\
** ♦*
^Ip) LjjJcaj ciL^-^l jJl jl^iLw^Lj
♦♦
0 <—> /» ^->1 jL^pI
.(524 i 1980 i^jUIp _ jjJji) «(wi
^^vmj ^J^Cu tj| j^>Jlw —i 3 j[ >,/? <3 1 1 t>
272
jl w 5Jj jJi y>zS\ aJ1 ^ ^lLw^ ^ ^ ^ X»*isO
-o 3 1 , ^ 5 0^^ >/? I ^^-Xj ''^/ ^~*i I -N
^ i, coL/a;^ j AjISAo c^UaSxA j» j Ju &<Lj^A*l*JI
^ p
lA^ r>* ^ Lp I J ^ '-An nX^J pS Ul L<kS t ^ >W<»Jl
^^Lp Ju i L^J ^^>0 ^xJt 4^ LAI aWLJI aS j*s < (^-^j j-xAl
oli C 1 jSA ,pws^2->cJt ^jAjJl j3 ^j^->^i oU JJfcj pj j| l ^1 «,/3 A
fi
^^2 1 ^Jj L n*i^3 1 aL^L^JI 1 ^ j ^
ao! „*:^l ^ JwoJ I ci^lj jSL JSL1 t Lg-ijLc- ^ j ^JL>g-iJ aJ^jJI
Jl^ 1^ ^X<^P L«^^/2»l I j A-w*^wLx3 I — ajSLJIj aALAI^
aAj^A J\ cJLjl ^Jl OT jli .AJi .AA>LpNIj
jU*l LoLoj Oj ^ <? a JJA t ( A*l^JI j JuLw*fjJl bj j^Si) )&j j-AI
^-L~JU Ijl |)) La Li i^^»eJ| j-*XAm> 1 j-~*3jjJS
*•
^ (*-^J “rO^' tf ^ij^j Jj^-J 4 J-*-^-fJ - (( l$^
Lg-Ap ^j>tj ^i! I a! jjJl s^lj^/ ^1 c As^Lwm<< a?IA a*-LL- t Jjh-^
** **
*^yjAl £<»Jc>tAl jJlO Ljl j$ ^I^Lo W aJ Jm* jl
\>\^j Ujj *& > pj ^xll aLLAI ^ j > Jl t IbX^ JtS" ( /j-o jt-p
^j-P Ao^'iA.^aJl ^ c (Jj^Lf'J JJ^J^ iww^>- ^Jj>ej J5LJI
dilx^j <. ^Jy^jilL j .a^LwwwJJ jj>rJl a-vx-J J jj>- ^U3 jj-IS* ^ j-s-^
ObL* oLS' j AS jli <. LgjL*jj i jj>*J\ aJI aJ-o-p JjjJI
** u _
A 5 1 b 4 jl ^Jj Ja A? ^x-wwJ N o , a-^L*-oj AjLp
& f, 0
L^-jI t (LoLaj jJLxJl o^LjN a-w^Lw-*j I 4 ^ )
• AjLp aJJsJLm*^ Ow3x^-^?I ^jJl ^ 0^ jJU^o^Ul U ^>Jl A^A-<k-P
o-U ^Lj j JjjJl jJp t j-« LAS aS ^-L g^» ^ jj>*Jl aJT o j-^-* Ajjlpj
1 *■ 1 ■«- 1^~ ) 4^_J 1 ^
c oL^Jl j ^L^au'yij aJjloJI aiS LAI j a^Ajl?-N 1 oli^AxJ!
273
oJLa
£t-w2J iJjjJlj ijT ( j- ; u 4 j>*>LaJI jli t (^-s^L>Jl j <L«L*Ji
N 4 X 0 ULJI <u1^p jli t Lo .(J^^p JlSwu o^>-jIao
iJLfc ^ J • v 1 3j^L-$J ^L~Jl ^JjJiJl c^Lyg^-[ l ^ ^ A ^
a^-L^-p ^ L ^pv^LwwsJ! Aj ^ja
jAs-d J j-LS* j-dl U-S' 1 4_lj jJI ci^ULiJ 0 V 1 0 A-* 1 ^_>J!
..HUb
y*J> 4_>^J t(«wJjijJl» ^1) Sj^L-. ^ jr^
p
^oNl jJLjc j Ujllp i^LJL (determine) oAs-^ LjiUL ^a t(illimite)
l$j| (^1 c(jAaJ| o^ld jl ^Ls^>"t t ^ J.P c 4 Aq**-&) AjIaJIj
^L* Aj>- JjJLJ ^j->eJj .4 jL*J 1 t L* jl>- ^_H
oJl5 IS! j>£j j! ^ LUJI jSf cSjj^JL
0
eJLft ^../aT,>i c <bjJl^*_«^U! 4_S" j_»*jl aJLft Ji^-b UL>- aJ y*S-~~A
^UJI t^L-Vl ^L~JI ^-IjJI oU: aJA ^
u*j^ ®Ajjl>fcol aJ_^® ^>*Jl 1 L^LS" ^Jlp- bJb aJ jJl3!
.aJULS" aJ «jJ Ujl^J
M *• ^ M *
^ tf p
c U_*j ^JJ! Jj>Jl IJLa ijl i<Jb»«Jlj
^ .oUJl a~JUJ| v ^>Jt J^ ijjUl v ^>JI a)T Jj-b c^jb'lpj
AjL* J5 ^ j^Jl Jl iftl oIa ca- ciLaLUl ;Ju_p
<>* AJi^ ^1 ^
uij-f-; <-— Lj-Jl • S 5—W-' ^
£ 0r £
0^jA->s_A ^ ^ a .,r^ T <j' C^I Vl oJLft <1)1 t
^c-wiJ ^jJ C Lg_| ^ j-ij ^iJl jJn!l <Lj-L<waJ JL>* Vj <JLa^awoj
•oApLma I^jIjLp
L^jLUJj iJjjJJ ii'jJL^ J_*j jJ iJLoUJl v^ 51 ^
J Sj^lS CL^^I J,
274
^ j <j\ l &.j *)1 t aJ^wLU
* *
Jy.) C L^»LJ ^■^■‘‘■"^^ aA»J I ^ ^ y J 1^ ■L.^^-A'^J *^h>J2m P«-V«-^J
V* 4*
N ! c a^Lw^JJ JjJj>tjd! l*X& £4 l */} ** Lju Qj£j
jJi XJjjiJl Ixaj .iJjjJl ^JLp -^Ltfj>tJl ^-Aj
:4jU53l <!jjdlj IS\ ^ I
*4 *4 t* V
L^Lvul ^ ciJjAJI Ojj^t ^j-o d)L*i S-jLl£Jli*>
LoJlxp ^l>-j (...) iJjjJl aJla L g-5>«-%%jJ olSt>b*J!
t*
jjfe aJ jJlH 0 Li c ij j^L-vs-*JI <L j^jI^jJL I jLcj
(_5jJLv*w* ^Jl aJjJJI ^ij_jj 4 k ^ ^ l£^-^
ill UjLxpI ^SU-> V ^:JLJ1 Uljjj c^U^!
cr 5 Ck~^~ lt^ tjLjLoL 4Jb_sL>t-o ^LJLSJLi
•• 4*
,^U5 4Jjjtf i^UJI cJ! Uj^pj iJL ciJiUJl
<U3 ^-la-wvvu j*JL» j*-l dJ-b (jb
^J^Lwvo <i ^ Lp Mj t 4 W 1 ~J I ^-jp
*• **
1 1980 <. (JjLjLp „ jjJ ji) «aJ jjJl ^jJLp <UT
.(281
a^jU ojjL.^r I^a jJ*o N 1 g - ■■ a * aX^LmJI <_-> jjJl ij! <~JlS z**"^
IAj^P j j ^ jj ^ 4j^jJI lLLLLw ill ^A Lo ^jjJLi
(( ) 5jjjJl jUoL ^ j^# ^^>^4 l$J Jj^j Ailio^Jl i «• ^>Jl
<uxJl Jti-b L# j-^j .(282 <_o3I c ^ ik j|)
JjJL>Jl Jl t^JLxJl ^JLo^p ^IjlxoI J^j U»jlxp tLjJli
JjLwuj ( j_» JLSjl 5N1 li*>\ g ^ o^LjjJl J^>w°
Atjiu Jij i5l ^ I <£> ^j| iJjjJI ^ >' ^ M cdUIi
275
I a ^jill ASA jL*^L>eJi t *— > ^>Jl aJ!
+* M
.(s jJill oJ-A lLLL^&j iJjjJl cJ15 jJj aJjJlII ^ j ill
tj 4-sfTI I ^Jl S^Jl tjl$ i d^w\J jl 4 Jj>- Ows^S" (Jj-w* 1^*$*^
jL^j>- ^L^jlpL iJjjJl a la am\ j-i ol L^, ^ ^ ^
C-9J-jJl j^2->c-t Ld| (. . . ) L iS" 4-^jl.i iS" J>*-> Jaift JlJ i L_J2_L*JJ
^p cilaL^j JSO aJU aS'j^JI ajIjj JlSwj Jl5I
^jIjLpj jjSjs u wuw^j ^ (50 — 48 c III 1 1958/1951 ojJjI)
oJ-A «o j-yJj t Lg_)jLv«_>- JloJ^I j <-j oL»
OJ^LAI ill jtJj 4-JjJl C5^ ^ ^1 iSy>Jl
lip :^L La I jJL* 1 1943 /jlil 19 ^jLu J JLu*
C^'j 4
Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951). 2 e ed.
augm., 1958. Trad. fr. J.-L. Bourget, R. Davreu, P. Levy. Les
origines du totalitarisme. T. Ill: Le systeme totalitaire (1951/
1958 III). Paris: Gallimard, 1995. (Idees)
Aron, Raymond. Democralie el totalitarisme. Paris: Gallimard,
1965. (Idees)
. Penser la guerre, Clausewitz , T. II: L’age planetaire. Paris:
Gallimard, 1976. (Bibliotheque des sciences humaines)
Balibar, Etienne. «Le Hobbes de Schmitt, le Schmitt de Hobbes».
Preface a Carl Schmitt. Le Leviathan dans la doctrine de
Thomas Hobbes. Sens et echec dun symbole politique (1939).
Paris: Seuil, 2002. (L’ordre philosophique)
Clauzewitz, Carl von. De la guerre. Trad. fr. L. Murawiek. Paris:
Perrin, 1999.
Deleuze, Gilles et Felix Guattari, Mille plateaux. Paris: Minuit,
1980.
276
Gauchet, Marcel. «L’experience totalitaire et la pensee de la
politique.» Esprit: Juillet-aout 1976.
Kervegan, Jean- Francis. Hegel, Carl Schmitt. Le politique entre
speculation et positivite. Paris: PUF, 1992. Reed. 2005.
(Quadrige)
Lefort, Claude. L'invention democratique. Paris: Livre de Poche,
1981. (Biblio-Essais)
Ludendorff, Erich von. La guerre totale (1935). Trad. fr. Paris:
Flammarion, 1937.
Reich, Wilhelm. La psychologie de masse du fascisme (1933). Trad,
fr. Paris: Payot, 1998.
Schmitt, Carl. Der Begriff des Politichen (1932). Trad, fr. M.-L.
Steinhauser. La notion de politique. Paris: Calmann-Levy,
1972. Reed. Flammarion, 1992. (Champs)
. Staat-Bewegung-Volk: Die Dreigliederung der politischen
Einheit (1933b). Trad. fr. A. Pilleul. Etat, mouvement, peuple,
L’ organisation triadique de I’unite politique. Paris: Kime, 1997.
. Theologie politique (1922). Trad. fr. J.-J. Schlegel. Paris:
Gallimard, 1988. (Bibliotheque des sciences humaines)
. «Weiterentwicklung des totalen staates in Deutschland. »
(1933a). dans: Verfassungsrechtliche Aufsdtze aus den Jahren
1924-1954. Materialien zu einer Verfassungslehre. Berlin:
Dunker & Humblot, 1958. Reed. 2003. pp. 359-365.
Seglard, Dominique. «Presentation.» dans: Carl Schmitt. Les trois
types de pensee juridique. Trad. fr. M. Koller, D. Seglard.
Paris: PUF, 1995. (Droit, ethique, societe). pp. 7-66.
(JurlOdiJ
Jtr 3 Lj* — ijjj-lJl la >Jl ^3 aJ jjJl aJlSLL» JL>- jj
«L^JuJl» oL^JajJlj ojjlil J^>- (utopistes) «AjjLjJaJl»
j\ Ajj^iJl o J^\ <*i y~ oljUa^il^j I^jLL
JjIj^JJ Cx4>-I y Cr* Jl LJUb
OL® t Lla 4-s^L>- 4*w<k-ftl ^^vJlSvj a^-vw-^jUJI 4^ ^ la * 1 1 Co LS* * L^J
*4
Lgj la . i ^*Jl J 2 JL& ^ ^ «.« .».■** 1 1
*yi Ji W^jWC
|pjw? JL>- jj iJjjJli i L^-S* jJ>to ^cJl 4jj-toQaJl <i jIjLaJI
4^WW«W^ 3 Lj *■ i^iVi i'i ^ OtaCfc C ^ ^ * n ** L^>J 1
j ^3 cc-<^-aLu^ Jis olj ^cJl J5 ^ ccjIS l^j^j •aJ^wLJI ^jJ >- ijjj
^ **
Jb5» cbJLS" La bjj t«L^_aJLA (Jju (SJjjJl (jl) aJ^I aJla Jw*_p
o^lpI jJ LkJLJI J^i ^ ^jLjJL o-pjL/j ^1
® j ■,/»"*• ^ 1 ' a^mmS jJl a^mXaJI LLm c ^vuLlJI aJ^jJI l
LjLJj^C' 5j_ji!l jli a. (187 ^ 1 1852 t(Marx) jj^SjL)
^aL«JL> ^ C AJjl J| A^btJjLJl ^_JjLoJ| 4 j_* ^^xLvl JiL^J
AiaJLJl J^L*b N LJlla i: jS^i JLLo Ji>0 £a
279
jLj (formules topiques) a-jw? j-< Jl .^.11 j .i a_ai
SjqlaJ 1 1847 al*b> a_^*^qo ^««5jLb ojj>- Jl ^p^wmJI
" **
SJajlj tJbu L« ^ ^jJl) (ligue des justes) aJajIj
•* « —
i— * Lf?* j ((ligue des communistes) _^Jl
*4 “
Vjl ^ ^ j ->*-* (JLLo ^^Lp Lwli I^b! Sj^lil j\i 1 1846
*4 V
P
LgjL^dLj 4 5JLxk-^ij 4*pL<^z>-t aXjC-JL) t ojji jw?
JJLsj aJLp l^l .(54-53 ^ c 1847 IglUcd U^IjlJI
^Jl>-I ^j*q OaI »p^3 VjLxJ i oJL& ^ 1 as i ./•y’l a AaPL 4 J>* CI^Lo^JaIj
^LJLj c^^Lv 2-3^!I JbJL>- ^Uij oli|j jj-S^JLoJl JJb^Jl
<j^n jj 4 aJ^JL^ Li j 5 juJl>- «upUjJ^-I oIS^p
{S’
c AboLubJ^J I a -i -*■ g ^ I ^ l# JLp iJlpL^ai
A_J_«-xJ! oj_A jJLo V aJ^j-A-JI (1)1-9 c <dJJi <J_jJL>B
j.
oJl&j .(<s <lJLp ojjL>*J I^U- Lg-i-^ j->
J^ki! aJj! J£ JJ ^x*j LJj aJ^JI J>-ly
Ajj j-> LxS" ^ ® l_Jb 3 ^i-P t. AJUk-v^ AjLJ? Lg.^,^ ) Lg. ■wwA)
4-w#Lwwu — A-OL.^3«9l Oj£j jjs A-J 3 J 2 4ujjj\sS$ UkjLxpL) ^ A_>j l
.((LjLJj^J! AjjyLS'iB -J l^ajjAuj 4 (^A>*l»V^ L i -.-■'i-i-i ^ ^
f. ** f.
olj^l J5 o j5 j-<Jj t L>bjjJJ ajJIjj>-j^JI j-b JU_o .1 ^Jl
UJa5 LJixiJl LjLJj^JI J\ t aJjjJI ^ju ^ r-Ld^
P-r-' rt 'i i ^ i ^ l ijj*)\ a-^5 ^ SiLjJ! Jj>-1
M *4
.(67 { y£> C 1847 4jJUxj| - ( j^5jLa) ^03j
AjjJsaJJ 4 0 Ju^ A^^Jl j iJljli^Lp
280
J5 f-LaJj t ^LjVI ^,«Iflo iolpj Jj-JL>*-u 4J^ol*Jl
Aj^S 4j I t 7 - ^Jaj LlAj . 4-J j . L^ 1 4 jjjJL^5^ ^-£^-^>-1
a * ^ ~ - j * AJL^aS ^JaJwoJl LjLlJji j,Jl La*A*qJL*j ^xJl 4 ^jLJS\J| Ju Jj>^j J jj>-
OilpL la A£ t 4-%*u2j 0^1 LgJL^j J 4j^-0l ® ^ I I ® ^£
t tiLta /r^ljJL>j t <_£ 4^S_-Ja J^LiJLutfl (Jj.i ^IxjNI p
<_5^i J - ! *^J*^ l5j-^ ^ jl j^l <_^i lPJ^ ^ A r^W’ ‘^-’L^jU-o jI^jL;
**
jjiaJl aJUp- J^Ai>- aJLLJI oL^ajLl!! Jljj
JlIaJ t t ^5j ) I >\jft\ iS-k o* <¥ Ar~J
A j^.i— r^.^*. l L-3 C A-*— V*» l i ^ < 1 .«. </? ^ ^ - ^**~ | ^ W l i^iiVi ^ l
4*JL * JaJ A^-lq*,.,,^, ll iJaA-^Jl C5^ ^ (Jj-^-^ ^^L*-oJL> A * ^L*-*.** \\
** ^
^ '-dj^-^j j-J' oJLS” Lo lilj .tj j-A la A >\ 'jAj^-i
JL J? 1 ^ &\j -/* jLUl t 4jLJa_5' 5 jj j <a 1L) C-JL^-JLJ
*•
J-^ 4,i^i ■<► 1 * ^ <o 4jLJa l g 4 ^ j-» O* oli Lo jJl
jv-jJ-tfJl j*UajJi ^w«Jj ^Lp f-1 ^ ->■ t j-o cJ-oPj Sjj-iJl
^LLVi ^Uij <l%v^aj jVl jjajj^i Ljj^s t c-ii*JL ^LL^LJ
^JbJLj c La j**S* oLfl-JaJl J ^yUaJt ^iiLjJl Jaj 1-Lft
+* **
c 1847 c j-L>ot - Lo) ^4jtJa5^ 4^UJi l ^ ■» &
.(70-69
^4-*A»L^w%faJl ^ ^ j| ^ a a ^Jw*-o ^Ju i L-ft rj <jla j-5lj
2 jjliJjjJl i^<L-«JI Sj-SCs jjjl cl^Jl o>L«jU-Jl JaLoJIj
** *♦
^-&L>j>tjl j*j*Xjj ^ fc— 3 1 la o..ll
LfcjLj! aJL^JI o-L^ 4 c .1 g c i > ^-w^L^-Jl
•* **
'y 0.ljix_4 ^--.- ft 1^4 ./? ((SjjJlJI® C<Lj^I <Uo!^J| ^JLvJ^fcii
eJliJ^ (terme exterieur) ( _^jU- S>*S Jaii I4JI i_i _ r o]l ^
281
(facteur interieur) J-oUS ^
(j-° J-Swj Sj tojjj-siiL ^rjL^ j-*j c ^jjj-^
JbxJl 5jjjJl js>-\ ^1 LSjLpj oli*>UJl
f P
4jLs^I t ^yS £y*s> j» 6 yL*^Jl IgJljjJ
y« ^lS* J o A j J uP C-^l y y jUpVI I-L& ^3 j t Ljb
t* "
** M +*
Oi^Lowj o^SvjjJl .AjjyJl ^<L^L^^Jli) A ■*> 1 f'lla-pj
p, t*
L$>) oo-L>- ^iSjjj^ jj^* (j*j i£y>* ^ c5~^ Jj^x5l
* ** **■ »»
iw>U>- Sjj^vaJL l^-ij Ju>j Jo t ((teleologiquement) LiU- c~f>- j
e-i^Jl aJla ^iJj t IiA^a .La^UsI i ^s lIjLsasI^JI ^ioIjCj
** **
^ryJ 4Ui*J l^-Jl*-) ^1 ^Lo Jt»J
t «JbJL>JU> JLa «^_[JiJ|)) l& _^P JJaj ^ I oLLSJl JtSwL«<l
tfji <j£-*-t ^ Js j j-«i tiUSj t aJL>-i J o vj jj*fc^Aj *y
P
o Lo C aJL^jL^J ^Loi-U^l Oj$ ye pjJjiJl <1)1 t Jb JL>bJJ
Jt-jj 4 L*-~J O^y^oJl cJu* (jii t ^IjJl ye t ciU^
t ^ jJiJl ^jjUl li^LJU
— ’ ^
^_aj! J_^J o 1 | «•!_> jl jL>-o-i l^-J — 1
^ji'L J^jUt-w*) 4 JjjJJ ^UJNl l >r p ' JL M (anarchistes)
(socialisme «5J jjJl i-J'l jjL-Ji!» j ((Mikhai'l Bakounine)
jlJULJl jljLjJI Uw#> j [(lassallien) (1) L ^JLwx*>Ui d’etat)]
♦* **
/ (.
l*Lft .L>t->*jll>s l_A3 J^o t0 ^-^ J 1 -^ t L^Jw« ^taS'jLs ^jiwLw^
C 4-aLs3^-Jl Jl ^3 ^Lo-SljlJl Aj 0 *LpI ^3
(Ferdinand JL-N JJLji y^j j>LyJl iJLfc p— J p L^n^Jl aJUb (1)
* _
(Critique du programme de Gotha) y Up <w?jLp Lassalle)
w **
.(50-22 ^ 1 1875 c^^U)
282
^ 5JjjJl aJLSvj cJ t iJ lio V I w <JLws«o tj jj>-
Alajjj jup j iJUjJI ykL?- ^1 5 jjL^2i5VIj <L~-L*Jl ikJLJl
AS' 4 a lg tf « llj^ <j i-^->xJ I <J jjdl * IaxJ l
**
Jj J^ 5 *- 4^L^*Jl^ AjjJiJl J^LJL^Jl
. {(AliJ? jj
«*
JwJLs ^Lal 4 4 Jj>wLU ^..^jr^LoJl j j^yg.t.ll L.d^ 4L2 jL^ Ij ^S* J
t jJi . p £-Ul jj-2-1' <uLg_; -Up oljjiJl
^J| ^>- ^_«Jl JLdJl 0^4 1 1 Jl^A . Lwuj jS ^4 Lm9 j -^‘^~
4j>eJLL* iJjjJl ^-iJl ^L^LyijaJl J 4-^UfcJj-Jl OLwvw^J-xJl
*♦
^JLv^Jl jj 4 aS' 4j>cA.</?.^>., 1 i j) «/?" 1
1848 Sjji J^i 6l ^ cLuil iu^Jl ^ULkU i^UJi
£*-^s*3jJ 4JL-*^ Lo JlS* ^0 4 4 itf 1 nm ll ^JLp Uj-^AjLj
^ 4 4j^h-lJ!
£. £
I ^i-A) JJL*jJ o j_*w-^Jl 1 . jiS Id jJLSl ^LjLP^fl j-JU
4*i? * lg It d^Ld^LxJl Lj^S" <L>« jw4*t t flL>t-i jL^->«Jl
Lg-wwvJl5\-ww*# ^xjl j L<^-S* 4 4 jjI^>- j j-*AJ ^iail 4 * ^ . g 1' j)
**
^ I 1^ 4Jj Jill *]a\+M ^^wS^LoJl j j </?:!!
.ijPU^-Vl oli^Ap Jjrf ^ Ujlf>-
^J-LxJLj 4j V ) *Lr^ <J^ J-c - * ^ ^ (.3 ^—P*T A ] 1 4«)^
** ♦♦
JL*i N (UjbJj^Jl ^Lil Jl oaI^JI Ajjjii\ ij^Jl
«j_A (jV t iJjjJl Jj- 1 *" (_j— -^jboJ A_w^_o ^Jl ol> j ^4 jJajJl
.2 c^JLlJl J-Aill <. v bS0l \jjt ^ Jdl p-JiJl J*\ (2)
283
^Lw-yUJ-tL) 0~L>c-a 4 4_*>tjjLj 4_*_d | j 0 V I
A>*jljJl SJ Jjjl JulfiUJl> . ^ AjLyla c^LitA^-j j
<1)1 JLo .L^-p-LJ| S^Lp^j L^Jlp JiLb-nJU \Je jJ* 4 C^U^VjJI oJla
AP ^JJL« L^_ 4 *u.,^ « g , ll o-L* <Lw^jL<^a lijLoL^S " j 4«oL«JI JISL^I
«*
^ I 4 J *>L*JLwj ^ I 0->U^\p jj>e_» j Lp I J wLa_aJ j 4 L^ixjjlJ
oli^Ap p-liil jLi lIJlSIa . U ^P J A^ilxujl oliJaJl ol plj-^? J^ta
jt— ww^tJ i jJp /^P A*^LgJL>-Nl aJLS^J^ ^ IxiU^ J^)\JCL^ V y I
a-JL*^*! jJI c^lit)Lp ^jJI ^LiJ^I j-&j - ^ II
M t*
lM f\y£ ‘W- Ajl^i-A^ ^ ^ «^P ^ 1 1^)
Lfc^Lcipij t Lg *,m<?i aJ^nAJI ^IaJI l. 5^1 dx° lP>~> — ^tj^lxJi ^ Juo
^J-P ft 4-Lyg j3Js *>J I )) OjbNlj o( j-S*Nlj 4JL ^ ^ )l Jw>-! lj->-j^a LlL-S^
£
Jj_>c-l!l (l)Li 4 A~*wJ jJl oJLa ^Jl jJajJLj
A*i.*k*J! i5^\p ^3 4 0 JuwL>- 4j ^yjsu wliJ^ ^A j 4 aJ(
Jj aJLj^I j}\ iljjJl Owal^Loj ,A->«j>“jLl« l^JL^J J 4 aJ jjjL> Ajj jjJl
4_£j 11? jJl A-w-o jJl aJ jJ^vwO jJLSli jJLSl C — L<i^>t_;
aJ^JlJI *l*Jl Jj «/? > 4 Ajj_*-v2_ll ( Vy» jj^w) AjLs j Aj^Ls^aJ^N I
oLi^P ^ il) 4 ^pU>VI oli^Vp J J^J ^
4 ( gl ^jNl A^l j-a AaI^-^J 1^ <^; aJLoL*J| O^Lpj J& ^v^P
ci-L^Ssjij 0 1 . J j^e-iJl wULJjl! Js j^i jjfc f'liJNl IJl^ o*i/
j-*u\*Xj j ^yPbAJL^ J 4 4^? U- A-ojL-^w*) yA ^*c_^y^2- aJjjJI
J-S" ol ^>-pj 4 oli%P c->L^jLowa
• A*P ^*sp LJ L> 4 I
4,,. /? i. '^ eJl^l ^*xjl ^j-vwO jjl 4 Jj^yi pULo^ )l ^ aji
** 1 ^
A*^j*La AP Jj>xJ I 4 Aj^ajS* ^0 ^v*S^jLa
aj j L,iJl! ^-oJl Jl>*1 4 4l871~ 1870
284
1JL* y L° y JJj .(1919 c(Lenine) yuJ)
la A9 oj ^ .,(g~ y^La_i ^ «J jjJl di— 5LaJ jt La^LiLs ^yjl o ^_*Jl
j^.
c 1 ^Lu^l vj^LS ^>ujub J j^xJ ^■ Lu lS'
j a_> jIj>V I j o j_5s_>Jl j A-J^l ^ UMJ L) j j-i Ij-yaJJ
Ajjjj-JI
jLg-j>- Ju^L < nJ ol <lLoL*J! 4 ig « la U Vj®
•*
c 1871 t ^aaS'jL^) ^Lg^L^.>cJ aJ^ujLj^ U5 aJ^*jJI
.(59
P £.
01^ oJjb J%J jJ tAjLlS-slj 0^5* (^JJl AjJ-4j-£Jl
{(q ^j>Ji AJ^S j->- Jl-JLjj oLJL ^jJl 4 « \ a A la ll AJjjJl
pJlwLli ^i^L>tJi ^UJL j-a'Vl JjX*-Xjj ,(66-62 <.1871 t j j^SjLo)
jL&^Jl ^yA 0^L#s^t— ^ t A^^Aua*** k^*i < /2 1^
Lg-JjLo-oJ 4^Jl>c-oJl oIjJlUI ^LpmJLjIj Aj ja A^fil J 4_*_s^>L >- j
^L^jJIj j-* J j-*-U ^JjUJIj ^.^UJl
^ p.
L^ijl jt— * Ujj-^-*-J C (^l «,/3 $ t C^ljl^l) c^AjUpjJIj ^j-uL L^ a
cijJa y "(v-f^Lg-a y Jy-U y-Ljlij yJjj^o
Aw0^s^-*Jl twJljUi^Jl ^jA Lo JJL t ^lp JlN*XoJ| t
A-w^Lwwa) l g tf a/ 2 yj Lyj_£Jl y i y^z yJl OjyJjJlj
“ *■
c*
a^* . )g S.ll j jJ>*l^}) L> IjLtt t LjjLJj aj j ^jLxS^aJ
t Ajwi-o2Js^J 1^ t A-i AJ^ijJU
■ 1 ^ to j C ^ ,1 I. Ifl tf li O^^J f I ^ ^ f ****** ^-J 1 ^ . • 1 1 ^ ^ ^ '
.AajbNl &> J ^Jlj J\ APjJl
285
tiJLpli Jlj tLJUJjj I ijj^oj^JLi))
.(63 c 1871 ^4 -^wjij cUijJl ^9
“ **
^ jli c 4 -J^jU^JI w<L^o j_SC>J! iJVU j^joJjS L>-b^o ojLipLj
a H J^Lj jl g ^.;l 4 ^wL^-P ^U>l 4 j j*^Jl
SiljVl ^ pjUJl l c_33w\_j c
J^* ji^jj .4 ^pj*JI iyuxJl ^l^Jlj (volonte generate) ^UJI
0<XpL 5J| C S j-siL^o 4 -J^IjJLw.-LS (_Jjj-iL)l jl ! JdA (jL$
fi, £,
i-L^pI ^pLoJw>”*yi ^JJL>«Jl Lj j^Lk*+ . a Lowo j
»* *» W'
p
jl j4* ujli ^ *A* (_rr <_**
** *• i,
Aj^uJu aJSI ^ ((i^LvJl i*il ^Jl» <jL^w <j| t ( j^Sji<> < ~S LjT
. <»j ^jA d_oli
oJL5 JLiJ .iJj^j-SCU j>tJl j— Jl
4-<2_Js> ^1 j-s^ ^LlLjJ 4_LaL*_ll oa-JaJi 4 jj t^L^SfL
l A*a*J> l 1 »i.., l | C l l 4 « l? »A«^ P 1
(^.iUa^S'yi jy»dJl C-^w. ^Jlj c->Jl>-j
(1 ) t (. Js^_jlJI 1J_& o jJUj .JJ»_JlD
*» * #■
4.^. a. ^ 1,1 ^ iv ^ i ^ _4_C'-1_^'^ Nl. A..^- !! ^ a \jA 4Jj_^^5JI
p
O^Lx^vj'y pjljJl ^
i; yi jl ^jjUl jLS’
Lg-JLp ^Jwjl A^^LyaJLff^l t^^-LiJ <-ol j
^ *+
p
JaJl Jl (^1 toliJaJl
*
AIaJW i ZSjZjj C ^>Ip (l)L>-j| ^w2j
.(67 ^ 1 1871 c^jU) «U iliaJ
(jl J-A J C LaawJj Ij^aJ (. <L^>sjjbjl 4j ^>cjJl oJLa d- 1 t IjL^Jb
ij jjJi iJT j>*j jl ^j-^ 1 n*jL- ^ju
286
jUj ^ j! ^Jl {jr*j jJl
^.xJl j^JLJl ^ li 5J L-«wd Ja, ^JLJL j^ t
,»l_*j LowU-c* c ^JaJLwJl o Jji LftjLlp| ^3 ol L>
ocwaJl^ dJu& t U : . a U t 4j y> ^.5U I d.-<o Ai Ai>^ *>- aS Ug jl\
4 1917 A^^ \ ^ ^ * ' -! 1 ^/^ww) ^y\t&**^**J 4 lw\ ^ 1 * ^ *L^W L ^»Mi 1 1
-181 ^ 1 1919 (Soviets) ^olij-JJ LajLx^U
**r 0* p,
4 ^>-| ^ * 0 « a# ^yUtuiJl („)1 • ( 1 84
*+
4^jj^_jI a Sd cf.i 1^ c5""^ Lotaj) L« d^JJJ aJjjJ—SI
**
^jiw> ^J-p jr>^ c$J>dl JJLJl tJjVI ,-Vii .(lijUj^Ji
** v*
LjLJj^Jl® Jl o^UciVlj ^pU^-VIj j-«
^X-P l “ Uy ^ ^*j^)Lqo ft a 1.^,, - ^ * Aid? I 4,y?jp A^dfl-L<dl
Sjj j^aJL ^ol^ij ^£jJl Jlill j>5^/ 1 Lol ^*j 5 jd»L^ 4jg|^JL<>-o
•*■ <*
^_Lp aJ^LvwJI aJL^Lj^w^ lg « & 4<JjVl ^o
O^LpI LgJLeLdl 4 A * -o—, g <o *UjJp Lgd>^ j)j
*UJI JULj cij^u^-l ii*>U J5 £jU- r-uyi oli^U ^JLJ
ft<LaLpjJU e-L*Jj 4 (J-*J t A^JLjaJl A I ■<> «.£ U ^<Lw-Vl
0
aLlLa^ JS Jljj iJjjJl ill j*yJJ f^yj « AJwo,^4 AaJp c *,<& y
A^LvJlS Ju ^Juyu 4 Ssj^^kjo jjt U5 (1)1* jJl 4 aJjJjD
M
^buVl ^J-«-*iJJ ^ypLjJ^Vl Jszdapxdl ^\ S^LpI ^ ^j-jUaLo
^1 ( yj Jl yam >1 (^5 ^ >A^j aJ jLU| ^3 ^1 4 a^wwjJj
44 1m* 4
P ^
^ ^^.g>U jI ji^ I <w^>o 4 LgJL^jar j
^AjsJ ! j <jL<ij»JI <^0 ^ ji\j oli aJoaJ ly-*-*
- - * * . *’ ^
287
£
^ ^ i tJ— o'i/! 4 _x_v£> j-j KiJ jJlJl J! jj» Jl j-*-&
5j ^ j-j Lx^ jl 5 LfJ^>L>- 4 ^-I^jlj ioJljJlp d-^Lj
yJJl oUiibJl ^ c^U^JLJ U*a)I ^ jJLajJJ JuIjl* LjLJj^Jl
£$1^^ 4jLLw LX->L J-*-y2-Sl oJ-fc *l^wvu4j J*>-b
p
4 4j ^LJ&U tj jp~»A- - jU I j W i, ^? l .»■■> l j g . ^ , *l i
^ ^3 jVl cj\S j > Jl cjU_Ji^J iL>*jjLJI oLLiJl
t+
0 jiJl ojjfc ^xJl oLsi^Jl ciMjjjJlj c^lj^iJt jsS' t j-JLp ^ujIxJ! (j jJjJ!
t j-»_aLal>cJ| aS jJ>«J 4« ^Jg«,f Aa^P OjL^pL t (*-^^cJl Lm2jIj ^jj jiotil
^jA jJL >& j N ^Jill) <-3*-Lg-l! ^9 <-k* S c5 c iJjjJl f j& j-***£J ^
4*jl**qJI L^jj-g^>-! jJLl L^jUai^ ^3 (^J jj
Sjblj
Sj^iil Jji-ta <U^JlJl^ ^^>Jl - 2
j^La (, ( j**Sj\*a ^jl! c^-ws^jLvvu 0 ^
p
^4»l * 1 h Lh^^J C 0 I Lw^JOj 1
<U3 <_^Pj j^JJl <— >J->iJt3 I 4^Ja3 4*oLl> il^JL<Jl o^L* ^>-
^ p p
4 ^gJL>b4Jl Jb>-b LiLo^ d-j Lp- yl I ^a 4 JI
p
^A^/3 tcJL<i^_ll e-Vjj-fc 4 U-J^ j 1 Jw^j>- ^— ) P jJ>Li ^ «Ja X,j ^j-P SjL^-P
^ p
SAj^jJI ^L-s^ LMj\ j^li j-aj jLf^-j i-jjlj^rjj-Jl
Ula ^.p ^sJwJ jL*~y^j «l ^ ol5 jj>iJl oJL^J ijJijiJl jl 4_JL>-ijJl
‘. ^jli 4 jj Jj>- aJcj-s^U J j'b? I u)L* jJl
jjfe Aji ? m oJL>- jJU JiwJl L)b
\Sjt rj} Wj^^Jj-r^ iSjj^\
*
1 j_wAl_«j>«-Sl^ 4 e.. la \\j frLo-P^Jl Jij Lo i.
5JU153I JU*>\fl ttl ^J) V dJL-Li. J5 J^b
.(45 4 31 (.(Oeuvres)
288
J-L-o 4^JL^P ^Lj 4^-L>sJl Q-la^jjl JJjJ
*♦ **
JL^jJl jjL>cj o jjj-+J ? ,j w oL*j^
**
w 1847 4 ^L^wljJt Jwi-jJ i 1 ; « ** lj (f ^-g ^a\\
J^l ^ d?JJj •*& ^-r^r**-^ -(46
<1) 4j 4JLow^ oU lLLUj^ ^ oJL>- ^JLJa L^jS-s^ JM
p
(Misere de aaJ U II <aJj-0 ^3 ^j-mSjLo 0 jil ^JJl J-w^jJL ^ia^J jA
*« **
(classe en soi) «Lg-Jb i < . 1 a tl» ( y^-i (1847) la philosophic )
p
oJ_w»jJL; t * d)l . (classe pour soi) ((LgJb A^-\ ^ S_LJaJl»j
t L^jls^P Sjili iJLwwJ^» ilJfc JJ»-1^ 015 j>z\\
0^Ju>c-4w!| -O..JJ <Lwt»L**>l ^LL) 4 4 _**j 2_> jVl j
jC
** “
^ 0 If *
^^^P 1 LyAi4i- !i c L-2-Ja L*pL^->- L*p^^ (L^-*b
j3j .(L^JlS L jbJ j ^JL! Ajj^iit 4 jL*JI!j
0 ** & ^
^3 Lw»L>- t*^ j ( j**Sj L* ^]l A^vjJb iJLwvwoJt oJjb
♦*
JJ-b (1870-1860) ^ f-OJI j^JI L s«»wwww^ L i 6 m . a
<J o^i' W VI j) <jLo~*JJ 4-JjjJl
** ** •*
Sbl5 t j^5"jLo Uj j A/a j ^zJl ]&j\j^\j 4^>UJl 4-3 jaJI IajUpJ
**
! [£ jJa \ 1 1 <~Lj>- jz\ij p-U^LdS" L^jI j I jl? ( t^p SwL>* jiJ
'°*r^ j^JUI jl£»Vl JjUj ii^Ul JjO]U»
^3 0 j^iL^Jl oLiliJl J jJl ^Vl
0 0 f, tA
«15 j^-JLo L>«-«U jj 4 JL^lJ L^jjJu jl5 jz+* ol
c (AIT) JUjJG iJjjJl ^L*Ji ( j W JL>e-4jJI 4^«5jLa)
.(1869 ^jU /jli T 9
(^JJl 4j>- jjJl CoJl^tjj 4 ^%j3j d^3jJl ^3 4j^J
CwJ>- ) JUjJU 4-JjjJl 4^^-oJ^sJl 4 ^S^Lj ^JwsSl>t-w« 4 ^PJ^j
289
HjjJ\ <. 1860 UjLt|
fr
JLLj dJJi j i, aL*£ <W»jl*_,Jl OwL^ J Lfc » J
zJ° ^Lol .^jjl Jl ^.Ja,« j j aJjJlU A^L^Jl j AjjikJt
J5 (j^aaj ,^1 Uajlj liij-lU iJjjA J' ! ^1 ^AJl
S:>tp! ^3 c l g M « a,; Ajj^jJl iS* c L#
U~iM ^y>J^ <‘ l jr~ > j5\i) Ojir*-^ <_^i u usu. ju ^LaJi
t (La Commune de Paris et la notion de Vetat ) <L) ^JlJI a j g '* * j
4_J_jjJl 4 .^.A-o-^«-U aL*J| jLm 2 -|I JuL> aL«1j (1871
I * g 1 _t a ySl >t-Jj AjjjJilxSi Ij_aU>I |t (g 1 J ^ ' l (JL«_aJU
p
C_jl3l j^oJl (jL ( j^*S'jL« ^L-x
o^j • JUjJJ iJ_jjJl I ^1p
P
^jJUj Aj*^J La jJb j i Lj-P jj 0 ^* L^JL-S^ ^4 la 1 a*)^ ^1
*+ *•
- p ^
l g tf jj ajj^iJI 4_wL^-*Jl <1)1 1 -lS*^-' 0 a-JLp ^a^jLo c l.^. M«tf >
I^jV tol^SV/l ^Lp ^ «««■ JJaj ^UalJl ^ A*-Ja3
V ^LJL J i 5 j J j-*& SL> ^4-fl^J^P^ t g a 1
**
Vj A^LwwaO (aX^-^JI 4,fl.JaJ| 4 ^Lw/ ^ 5 ^^) jJl 4-^L**Jl
t*
JljwL>^j Ju c L«^-^-P ^4 la l, m* j 1 ^ pLiiLf ^,,ll
^1 J*0 JJ J 9J jSi ^\ O^A-gJ A,/2 1 1 (J & ll
cH t Cr?J* Cxi ^ y j^i <jl aJjaJI x^>
?Ul*3 d jibjuJl 4-^.^uil J-U
J ji? 4 1872 AL-*» (_£La^/ jJT^o jLjaj! JUo (3)
f* {. (
^9 L.*> Ji^ju 0^ ^ o 1.^3 " fl ^ ,* j^JJi IjJlI jl^S'Lj ojLpIj
l \ j .» at O-l^lXi li|_ V| t A^sJlil t^LdxJaJU <UpL«^-l ^JoJLmJ] JUi? L^-Pl jr^
>I^a1 I) ^ 4j>x»i a ^-1 1 o»>l,rf < la ll L^jULS\^«i
,(\1 jc«J 1 ( <JjjJl 4 ^x«j>JJ
290
£. f,
<_r®
Xh IT M
s!^! J 2 J 23 q...«.vl^J ft 4j j i^->" j aJ ^jJI *jIj ^31 o&3 . U ajLIj^o
^ p
^ Aj LJ ^JL>*_4S Juolp C *L~*Aj 0-3 jJ I Ja w L-^Lwm ^P-li jl
\ **■ t4
P ^ P
^3 JlS-Oj aJ^jlU j-oLxil *1)1-9 t J-£ooj> .^-wLww^ ojLoc'L
JujJ>oll j ( J-iJi A-y<JJ ApL,Ai-j oi iJh.\ 1 ^Aj^> <Jl>e_a XjJl>cS
0»LjLto jJl A-^9 ^JLu ^1 j~,s?.\\ JJLJ AO> r JOu aJ jjJi j .4->~j^J-oJl
AJ>1L« Lgji 2 ^^2-AqJI^ - (J^lOa ^jp &-Lxj t 4 -a-^1>cJ| A^>cJjlxll
i J la ^ Jj4.Q*J Lj-S u- O^L^wJl aJaI.^II j ^boVl
Jplj^JiJt .AjjI^^J^*^ 4-^)L«Jj-J| APjjJl Jpl^JiJ® ApL*i^-l j
*+
oLS' j . ^cJ AJw<*w^— ^J l L*->“ A-*-L^-P ^-9 ^-lil
c 1985 t(Labica- Bensussan) - L ijLJL;) j^U->Ji
t j-s^JI JL>b-oJ t lLU^ ^p ,(51-50 &
p
l dJU JLI .Ojj-Uj Ju>ji j! oJO>tlj aJL AjIS ^3 ASsJLj ^JJl
»• **
wLs ^ 4 (^ \ ^ ^^g-O 1 I 1^ ^^3 1 t
p .
V^J :L ^ .r 0 ^ (J-^W C ^ L^i-*^3 I l ^-Lo * AmAkS^AJ itA—
^3 JjUO>Ji J aJjJJI Aj ^ ^Aj JJl P'1 ^>-^\J oUji ^3 ^1 j^a Jl
oL~**j^Jl (j^u jf-j « Oj I ^jJlk j ^jp I JLaj ajU^I
(p-Lal3 4 a]p j-J» C ajl^J tA^-jl>- OoLwwo C l jL*J>-) ^L>J|W ^Ju ^Jl
(j| t L«^<kP aJw^Ls^? <(55 j XS*jt ^] L,/g 4 )) LajIopI <!**>• j
caJLo»*J| twJlla^oJl jL>cO*-L) tOjLsA>tJl p-LiJ pJ
JlLoo c pj ^jl^J^Jl Ju5j>tJI
C^JUxa Jii>-I^ A3JJlj>ol oL>tjL) ^1 ol^3 ^3 A^-^-a
(trade - ^AO-g-a OjL5j)) jl A^jUL A-W?J I tJaA-9 jl A-spUa_9
.(Lj-JL) Laj 155 ^ j Lj-Jb La j 98 ^ tl902 c^jJ) unioniste)
ijj j-tll a^w^Lw^JI^ jl cJjjJl 4 _L>»>-j
J— Jax4 t ?^l J .,^l| 4 -a ^ J l_5"^’ jJ t
291
^b~Ji H LjJli 4* « Ig 3 It oJLA JLv? JlJ 4 4 * -V - g n j
p
oLf-l Lo-ftji g </? il ^JiP cjj • ~>c-j L^~^j ^iLvau'^l
iUiJVl ^Jlji O -^V L^ ] V^O-^I J ^
•l$~^ U J JpUoj jJj j£-L LJIj
^^>x-0 i 1 Ja>Jl j^J ^L*Jl 4_>- jjJ I |JLa (j|
^r^J-'^ 2 ^ <Jr^ iS^J c£jbJj j-^ V*
Sbl <. )jv>Jl Sj^LllI 4^Ja^:11 Jlibi^l iJbw-a Li I xj Juboj
* X* £, (f*
O* L^wJaJsJL. 1 1 J-j>- jj b j «/3iP Lbbj <lL*_>- ^ i 4 ^L*-3 ^ j_^Lo->bJ| JLo»
03 jJl ^ J 4 (bJb-J*Jl ^jbbx_bl 4 obdj^wJl 4 oU jjo j_Sbi ) b J-pIbJi
jS* *4JjdJl 43 1 j^aL^>xJ| obJbll! oJlA I^Uj>cO%u <]buj j ob!
o>bj|JL?-^[l JuJL>oJ ^^jLSb N (ligne generate) j>bJl Ja>Jl Ula j!
J >b>“ Lg-J j ibj^Jl ^Jt ^ * la « « 1 1 j]a*< 0 t ^xJl O^b^vJl j 4-3*x-JljJO'y I
4 O’blJ^-N I oJ-A ^~wo!l .bjjill
*Uj^I ojj JJ-^J L$j ffj jJi iij^^JaJlj <J-Lo JjVl £_Jli
43 jJaJl ol jJ jj *5bo Lgpb-jL) t^SJLio'bfl 4Jb- J*)b- iJjjJl
S ^3 ^ 4 L^ JJ l$J>b j*<Jj) 4jJg jJl 4«,2. Ja.il obi j-m2 Jl ^Jl jl bJ jjJl
^b>“jLj jl 4(^^bJl j jJlJ! 0>LOjbL*Jl 4 j)Jj ^\ j>bl
^ P
IJLa .^JjjJLJ ^LoL^iVl jJl Jl Ls<a_il ojj j-s^J I oJ-A
S j-^-3 ^3 0-0 oJ-J-LuJl obiLiJl ^ w<W? ^3 j-O-'y I (wJL>Jl
J-w3 ( j r A J jj?- (NEP) OJjhJI j-«Jl ^^wb^vJl jbua^jVl
M •*
c^LUxJl jjij J-b aJUj<JI iilyJU JJjJl ^ij^JI
P
I -L?bj 4jL ^ I ^3^3 4 ^3 1 jl I ^3 j • ^^^ojl ^3^j j • i' y ^ * 1 ^ ^** i^ a ^
Lfj Owoli JabaioJlj b^b^Ml jJl JbL>*J ^3 Lftj^L/? ^
^O2obl ^Jb-%*»l jJl ^UajJl Jba-'b 4 b_bt3 l g 4 j jl Jj>- jj-jJI SJjJlII
. «iJjjL)LJ ijjL^-i^Vl I jJl^ jl «5JjJiJl — j ^-^vww^Jl
292
UjJLLp 4-JL^w^i jJl ASLd jj JaxJl Jk^L>wt p-JfcLLjl oJ_a Jg o jjj
^ 5*^ i j 1 L^»J I LJ I Ami aAl* - jA ^, j i i
(5 ji j5 i^ws>L>- iJL>- ^J| aJLwi! jJl I) «<J
4_JLoJl^ 4^pl„^/g 11 o>l jL5sjl>"VI j JwwoLok > i
*+
ii-L& «(*ljl » ^*^>1 ^a ,^ ^ 4-L^ ^*ji
^ L^J-AP- - J^ ^ J-U-^i Vfi O-i - cM^ 5 '
iSL^JI iSjlSJI Uajj j UUJjli LJLp iUj- cLIL^I
JW J-* Si *<v 1917 4 1 1917 t ^) JJL **,
^Jl tfiJLJl 4-^jUcJjVI^ <_£ j-^VLj jl) ijjljj>-jjJl i-oL5l Sjj j-J>
0
J-woL^i^Jl j^5 jJ ^3 tLg-L>-lAj g
i*Lp Sjl^l jLj->J^ ( c5 SaJl cJL^J! jJl^ s < upI« *,a )l
^LlLj) <uJ?IJSjj*Jl oL^»-^JI o-A-S’lJ j*-pj jl t JUJlj
obt 0j ^>j aj! Ula Jl. ^ ^JluJI («s j^iL! SiLaJl*
^4-a! ® ^jUl Ia.^/3 4 ^AjL*J Aj ji
^jl^j»P ^^A«P t Ag^-*^ I t A 1 1 OhXj L. aJ
t^ii-b yjj La ds*-jjj . (((jj£L~*J\ _ jLf>Jl
•» ** «
IoLpI <lL>*IJj CL^l>- c <UwAj 4jJ^^ 5 ^JfcUg 5 ^I»LwO
^LJl oIp! (LUij to^^J jjJL Jl jl5 ^JJI jW^
p
l)LJLH Jj L-JljlJgJ I ^j^3jL^?^J| ^j>3 ip yAJZ^mA
c Jjb t i> dj l-g^lfl.;: S I ^p *,/2.^ % )l 1 ^-u*AxJ ! j
*• •*
(Staline) J-o_«_w. L _^aj) -Lis ajJLLj «J^-I ^yj S^J^Vl
0
^lliiJl >j^>Lj^i^v.oJI i ^bi! SiLpJ aJ j*1 allll jJL
J-*-^b (_s~ A ‘^l J^-*^' iwj IwOwh^vOS.J ) ^^-P IwOw^^ - I
** * »♦ ^ »»
^-oJcJlj L» Jl jl jJ ,^-;j -LwLjJI ^Lg-«j ^L^aj
293
yi\ A-siJaJl y $[s>- JJjiJ
>*
. <Jj oil jlpr J . J>-b JSUiJl
L^jLi t <u-^Lw^Jlj I y ***)! I cI^LjI i y* iolzJl ^L^Lv^Jl Lai
y? JlSCjLqJI <ug->-lj-a y c-jJ^>tJ1 ^ < lg*7 Jlaj>cJ
Aj*^-*/? t ^ 4 * *>■ -ig „a 4JLJ^^ A +/> 4-**»LlLoJ| <JULJl A A « lg J I «-Cw>- y
9*
Lla c— ^Lg^° 0^3 <, Jy4uaJL)j . SJjwLp olj y-*P yt>%!j 4-^Lp
^A lL>^J» j> ^ {_jj)l a L^ j d.*.-* >^-> t J^L-j 3-> fiwL^-j
^-jJp ^JJlj < u^j L- wu oljLJ cjLaJL>fcill ( j-p j-w<>jL) ^JU! ^ <zj{,a.Aa Si
^L*$l j\ oLtJaJl jLj>- jJ oLw>«-Jl jJLmuI aJL^vwo J^Lww ^)_p
CjL«jjJjJ! il)l J^i la *. a (j-'*) LjLlJjj-Jl J i oULJaJl
JU dilij t (LL5 ilLjl ^ j^Jl ^ U>JI oLJiiJlj
Lj* SiUi ^sSii jCju t( ( _ s d9jji) j/ii ,j_^ji ^yU
**
oJUj^JI oLsJaJl JLj>- jJ <^->-1 y j-A t llA
) ijj^ill <JlwJ 1 jlls»l ^ (bloc) «ibi(Jli)
“ %*
^ oLx3j JU*J! (^-AJUxj Jj->- c ilL~JI
y*-> t L^vj2j 4 JL 4 LaJI a a ..la 1 \ ^LtMdl <JzllA>*-A JLp- jJ tL^ijI i j^j
pjjtj ^ j ^ j Lip'll
>9* 1*
oLvisUl Jl^JvJ oiLc-^/ + g i el^l W LSs^Os *‘!>\J 1 j j.la~ll)) ^ J j aA
.liJUfciVl 5 jOJ 1» J^>. 3. ft Jail
9* y ** 4
ejjbj iJJaJl oUJUnJl asl^ oU iy\i}\ Jj> Ul
< 4 ,* I j j.ia " 31 j_dL5Cj N jjL>e_j
c->lS^\pp <l LX ' i?J ol^XJl yj
<• jV^wwydl J l ) Jflj jJ
4.JLJ? l. ^y» o J»a
294
iLSLJLo L t j-x— & ! 1 o j_a i)\j 4 oUao»J!
4 l ^->cJl JJ«I^2J ^ J) ^ Px^3 4 <L**oL**i|
w\n ^|j!?iitf»J ^ 4 L& j-^' 4_o>*o^LiJl aJ|jL>bjI ^jl)I ljI I
**
4 <L*JL4~*Jl JJLpI J */2-U 4_^>t-o ! jJL^l Ojl^l jLw> olU Jo
( _J* *rr~^ SJ -^J «yj ^ , '-' J J' 5a ^J u^jr^
^jA iJL&~*ol jJl i! J jJJ j$J j^Jl <U^jL**oo ^^**o 4 (
bj* Cr* d^ o* s >* cPi ^ Ar~
**
jj Lc^J^jJ I ^\a Jooxj ^jS I ^U-L^jijl 4j^*^L<ko>vJl ^Iji^oJiJl A^jUio*Jl
iS" y>- Jl>-Ij 4j^JiJl 4^ L o^Jl jU^Ji j-o?Llp 4owLp UL)I
*
0 J— fi ^juOOlJ 0 jLpj^ L$^ J 4 1 oJ-^ J -3 Lw, ^" J||J1J “ 1 J
^j J* 4 <w->J^>iJl <Ja-AOjOjJl JoLwwokJI
Lg-Ajllij JjJL>ej j 4^cJJaj| oJ^fc ^JJ <-&*S \ io^l
^jLio ^j_P j-l?L>t-<Jf
** it
jJ>woJl ^vjj ^iJU ^r 3 ip o jb i yA ijjjiJi ojl^N I jL^X?-l
J^-P 4j_v2j3jJd 4 -o^J>- L->-^J^jJjV /^-A^*tJJo»J 1^ ^o&L<k_>cJi ^G’ •*& .fl.^oJ 1
1 ^***JLj| (jL^alJl ojlS* j>~
** ** **
jLJL jL^jl ^ yCLoJ < _ 5 ^>» (fantasmatiquement)
oIii> (_Jlj LfUo jj 4 )L~J 1 sJla (E. Balibar)
• a* <J*
OjJJ dr?J <_^i ty®
s-Jiia^Jl JljU (Gramsci)
; Lc^jli LgJlj kJL JaJl olplj^ail ^j-a 4<^oj pjljjl
^JbS I Sal' ^ 4 A-L^ W^ 1 Lw* AaIaP ^1 I
IftJ ^iJl a,, -ag ll 4iUlj 4 ,*>Gl9 jt£\
4 l g ,..>, fl i ^jj\j>~j ^Jl <j jjdJ 4 »JlJL.qJJ1 ^4j^_L*J®
295
<JaJLJ! ^J-p f^j ^i)l t_- , j_>«J!
<a L-SJl ^JUL J 4 ^wvJSj 0^1 ^3 C o JjwL>- jJaj Lg*^jl^oJ
1 ++ ♦♦
>
JU ci^LUJ Uk^Jl oJi* ^ J^JIj
_L-u? ^1 JLiLil *wJiJ_xj>T^a jl^>- a-w)L^-«^
Ja_M JUJL^J J ^ ^ la-^ Nlj J^Ujl^I
OtJUllI £* <U*uflj oi jJl ^ j } IS tt(^ ^JbUj>-
JjJjCu ( J^9 C-*Ul jPxjN I S-J ^JaJl
U ISI Nl j^iji J) S^SIjlJI
AjwOw^gjlj « £ Ua r 'SII« J yS~»> JlSjl u^i
i 1985 liloV :, j ijL-JU «i,U ■ i.s.M I
♦ ** 4 • ** * * ♦* *
**
.(1139 ^
aJ^jUU Jj&}\ j&A\ I j&Jl JPb l»j\ . 3
^Pj aJ^-LJI IjjjjL iljjJJ jbfiNl J>W
*•
4*i Axs^-j N LilaxJwa i^jmJLxJI 0 jA . Il ^o c^UmoI^JI I jl Jl^o j*Jl*Jl
j j^3 ^ jJaJl ^t^jUl
^ jl .kJ..^ g J j o ji ^JLo ^^.Lp <J Ljt>^» JJi ^JUi ^jjiJl
0
4j jjiJl ^J,S"L^vw^Ji l^»XP ^->t>sJl \Sj& ^JuLq>J 0«>hX>* lXP ^J*L>eJ
p
<L«jl Ax *.* la t <U^jJl <Ja L>-^/ lj UbJL>-j ^<^wJ ^jJl j t 4 ^j1j cJ^ 1 J
ijjJaJ J*UJL A j5 \ ^ ^ ^ I w ojjXJl J j ->■ C^L) jJixJl
JJ-^J LjUJj^Jl Ig-J
^ £
l^j-lj Lgjujjij oL>.Ja::ll <*Js jj Jj 5JLS^-«J
.A-i*i b^l^r IM jjL^js iolil J ejy^' L^UJl ilL^Jl
O-'LS* ^>jl L&jo p jllaJ J^l o.ll oJL& j^jl>- ol
296
<. (Bidet- Kouvelakis) jS j^iJl ^ aJUjJI
J jjJl L-a-jI cs - *-? 4 (78-41 <2001
**
A j XJL) ^J2ja ^ iJjJLl! ^Lp ^ ^U—il
^ **
tj-&J t A xy Ja. Jl _pj| ^ UL: *jUI j^j-JI ^Idl
^9 t AjLo jl yS' jJi flkjj 4j^jlJl cS^
** *4 «* 1
A^jliJl <LwoJL*Jl lJ j_>Jl J-Aj La ^j^JLc- ^9 j ^j_> jdL*Jl 0 j-SJl d^LjwO^Lj
•* “
C p
j LipNI Jb^Ll (1)1 Ldlp J ySJl o
<J>JwA 0 A>J,^ ll L^ jjJ t ^jJwJ
iJLiJl <i^Lv^Jl oJla o jjs j ji!l o Lww^»^X>^^~
c ialp -L?^ ^Jo ip t Lg-^oi> a^^jLoJJ ^jJajJi
p,
AX-*-**-*** d* d*)Lj ^£dJl Ajj^JLJ! A-A^x-LI ^jL-S^wJI ^Oj-dJl A^ajl *
** •* •*
f, p ^
^L-.'yi jb Ulp) <uJ jJl 5 ^LiiGl «^LkJI ^ i. i - 1 -»■ -*■ ‘* 1 JjJj
A«J^I ^jL^jJJI A_^S1 ^ wi_ij J) l (*LPj^JJLa y.*fi >tJl id«£j A^w\JL»Jl
,jjJj>- d-*b A>tdo SjLp j-A _ (J j +&>- ^a i^j j-*Jl L> jjjL
JLp _ SJLiJl JLJUJl v ^Jl jl*j La i jZs ;JU*JI oUl^U
**
law? ^Jl A^al jJi ArtJj- I j <U.vjLvwJtj A.ol ygX3^/ I JljLw* jJl ^d**a
A*d?-Ldi>-Nl ^Jws^2j?.) dLta^ C Aj^l *,s2.Z$\ — j^*u*>j***^\ ^ jJ I
dJL^a— xJl OLS" ^->e-J| ^La^lj A xy LJ J
^ A-*-pLdw>-'y I d^L-P y3 H A-X-v^^-a A*wL^-C- JJ»-b C d-*LjLij^
1 c Lc%^J I ^*^wa Lx_ 1 1 ^ j ii^ 1 1 j*i idU A^>x-d>^ t I
t A^w>t-^jl ^Xd><l aJjJ>- OjJ>s-0J
xiixJl <j
_ ‘C-)L~— wu^_oJl o>L^JJ j^_c-j jl 0}
Jj-ta x-Js jJl 5J jjJU - A^,LddL]i Aj^UaXjs'yi j LjbV!
i-ijJ-Ll^ ^ fl-^-JtJl i. 1 A Jl 4 JLw^« t ( _ r JUjl (JJ n! ./a ,. i *)l 1 flLlajJl
297
ajJJL jCI <j\ t ^ 13 1 5JL*w* t^iJL>^l jJl
jl Lg-AjlJij ji ioLJI LgJL^-jM ^ 0
ei^Li^LJl l g « pjJ ^ujLJaJl c-»Lp! j*/s)\ Ap-ta a^j>*-J| L<oL*j1
**
aJj» jll?| y V Ifll b ^L— J ji\ r-bj^U yUi^-Vl
p
^>o 4>- y - Lj l »JlJ*}talxJl ^i*j Ij^j .(o^Li^bjl
(Nicos Poulantzas) J Lftj l 1 t LJ hJ?
Ol^Vl jl UJL^J (> LSC: V Lj» .(1980-1936)
t l _ 5 ^5jLJI ^LJl j^aJI dA j ~ o cJ*L^ ^ill Sj^UwJl
** ** 4*
P
• iijtAJl 5JL^wO ^lp UjJf jj ^3 JjLgJo
t (1978) ilaJLJI tSJjjJI <ul^j jj^\ <OJ> Jj
®i)jjJl ejl ^ i> j-lajJl j^Ua^Jl JL>“I ^J lp w-3 j-*j
j^^LcJl JwwoJl ^3 ^Jj>c-L<J|j ^U^eJ^Li ^yaJLLJl <*-^>«Jl J-^o
** *♦ H «•
JLj Sbl d^j^-MI cl* jL^pI j>=j iaJjjJJ L^jUJl o!AJb%dJ
4jjl_p-jjJl ^i^i 3 jr 4 t l >r“' c/ iiJaJl
, p p
ii jiaJ Cj*>LL>J jl ^JlS Ltlj JUs J . «l$^p iiljla UjLlpIj
HP ff
^ dr 4 °J-^ c ^° cri-^ il r° r~* jr 4 ^ 1
5^^>-j-Jl aJU-IjJI oL^iLJI AaL>cIj ^iJI iljjJL! ^bS/l jj*as}\
** M
£r P
.<J jjJl o^^>-l c„ A 1 Z Px~A ^ tf « la ll ^1 ^1 c I^J
iJL>- <W?I aI^S o j-3- ^ 1 oJjfc jL^LpI ^3 JjLoJLj ^ jJaj (JjIp iillJbj
♦* **
iJjJlJl# j-o (molaire) SJLoLi Sjj-^ j>JLi3 j ^
jjjLwJl Uub j J3j t® ^^U^>J!)) j kSjjI
is o^Axi^Jl j 4^>»LwvvJl j-xJl ^JlJ!)
<L^5JaJl r L_»l S^LpI y *Jw<*j t (^jJLlII
M -t / ♦ P- f- L, J V. L, pj t ** " ■*
4-L>“j-<Jt ^3 <uS'I^LJj S yi AjjjJl jl is>y>t}\ c^l y*» C lfo^3 J
A»^ C ^j ^ • ^^wJLiLol^ oL^^wm^OhJI
298
(monolithique) aill IJL» <Jf Lt
M **
£. P ^
(1) V t wL^Jl I ^jjo wbJ-wJJ ! jJjj L i! jJlU
j*-w$^xU 5Jbli 4j 4 la 1 **t ^A c a1slL^v>] ^0L«L>-^ j^X*J
_ 4 J jjJ# LSsJLo 4j ^Jfc jJ**J| ^Ig L«Jl 0 jlA Oj^sX^ t Ij^A .
<^>=jJ! La t 4_JL?-b ^jJlp ji j-xJ (etat - sujet) cjIS
<Lu^JL*Jl ©JLA L$LxJ 9 . KjaJL® 4^JLjL<>jJl <uial JLwj jJl lIjLJI 9 4-w^LwvJl
cbSj^ UsjJLi, _ j^SjuJI ^ybS/l jj^aJl tiJT Ui-UI
4* 4*
<* P P
lLI^ j» * ^Aj jJ? CU3j-©Jl 1 -La ol < j-« 4j| jv-^J
^J-P J^tX-ll |_j jL-Jl oj^JJL* 4 -^>&Xj 4,.jg.l .»>* !l ^ j-A
4_ljjJl 0 J_A L )1 jLipl ^J-P t
4-Jw2jl 1I j-^>sJl 4J ji ^-a ciiJUj c jJ
^ c 1978 V-Jlx^Jl 3jjjJl ^lyj^Jij
~ ~ ♦♦
.(280
0 <*
L^_ 4 j ojLp'I^ «L!_juJ! j jpyg I.) "^A-i-Lx-i 4 bl
oLpl^yali jl 4_^>*>U- J «<j jjJI LLiSJ» UjLxpL
iu_jb ^ t<Uwij ^ o^^jl ‘LJulaJl
*♦
^JJl (^jLaX-^NI ^Ju>t^Jl ^>* jjj . Uaul <LxjIxJ| ^ j-2Jl
J ^aJ <J j^y?>- ! j IJLa
e* (*
<utjb LjU lL«i j.) SJjjJl (substantialiste) tt^ybjj>-))
c^Li*^ ji ^2 jL L^j>xJw<>j (essentialiste) t(^^jfcL4)) jj^l> JlS
Uijlj i Qula.L.Jlj^ ^3 j
** «* f»
Sjb!>U iJLp- I jJLs^j Uij l^wo (idealiste) ^bjo
yt L^j J, tLi^b ULS" iJjjJI Mf
l ^ a ‘ /2 j-> <• cJLaJ! 4^_wjJlj (jL^Jl
299
t j olJL-laJl ^ jJLJl LoU LLi5o t Jpl
«SJ jjJI jS*-ta t JiSLljj Lwb kiJUi j-c^m U_S
.(141 ^ <, 1978
J $ % C oJ^J-P ^-jUL) j L, 4 j I J w& JJL«
oLpIjw? ( j^L^-«-j s y I ^LoLj c Qp j^2->JL>
~ **
jl oU jSU c-aJjl>wJ 4»JL>-IjJI olS^UJl ^Jlp 4*^U^>- % yi oUJaJi
j*.
U^i j-oLm <LolSj w-JLUj U jJfcj 4 «<J JjJI
** “
^3 A;w>cj L^jV c jJL*jJL> t L^jl>- ^jL*_*JI ojjfe Uivo .^iljjJl
i ^ * ifl < t A i ^.» .. Aj ^^1^ 4 l ^
(coupures de classe) i-iJaJI *jlLiJl ^Le- j 4 (L^JLa«j l^'L^jpo
^obca <y> OUa^jJl jlJUj . ( -pUj^~'yi JU^oJl J ^1
*• 4*
O <LflJ jJaJl |t 0 L>il^ws^J OlUUl Uw& 4 L<>«g-L>-1 JLj^
o ^15 a^Ux^-VI oIpI * ljl t c-iAip^» ASwj aJjjJI jib ja Lgj
*4 “
v 4 j j*j SiLp! L^S" .(174-170 4 1978 <u^*^a
&Jla 4 KiiJaJl .LJt ij jiJl aS*>L>J Lota IauSsj)) 1^ms>jj <J jjJI
jt UoLL» j 4 ( _ 5 -LJl (-LjiJi]\ iL*»jJL h^j^\
** 4*
A^y^jj i 4-ta LjLoj <UjI jj Q,»vU aJ jjJl J AULJ 2 JI CjLpI j ^ H ii*>U
La .ASI US' ^ ^Lsigj^l/a )) 4jLjfc ^ J * “ ‘ ^ ^ j ^ jy-^ l
« jjL>^:» 4. L-kJl oUl^aJI ji U^>^» ol5 La lilj . ^L!i ^
LgJl 4tii!i ^0 4 _ r Lj <uLi 44 J jUU ^>t^ol (JL> wqJ! j-^S JlSUj
«L iU» aIjLo^o <u^uJl ^v^U^Jl LgJL>-lJL» L»ij! joi^j
.(<]jjJI oJufc
^1 ai 1 oLpI ^ U->- ^ aJ jjJI ^3 t Jjl ^Jco (_5^j
•♦ 4*
Lj-j'y Sjta^Uj iJU^JI ic-jjLU ^j! oljLls^ll
J ^ ^LJLj 4 \4~ii bsLJ\ l^Lo Igjl jS'cS Vju\
300
p P
^ ^'j) 4 _*_p 1 (^j-iJi cjLS^Lp JliLJ
* * * * *
^1 MjuL>c^^ (Tiers) Ll!L Ls L^ h+/9 l g «p ^AJiXaa^ La^LjlpL l.^.*** q >
j^a . j 4 aJjJlU ^<JajL^>^ 4 jLJ ij ^JL*J( ^S oj_p J j Laj XL3L*J^a l^Ss^
~ *4-
La ^J^o A^JLiflJl oLpi j */9 ll -USliJl oj LA ^j-P ^iijJl
ijjjJi C^LwwoJj-a ^P ^ Lo-S* t 4 J jjJi W j_A Loj
o«Ajfe 4^3 , i_^-J>sJL> ^jJl 4-jli jjJsJlj c oIpI j *,/? Si 0<3_A ^5 4-L>- UJLoJl
** *9
• i^lpl^vsJl dJUb
p
tjr* S “^J - J-jLi^JL J- iJjjJI jl ^5 iijJJ * USoh
** ^
l g a *,& j-> t JaJb oLpI 0 J-A /^a jiJl ^-Lp ^ _ iyliJl 4 ->-j jb')l\
LajLipL oLiJflJl Jl-^LLJ ^^JLp Ju 4 Jl J-Ul Jb-I 4-aJj>J Stal
.dJLUS
4^» ^jJLJl J-J jJIj 4 J ^JlU <uJL>-Ijl 1I c^LaLy*o3j'y 13 w
^jJl C ~>\ jJcSJl (J*)Li>- L^JL,^L^ j\ J\j L^ ** S^LigJLutf^y
<Ju5sJl ^La^I j oliJflJI oL^aiLJ ^ JjJsJ ^ l LgJL*_Jp
0 0 f,
4-ljUJl ^-Lp L ^ Lj j 1 ^43 c 4 -qJL>*-JI
<JjjJl Sj-jjJ 0^ dU ♦ <L*_jL>sJl C^Ld-JoJl ^Jj
jr* V*J jijiL; ^Ll)I J-aJj
oUJaJl ^UJI ih5Jl ^ ^5>JI oLj^jJI
4-LlSvJ 1 JLj>- jj j ^ w ^^J-P oAa J^ajj .Ajc^L>iJ!
jl 4 aa^>L?x 31 tf n la ll 4X>«X>* j^-P t 4^5'L>cJl
Lfrj Lv .l a ; ' J -*ij ojj-^J-<Jl <lLi 5UI J^_poj
.(154 1 1978 a^U-vJI
LjLSLoL 0 t i Jjfe jj JL>tJL» LLoJ La
* ^ 9- 9-
Ja-ia Lib*fc-fc- LhWutJhf ^ olS' 0 j-s^Ln-^Jl 4 J jJl31 jLj jl5LJI
U,i Ja Lg^ ) jl 4-4^S"L>tJl 4 ^U>ji>-VI 4jaJaJl 4 ^aajJL
301
V^JC iUbJ! ^ULkJl Jl
jJl J-s^ a^a-jJ! c->LpI ja/s ll iJjL>-
4 1999 tjL-JL) oLpI^aJI oJLgJ Ja^-baJl JpLoJIj
* -0- - ^ -0- Jl L>- jJ jjJu'y I ^j] ai^Lj? UjLu>Li t Ijl^ .(155-136
J^-3 ^Va) ej.^-'y 1 A*-o j_diaJl ol^jboJlj oLLk^Jl Jb~b
Aibcjbl AjJ^ jJl Aj aIio j^JI 4-JL>cJ1j AjJ^o ^J| CjbL-Jl
^JUlj flkJ! jl yl Jl Ai^l Aisltjj <oUoj j^UJL
^Jj . . . jl^>Jl CoLLij A ll A^>- ^J^jJbVl d^LUaitJlj
5J ^jjl jli aj,Lj> LyU^I ^LlijJJ Uoj Ai^U^ UjLipLj
obj-JaJl (jL^Ljilj ol la « >c-» jJL^^a ( ^J1_P p— oL>- Jl5\_JLj JJ^JLLj
AjjjjJl j-SJl Ao \ jJ Qjj) lg *■*>! (J-& ^ */* fl il^ L* j-Aj t A*-o?L>*Jl
**
Jl Job <J jjJl j Jl ij-oJL) Cols’ y>- j ^j\y>A ^y>)
oUJaJl &\ ol j-oLl JJL>ej 4_o_^_xi ^a*yi IJLa < . kojJLl»JI
\ JzS\ Ajjjj+0 iaJ_j.aU lwi»*x^«J I j^jl Job 4 ixOlOJl
ihSCJl ^LJl ^ 5 jHl iijU Jaii ^ iJjjLJlj*
oliLUl j a^SUl eijb ^ SjiJI iijU uj J, 4U5UJI
j iJjjJiJ (_pUJi J-SL4J1 jii cUlsCa (...) w*uji
cj* LAbrJ' - tfr’'.^' olijUj L^iijU
jjo c L^-L>-1 Jo ^-pLoJL>-'yi Jl^aJI ^ w^oij ^boj oLp^j
J b-b L^pl j^aSj Aa-^UJI Co L asIj.U
oLaJsJI Ago>-l j^a ^ J-* oLJaoc^Jl oJla eJjj*
_ ii^Lp ^^JLp iilA^Ji jjfe Jo tOw^LkJl
jiijl l 5JjjJS e^^-1 tL^L* JlxlJlj tj js- (4)
4 ^JUl) 4>> ^J^jJU^I jj JU^ V 1 ® sJLjI jjl
.(1970
302
1 g 1 “ '■) SaL_pJj (domination - subordination)
.5 aJLfe Loj.} jJo*Jl l)N 4 4JjU_!l
“ ■*♦
j' p-J^J « >H"' jJ Jl J5LJI jl
i <L_ **> <• 4_Jl J P C >-) 4-J^^ 9
Ji>-b fj ja}\ ^Jip iaJai (J ^J jUSj^* (^Jl . . . A^.uS'
aJLxS^JI oJla ^ ^ jiJl aJ*>Ip ^JLp UAjI Jo ih^Ji
** **
oloi-JaJl oL>tol <L> ^L-JLll c Ji^JLlJl
.(156 - 155 ^ c 1978 «W>UJl
A^iL>- ^JLp * IaL«>» ^ jiaJl ^o»U j*Jl J-* 0 <■ 1 j-j>-Ij
^™P^Ji ^^-Lp t Aj^Ju A^w^aI I
l^ois^jj iljjJl .IfP y ob L>jLS"j l$JU ^1 ol jJci\
«♦
^ JJiaJI *_>-^j 4 JJlJ>- LOj*>^ ^JsCju i^j^ai] CjIS^JJ
io. jaUJl aJ> Ja 4(1984 _ 1928) jS ji JU~« J! a^a! jl^l
^ jJLUSj ( Sur wilier et punir) 4_atl*Jlj SJl ^J! j! c-^b 1975
*+
4 (Volonte de savoir ) Si ycjl Sal jl jl ji*j 4 bJJa Jju jaUaJl 4 _iljJl
aJ_^5nOJ JiJa S ia.l ,■- ll oli*>l> JJ_>eJ ^ g • j IkX—aJ ^5 jjL?l
Jjli jL5b *SkLJl# JjUj ^ydl SJ^Jl ^ ^jJl^JI 4 Slow ijpU^-l
4 _w^L^- olw]^ j oj-g-^-l 4 _i jJ? ^ya) (monopolisable) jl£J>-}U
Sajj >- ^0 4 1 . g i jl 4 (4_>^»lj>- 4 ^p1^jl>-I 4_aJs> A*9 ^0 jl 4 4_s4>L?-
** ^
oli^U) a^Uj^^I oli*)UJI t Jl S JL SJ J jl SOly S^wbj
cjL-^J-JL 4_^?l_>- caLi*>Lp 4 4_Jjjta tijLi'>Lp c ^->1 ^"«Vl JLJ^/I
L>-Lj Lg- a «^>jj L Lg»«-gj^ 4(^1 I .. .L^lj LJJlj SJjJUJI
0 P
oJl* Laj-wIJ (^jJiJl U j Aaj-j'yi aJu«-Xa
••
J5Jj ^jJl S-^Jl SJLJcil oIjU±l->M1j S^Lo^-'il
303
apL^ptJ!^ jjsJI ^ ^ 1 p) Lgp j-v » 4 c^j ^S^-L^Jl ^ ^JtJ I d^Us^Vp
L - * “ - ' ^ Ifl 1 1 lj ^ ^ 1 ^ I <L*pl o. % ^ Vl A A. Jsz}' \^ ^ ^ l ^ *> 1 I
'b/ la aj ^jA LS^(laj! jL»J ^JaL^Jl o} c a~£ \? jAj j\ Aj JsjIXpxj llUOl
A.la.L.Jl C->li^-C’J . ^a£ j>*Zjsj Aiil^LaN CjLs^C- <L*aJ <=>*«■"
a-pLo^-VI (strates) oliJa AiU«^ lg ai ^ <uU
!■■ ■ *»v A . 1 J 0 ^ . .J Lu ^js- 0 _j 1 « ^ )) f ^ Aj ! , ■» < ii<Vi 1 l_j
JiLu j t Lfii-lAj oa>J ^Jl oU jlptjUl j oIjili^MJlj
-123 ^ «. 1976 4 jSji) «ol>_LJ! oJL^J aJLMjJI JjUJL
.(124
lit
J lij^XJ 4 A.L? LJJ ^JLS^lxJl jj^3Si\ I J-A *)l j
OiAjrtaL^* 1 *.^ C ^ a J> l^wLwfl ^ ^)0 j3j
(agents o j-~pL*j>- c-*>L»_p L^Llju < _ s jJ1 »- .■-> ll t_4_Lji«_» J^Jus^J
«aP»-<J| JUiS/l ^ ^JLxU» ac^jka a-pL^>-1 iL5wJ J^-ta collectifs)
c
Jaii ^C- ^^wvU ^ Ajl
Ja^jjJl ^jjo LUj oJjbaJ
«* *» •*
fj *** + fi" ** f*
i jj j^\ ^jJI Ji\^\ jt-j-jiJl ^ Lsijl
j\ oljj I J* £*1*^1 JP L? U: jSj* of \1a j^> .<±Z Jl*
c la « .,«a.lLi L* j j_m 2 j AjI L i K^lL^ow^JI (JLft_sS/l ^jIjJI» 0 L 1 L
*+
£
L^_*_OtXxj ^3 o3 4 iJ^Lp y-*& LajLjlpIj
U\jJ\ ^J}y ^y') ^-la-L^Jl 4^Lj-iJ I^Jxj LajLjlc'Lj ^1 4 \
¥* **
oLliJ JP OoJL>“ 4*>lLa U^lixJlj
4 1975 4 y ji) . . . c^U j .^ ilJ ^jLxaJI J^Ulj *^u yj
LgoN j_>o j Lgj <w?U*Jl jJLjp- S^IpI o>uj ^ ((227— 1 59
l IJlSCa .Avisos <^w>tj J.L j <Jfl_>eJ L^-L^ jl 4 -^*L>cJ|
J^Lool j ^JaJLJJ A-Jl^Vl SJ jjJl aJ^Ip
304
bpxjjlj tZJ I ^JlwO ^ji-lwwvj 1 <zj Lj^sj A^wLfijiJl
*♦
p
la &-> t(^jjL>Jlj JuL^jJlj (wsI-La^I ^JLp ^^xJtj
* 4.J ^ Lww^jJ 1 yA
obi lg,..g *& jj 4J j jJl tJjVl ^ j-«Nl Jp-*^ Nj
L £jL>tJl ^jA LgJ^LiJ*^wd ^jP jUj^cXa^^ Ij <uli"ljj| 1 gt. i^A2o i]f-L^gsJj
l g g ->~ j^jLuq ^1 ^-^p LoJ^j>~ 3! I kwJ j-1? c (Jj^JiJI o]_
ciJjjJl jL^_>- ^jS’ <J^\JtI_~“lj c ejj 1 a « o 4 -^jUiJl 4J2J— Jl C-'LJ-Aj
LfrSLL^ jLg-^Jl 1-^ Cow-- ^yJl b ^>juJ! i?j _^-l3l ^LJLj
** ^ *4
£
Sj^Jj>* c-^L^iJ! 0 Aji j 1 1 gt. t^A 5c jj>zJj Lgji^xp*-!^
c251 249 1 1975 c 0 Jj Jj>- ^ ^3 1 g,b* — - *j
.(76- 67 ^ <.2007 t(Legrand) jl jp ^
j*P 4jjljL>Jl 0-L& OolS" bl La is j-^- 4 jig >o.ll Jl^wJ! JJfljj
4wJLJgJl <LjJji ^iJl 4^^5 jLjJ| £4 4^^\jLa
f- P p
Jlj <1)1 Lg-Jl£ olS' bl L« 5i jjc* jl t^JjJl)! J^ b
p
^jb'bl! LfcLsAljJLo ^jp ^-Lp 1 J^' ^
4 * 44 *■
j jl La « xj, ll l -L a ^ jj i^j-iJ • (presuppose instrumentaliste)
**
oLpI L g->-jJJ ^yJl oL,<? shjJl g 9 J^w^^jclS t I
p
^sj L^jLwyw^j.* <LoL« jL>-b (^ 1 ) iJjjJ! Ju>-b *^u^L<>jLj>“ V y I
Lg-i-jLtj ij-*~J> J-j Lg. I ^ *J AJL>fcJl)>
4 * 4 *
^ LJjl^jJI o!>UJI ^ ^r^Jl S^UI ^LJLj t (oaUtiiNl
*4 M
olj^Lwvoj ^Jl 4 J jjULJ a-JLjl^jJI, 4^-lg I^JL<^_> jJl
.L^jb ^i*-***^* ^ 4j2»^w^Jl b ^L-^J l 4-J?t
305
Althusser, Louis. «Ideologie et appareils ideologiques d’etat»
(1970). Reed, dans: Sur la reproduction. Paris: PUF, 1995.
(Actuel Marx)
Balibar, Etienne. «Communisme et citoyennete. Reflexions sur la
politique a la fin du XXe siecle» (1999). Actuel Marx', no. 44.
«Fin du neoliberalisme». Paris: PUF, 2006.
. La philosophic de Marx (1993). 2 ed. Paris: La
Decouverte, 2001. (Reperes)
Bensussan, Gerard et Georges Labica (dirs.). Dictionnaire critique
du marxisme (1982). 2 ed. Paris: PUF, 1985.
Bidet, Jacques et Eustache Kouvelakis. Dictionnaire Marx
contemporain. Paris: PUF, 2001. (Actuel Marx)
Engels, Friedrich. Les origines de la propriete privee, de la famille et
de Vetat. Trad. fr. Paris: Editions sociales, 1974.
Foucault, Michel. Histoire de la sexualite. I: La volonte de savoir
(1976). Paris: Gallimard, 1994. (Tel)
. Surveiller et punir (1975). Paris: Gallimard, 1993. (Tel)
Legrand, Stephane. Les normes chez Foucault. Paris: PUF, 2007.
(Pratiques theoriques)
Lenine, Vladimir Illitch. L’etat et la revolution (1919). Trad. fr.
Paris; Moscou: Editions sociales; Editions du Progres, 1976.
. L ’imperialisme stade supreme du capitalisme ( Essai de
vulgarisation) (1917). Trad. fr. Oeuvres. Paris: Ed. de
Moscou, [s. d.]. T. 22. Reed. Pantin: Le temps des cerises,
2001.
. Que faire? (1902). Trad. fr. Paris; Moscou: Editions
sociales; Editions du Progres, 1966. Reed. Paris: Editions
sciences marxiste, 2004.
Marx, Karl. Critique du programme de Gotha (1875). dans: Critique
des programmes de Gotha et d’Erfurt. Trad. fr. Paris: Editions
sociales, 1972.
. Le dix-huit Brumaire de Louis Bonaparte (1852). Trad. fr.
306
G. Cornillet. Paris: Messidor- Editions sociales, 1992.
. La guerre civile en France (1871). Trad. fr. Paris: Paris:
Editions sociales, 1975.
. Les luttes de classes en France (1850). Trad. fr. G.
Cornillet. Paris: Editions sociales, 1986.
Poulantzas, Nicos. L’etat, le pouvoir, le socialisme. Paris: PUF,
1978. (Politiques)
. Pouvoir politique et classes sociales de I’etat capitaliste.
Paris: Maspero, 1968.
2 uk>i 12 U 3 JJ 1 JiUui Jlc
fl oli t dJlta ^Jl U Oi ( 3 ^*
iLO^i^Jl oLg-^-J^>Jl £j*J Jy* JT*^ c ^>Jl*i 1 J^i ^jh (JjjJl C-Jjl>eJ
iJjJiJl ^j^Jj Lo j-^-f' aJjJJI ^ t s^LpLj sr 11
J-^'- 3 L 5-°'-? cs-*^ J-*J J-* ^ Ur^Ji
♦4 *4
SjJLill { J0 JLAj i Jhj L^g/lj t4^L^j a^pUi^I ApU->-
<*
j^^jilU Lp^-^jb* 0 j3\XJ -Juli ApLo->iJ| oJjb Jb*^- ^Lp
cH-j W ■Al *kJ <L~«L* si Jw«! j^Jl JoJocj ^-L> SI ^Js-j (pensables)
S^LpI jli t^JljJl .La j g i* La jl Lg_jj>-ljJ ^yJl J^Ll^Jl
j»J c jA UJ ^g^fiCjiA LajLaXpLi t aJ^jJI aJLft jJajJl
4 JjtiJL) (3 Lf gi .lf~ij i— jjL^JI oIa jj* (ex abrupto) S^JiL*
j-Lp (j^S^Jl j-ojjJl ( jji c 4JL« jj j-spUuoJl
ojjj 4(Jj*ill w«-a J l ^5 Uolj L«-5^J .1 j_a Uwa^J ^yJl j-JLp >-Slj
iJjjJl 3 l a > A jl jj\ I g " < V ^ a CO-U>*J ^^1 OjiajJl oljL^jVl
*4 *4
J^tJl ^LlaJ c 4 _oLwwJ! o jJaJO 4>^* lT*^ Lpi
jJlJ jlS 4 (^ljJ^jJI apU^JI c 4Jl1s1j^J!
£*
<jl tjjij oli oJL J_>- ioL^ilj AjpUj^-I oL>w»sj JliJl jJLp i ^15
309
^1 (conflictualite) j ikLJl cjlijLJ 5-bJL>- JISLs! ( JLp
oJj J_>- j oLpIj^aJ! o JU Jj>- oLuLS* i
** w
4 4-^P^aX_LJ ^ ^ ^wo 0 ^j 2_J!
^j-a ^ jJ»~l ^Jl <-w^LwvvJl 4 jL*vJULS! * j->*J oj .1 —ajI
■Xj i ^—> kXJ I C ^ 1^
p p p
^UlxjLjli jiS’Vl 4j«iljj> Jl?-I La Jl>u t^Dl j*-uJl <\*
•* I +*
p
Lj taAjhX^"^ |^ X^* ^*^ Ow»»vO 4 "%■ ^ ^ 1 1 f'Lw-J O
Lo JuJj>cj ^ULj 4 aJj jJI *L m2-9j j-& La e-L^ ^j-H <L4Jl5J!
** #4
jp tj^ w ^- a f ^ 4^-^L«iwA*j| ^JkS*Lk^w^Ji^ c— J L^^ jL^QiJI (jL^e-O
oIjLSLij^^U LaLlaJ oJla jLsJXpL) iJjjJl Jl^-JUj
*<L>a j-a^Jl o j-iU oLw^j^Jl
JL^ijNi lijfc jl 4<U_p| J^OA ^ P JuaLJ! £cXaJ j
p
4^X^>s| ^ ^JiP 0-Xp JJLo -X>-J Ji 4 ^w*»L%^j j-A Loj ^JjjJL JjJIjCJ Lo
•*
SJjjJI i } ^yill ol^jiJl J-?-b wJl5Lli*-')U Jl
dr® (*^*-’ W- Vl oJla OJl^-j Ujllp ciUij
jl . (LLjj L^;.!.; ol jj^>) L»_^L><Jl I g - ^ ^ t ^jja JJLaj w o^Ap-LLJI
aLpjL iJ»jjJL<JI oL_L»_>Jl (mondialisation) 4 _<Jj_p
L>LJ)/I J5UUJI <*J iJ j L5 j5 (ji»L« i&l5L«*>Ul L*^Jl ola*>lp
cl o^aa /^p a>ijLJ| c 1^ ^ * ^1 j ^*V
t _ r JLJl JLkJl JlP Ol^^Jlj ^UiJl
*• ** W
^-SLpj> ^Ij SjL_«JI ^1 a^jJL jl ^JJl SL>tJ! ol5 y>- j-«Nj
^Jl^L>«JI Ojl_j-»>^-ll j Juo l^jp - l-j-*-'-^^" ^^5-* c ^L*jijl JsLljJl
(l^ J~£ + 5*. J j^jbu s^UJl) ij^LJl J5UUI oLIlJb-l ^
P
1^ C (^L^JwO * ^jg.3 ^Jl) <LoL^vww*j^--ftJl
^jliJl cJiVi jl J>l^ ^ Lf5 L^Jlj J- 0 ^^
p P
>oLi j_*_v2jl £'L>-jI t LiJ^ . »l^p! j ■ /» ll LjJl LLL j
310
5J jjJlJ -f ^ ‘ a JgLL? ><—>], 0^1 y»^LJl l*i-& JJLa ^j-p 5 uJ
p f
^^0 4 ^ L ^ ^ ■*»•*■ -O' ^ 1 ^ I 4«S«WW LiMA*J 1 Ld » 1
Oi^LrWL^ ^ ^ -* ^ i ^■ 1‘Wyflajl 4»j S' I—^IpW^
P r
L^-AU->-I 4 oLaLfc ol jjJfas, a jj-*-j Ll&^ .<J ^-lS!
k^Jl J*Uj1 l^JL Jl^Lil JJUw- ^Ji Zjju tJjSfli .^NL
. o^XjwLp l)^«5 L^jUp| 1^ ^UJlj ^LJI)
p p
o-La yw> cjli^A-*Jl Lg_JjLj| ^jlSI Jj>Ul«J1 aJpL«-^j ^_aN I j$-L*jl>j
**
<^^3 ^ ^Jl 5J jjJ! ojLjli^ 4-J^uJI j^Jl
“ +* +*
^ p
^j— 1 4 ^L^*a ^1 ^jL& 4 L^«o \ ^
^-Lo^jJI) Ijl^JI j^>[>Sjj (<uil? jJl y*jl 3 ^jlJI <J ^jliJt
AplyLlJ ia^Ul 4*jJa ^Jl o^ L w w %Jl yo <lwL3J! c^I jj^jJLj
^L_Jl j-^jL«_1j L^jIj (t^ol y>Jl <od-*«^JI oL^Uj^I ji
(£jJl}\ cjUS^Lp c^L>yL**^a c^Ll " >ua y-o 4 -^jLsJI 4.^ L>*_J! )
Lg.«*-> 4-jJa y^l 0"?"^ oULsijfiJl ( J^i-l^ o
.(o^kj^O y*jjl*Jl ^LvalsVl **)L<*Pj J jj]\ dJJJlSj
pLsiiJl ji j^jl^L LJLp ^1 <• ^JUiJi jjiii^Jl U!
** 0
Aj^JaJl ^wW^jJl <U^*JL
•• *♦ ** *♦
4 life La 3^3 4 ^yLwv>r<>Jl ^
** *♦ ••
. 4^_>)^<jw^_Ji ^^iJI L^-^l J-. ^^jjl 0*L) j ^,^/g \\ <J j-?~ LjJ- 5" ^la-^
#*
JuSLi J ^\ ol^J jjJI j j.? ^yU jl^LJ! yfc lii ^ jJLL^Jli
oli^Lp J oLX^xJl CjI j-olj ,1a AS ^ c jJI SJ j jJi
4 aJI Jyij Ju^-a^oj L*^2j! t oLiaj*5LJ Sj>jL*JI oj-2JI
L)Lj LyJ-p 4 JjoaJljj Lj-?xjjIj ^^JLp (JjjJI olj-JlJ
** ^ ^ £. J*
Lw^Ls-vj IJL^U t ^ i */> yj y La lyU 4 4_ljJL>tJl JlJi
4 i- J UJl d-s 1 15 JL5_d ^ L^_*JLp 4-SjL*>/ Lp L^->xJ ^ I lI^Lj j ^ ^
311
AjjbVl (uniformisation) oUl^l -_p ilgJiwJ <= -Lil ilc-li
J*— f t 3 jjJl s » jg> ^-J ! L-j| ^
JL>*J -AwiJlJL* Ju ^JlJ 3 ^ J '
jj-i^ a^u bi JjjJi oJir .^u^Ji jl^jij a>. J\
“ **
Jl>-I t ^L>ti]| ol>j^ 4^>tj jlj oliL-^«
aJ^*JI dJUu ^y^J> Alpli cJl5 (^gl t obt^?x^Ji ^^Ip a*jJ?jJI s^Jl
A»*P^ 1 I >-b-£ A^-J^^Jl aJ^i- 01 ^ A*n*^«»>^^-o— ) 1 t A^ejj bJl
^U^Jlj jJl *LJJj (3:>LJl !jl-o 6jL-^pL> f j]fi jJU ^1) 4^A^L^Ji
tJl^sJlj . ( 4^_$ L5iJ I 4j j^JJ ij-^j ^LoJL»^>U apL>->- ajL ^? jj t ji? jJU ^i)
^5 OjjJaJ c A^L^I^'i/ 1 a! j jJJj <J->sJl iJjjJ Sj-s^Ut^Jl jl
Ji-b LgjlS'jl o j (L*J^ A^il^u iSjjiajj) oJla JlL?
! aj^j oU lilS j\ jAaJI Ij^j jli Ojl
jJl ^1 A^wyJjJrJl IjLwO (1
Aaa^LaamJI Lj^^x-L! a +j* i.n/3.1 1 a^UI l— j 1
■ A$^»*m.^J 1 p . j^Jb ^^3 I aS*^L*^v®^
olpl Jl Aw-^LcJ AboLsiJl A^pL^I>^i (3 J-A>jl AjU>J>- j j jiaj (^
^ikjjl l^lolj l^ia r ^?l ^1 cA^Ujl>-V!
•• ** **
.(a^JI^JI olS j >* Jl ^P Sj^lmaJl tAJb^>^J A^laL^JIj A-wws'i/l
<wA-J jj A^j) L^jLjLpLj ArtjJ? jJl AjjjJ! A &j\ jj *> ( j-^oj t I Jl^Jfe
®^Lpj. L^-A-s^ t ^ A-^-n_v2_j^ t Aj^iJl lUjU cJl&
aJpI j^S-w jJl ^i_t- j-^ l j *,& ji ^5^^ ^ jJL>Jl
**
.oLp! j-s^aJl Ja-w^ olj^lj AwP L qJL>- *^1 A^L^-^JlI Oj j-wtJl A-oJaJ'i/lj
3 jjLaJI ^ vj^U*iLp l g *^jLoJ J^j-*-yiJl oLi t kiL! JJ
p p
t AjL^ Ja-A-^aJl Aj L<»w>cJ ^ oJlA ^JLp
^j-jj A^jLil! aJ^Ljc<JLJ A-woljJL<kJl aJI^)/I A-c-4^L>bJ| t ciJU^ Ja_)l jh j
A-^>jLo»<kJ j Lo-ft^jLjlpU) A^_>- ^jja A«-^LwwmJ1 aJsI Aaaala^cJ 1
312
p,
^ a^*^- ajJ^ ^ ( 4^*wo*j L^«J I ^^JL>tJl
^LJt j-Jl ^3 Cj~*3^ L«JL»^ 1 (Jj -Q -pxJl!) aJL o + &
Ji?jj ^J- * -^-> a*o»$ 1 d-^L) jj * */* ^ a*J*p A-^. ,aZ.j Lo
<_rH crij^W^' OLSC^JJj oLAj^AJ
^ ** +*
^j^iuzs*- L*_* «, ft a^ jJLi^JI aJ I jJ|w oI^lLJI
^-pjl! jL;ji jL> j_p^ U^j( U-Aj ,iJl>Ji i^LJl a^JUJI ^1 a~*jJL
<_£ j JL^o aJ5j c ax^-LaJI fl^LgJ AjjLa-J| ol> j^oJaJ!
<LjL*JLaJl oliL^JJ t A^Ult)! j Aj^L^aiiNlj a-J^jjLJI oL^j
aJL^ iSL* jl J c^Ip A3jL>e^Jl Lojl L> I
is
J^-
c5'
Jj) ^->~ (_^l ,_yj| Zjj*-a ^y9
L-l
^ ^ P
^^3 LJL>- AawouL^w^ ^C) I ^ o>^J
^1 aJjjJI o Lw^w^j^a <Lji ^<>J 4 -sJ^IjJL<*j*AJ|
*+
0 f, f.
Lm2jIj i bJ L>-j ^Jlv2*» jlS'Ij j£ o*«J ^JL, gj* oLsitjbj
^jSL «j C(_gj_aJl CjIS*Ap ji i-Jjp- UL-Wj ^ (j$t aJ yuB
(vecteur) tp- y> ciljlUl ^y> ry j J£jl; jl aJIa iJjjJl oL~w-j*J
jjj (Jjb t 4^pL<wl?-*y I Iax^JU <JLuij| jJLaJ^]\ oJlA JjU 1
. (1) ajjUxj 'i <^iJl
** T+
Patrice Can nivez, : pjhjU^I aJ^I ^^Soiil ^ tJu-LlI IJla £~- yJl Lj^Uj (1)
Quest-ce que la nation? chemins philosophiques (Paris: Vrin, 2004), Jurgen
Habermas, Die Postnationale Konstellation Politische Essays (Suhrkamp:
Francfort, 1998),
>lpre.s Vetat- nation , une nouvelle : ot c*-^ t Ji Ly >>■ ^>- Aij
constellation politique (Paris: Fayard, 2000), et Etienne Balibar: Les frontier es de la
democratic (Paris: La Decouverte, 1992), et Droit de cite , quadrige (Paris; PUF,
2002).
313
/ aiU VjtjiJl l^LuJl
o j_ls> jjs j_4_4^JI Uu*> *_w? :(volonte generate) 4 -«Lp iialjl
t jUL*JI ^ (J. J. Rousseau) j — jj OLsr
m **
p
A^c-IvSL^Jl ^JyJbxJ ^Lp ol iJ'VjJJ
s ->b^ c?* iM S:> U c?* i*L*Jl oilj^/l o-wJ j
*♦ ♦*
oiljj ^j-P ** aJjL-».oJ 1 ApL<k>vJI (jV C 4^3 jj
^ ^ a ^ I I I U a>- 1^ c Lp ^ i -i n-.-1-inJ^
Ji-ta ^J^y il yVl tJUsUdl i^LSl i!j jJl
«*
ur p '-^rl ^yrj-! o*:: ^ ^ p-^yrj Wr 9 o^^i. ‘V^'-t-' *-~r*
aiUJI .J5JI Ji-b y» •>> J* j^f c^L^j
s * p.
jJLs-wj ciUJLS Lj^Lo^ L*pLqJ^-I ^jJ^I^^JI ^**^1 ^pI^^-'VI
oilj^l UoJLptj t 5-J JLo jj>«j Ja^i <G yu oi <U-*^-JaJl
^c-W? I lA-iti , <U 4 jIx^kj j^A (J^^IaJJ (1)1 jbxp! ; A^a L*J|
p-Aj t«4_Sji» j! ^JU <JLwA Jj^li *U^pl il
p
C ^ ^ * /3 * A 4 1 1 |jLj_Jj * j f (^) L-*.yifaJ ^ J ^ i.)^—
Lp! • oil j| (jjl <*oLxJi oil jN I oiLw^j ^^^1 JlJI ^JLj*JL^
'* M
^ (■
C b«P |^-J f I ob^Jl ^ o^A^b^s
315
iabJl SiljVl ^jP j-w^J J*&J
o-U
f. £
^lijJl 4iJL®> jLcj : (Internationale) S-^-al
P
<uj>- jJjjJu^/I oLpIj.^ H 4j^J c 4 «LoL*J! 4 4^JaJ! ^jp
^liJl twCs^jJl 4 -ojj^NI iJU-*J> c^L<v.Jg dl L^jo jp
** ** «■
L^_*\/l ^jA J5 oJU^Jl iJLfj ^SLojj .j-Lp £-*bJl j jiJl ja
<iUPj^Li|j ■uS'l^LJj'y I <^a')I I j i J ^L p ^*ilxJl j_j9 LJUJIj ^JjVl
C P P
4-JjjJl 4 -%jc<>j>sJI jl) (_yijNl y>yO^Lj .{jljsL*S\ jj^Jl y
l^ i$sJ 4 1864 /J^-L>l 28 OwLJ 0JL9 4(<JLo^JJ
«* *♦
j*S\jL)j .1872 aJww*» Lg-L>-lJ-j aJLs^L>*-!I oLiLs-j^uVi
5ij I <u5l J^S )^ I < Ay>- V 1 jJj>bjI
J-^ .1889 jJjj /jyl y er-iJ^ j^y O ‘■^J H # *
*♦ **
^jJlp Oj-i-5i oIju y-*- 4_w«-oSl oJLa «-Lsii_p!
^jyLJl LgJU-b pi ^- iaII ol ^*p ■ ‘^v^S’jLoJl
P P p p
<J1 JUjJI J oU lj ^Op( ^.iJl 4^eNl £-gJ ^yip
0 ^jjJiJl 4P^jJi b 4 ^ ^ ■« **J$ t I JU-jJ! Ju ^^ip
<Lw$JL*Jl v > j_>xJl JUuj . <UjLoJ jjl O^ljLixJoN \ J ^» jb ^jP U
4 V 1 oJjfc 4 <U^J jJl -c^yJI r Lij JjSlI
tidliJ! UJ iijycJl A~J^\ tr wb 0^1 Jlp
^ .1919 iu*,
>0^1
.4J2I yt^jJiJl
A-JL». k J|
Sm
iL-
JjL^jJI jj—j ^y> j-a : (Ethos) (o U a^ : ^»*yt jl)
^ J 1 ^Ij pbitAJ A^Ua^Jl
*4 *4
P
L« jjb 4 i,l I J I y jjUl jl£ lils . (Logos) y y ^Jl j (Pathos)
316
^jPjlil jlSj **^3 i c^VUiJlj
Lo _- ^ •>- Ijj^ ^j-iJJl *bVl ^ c? - ^ 4 — iw->LLJ-Jl j-a
c | g. H 0 j\ i-JLoJ>eJ ^llXdNl J^bt J
jLs^aj>Jl J-* k * : jl -L" Lo^j-J jl
j U ^ j I s^Sjij * j j^.,<>j>*J I 4jL c— jLwwJ^I (_5^i Ja>JL <JLL*x<Jl
tf'LJ^M ^s L^l**fl I j « /?* « p A^ij ^j-*<^XjNI (1)Ij c^ijlJa>eJl^
- T* *4
L$ f-ljl ^JLLuJI Aj J^-J o ■ .la4» ll ^9 ^Lfliil l)V
oj ji 4$jAj> jA ^L/bH (jli t^JlxlUj Jljil *y» ajj-SJLj
C^-vvJ oJjfej # <5i)l oJla JjJli>- t Lo t->Qai-
^Ux-pNi Sjljjj ^LiVlj 4Jl^JU*»^1 ^ Aj ji O-iljj
.jl^ ^ S-sljl ^ j
*
^s- taUipl a~-L*JI iki — Li jjt> : (droit divin) L# ^ll Jp-
•t
(^gJ-wjlJl .l~~>fclJl j! ^JlLJI c_^jJ| JjL* t(A-JjJ&^/) 4—LO A«j»j>- y>
oL£LJl L jAj . ( jJ>J^l\ L ^S’ 4_y^JVl ** L» 1 ... 1 1
L^j-p ^lijJl p_J pJL*Jl f-Lij J S ^^1 4 a 1 Jg-tJi
^jOjuj 4-sSvJ^>lS\Jl i^J jl? {j* t J^>z}[j
*
U^Ls- 4 -- 0 -JL j»5L>Jl ^-yAj t Ii5jb . (Bossuet) <jj^jj
4^j iJ 1 l l rtJ J^bj OjjJ C 4 JJI j-oLj
^ ^l2j ^JfT (jl^j Lo t JJwwJl \ wLa
. A-jjjJ| j^JUdl ^Jaiaj U5 t i.U!l 1^1^ A !l ^J| ^bU
iJijVl ^Lp cu^Ji ^JU! ^L.S /1 Lli^j ^)fl oLS* LJ j
4*
^ ^ ^ ii (^^J! ^L^h^J I J Lx-^ <J Aj C 4 a b \ J . i i
aJj^J. jly)/ Ljj i*«- ^1 ^L^-xj, *y jLill II* jSl v jl — ;Vi
• 4»»a~Js JT ju AoL^jVI (_}j.A>t!l
317
aj^>J| J ^.JaJl jj>Jl : (droit naturel) Jj*-
•* ** «»
lIjIJUI .5 Juxj j Lot^-ja LXjLS^ 4jLs^ j-i ijL~^-iNl LgJ
(Spinoza) ,^-uJ^jJl *jj*JLiJl j£*\ jij ‘ j
4^sU>JI djLjfcU jJl>J L^j JLp d>L-J^n jL ijLtVl IJL* J
**
. ^1p SjJii 4J a Lgi«>l jjhi LiLJp aJL>- ^9 lLLLvv^j
-U I I I 4 _J IjlJ^I jl iiJLJl cJLfri
’* ♦»
iJb- Ol j-*P - Oj^LSJlj 4^wP jJl -j 4 3->Ul 11* J
lJL>- u-9 jj*J N (jV 4 v » j_>tJl aJL>U 43^1 <J j-So Jl5 4j*_wJaJl
*-+S It jt->- jJ Nj Jj_*Jl c-9 jjeJ "^1 ^-A j ®o jJsJl j^P
J5 JjuL jl J ijiil 4->y>- J JpJli
jsL>-N \-<*Sj 4j>J l uLfr +s3 J a^pLLii^I ^3 Lo
^JLp 45UI jli (Hobbes) jjjjb
^|jj>cJL^I j <jUp- 4jL^j>- < 1)1 j-*
P
i-A-9 4***^*^?^^] | CbA>A O I *A^J . ftP-Llj i^i ^ ' ,L) Ld^J i
— •♦
^ijjJi jjkL^j iJu j jpji ji_stf> jpji ji
4 JUUI oIa j .c-HI ft-iL^ ^JlxJL JtSjj ^ 4 ^pL^jj>-NI
**
p,
L^jw^-^y ! *apI^-a*U 4.p Uap-1 9 ^.^i.n wUa — 1 I P*J' j*JiU ^1 £r-^!
ijjjj^tp ilLvw^a 4 iojjLiJlj j
<lJ|jLxJl ^3 <LjL>^j oLb^jNI jJ>- La j Up I ^3 Ja^J jJ 4 <lJ JL« (3
** *4
uV^'j o1jL~J1j
Jl 4jcJaJl <JU- jL-J^I JUxJl jl : (droit civil) Jju
L)l U>>->U 4 A^^wJaJl AS" <LIJLa3 (^^i, ^ t M-iLiiJl UL>*
♦4 «4
Lo*^^ .4-0iA_^ Ls ^ ap*- ^ ^ '^3 1 ^ r ^ > m jij 1 dL^cJ!
N 4JU 4 (Locke) ii ^ j-^JlJJI jJ'I
4 ipL^j>JJ ^ycUaJl 4-i>- JP 3 j3 AS (JjLlXj S .* Vl (^j^Lo)
(1) j-»Li JUp ^3 j oJl>-Ij 4-pL^j>- (j jjLSjj ^jui isj
318
(j J-OxJl J ^ (JjJLoC) L*jj C J^lp ^Lvi^J Oolo
J ^>- t^AiU LjlS’ ojLxpLj i*-S aJ oLjVI o j£ S-u-LS ^^JU- aJjuJI
Ijl* y i-l J$j oU .^1 IJu* Jlkuj .i-l J$ lij Uljl
qL».wI A_*^/ L A 3 ^Jt^- j 1../3 1 (_)l j *^s\\ /yJ* AjI l ^ *_f l— 'I
** «
p- ^ f. f. * (.
(J jL^o 0^9 1 01 t tlXta Ox-Jo (£jj y^Jl o*j ‘UH> ^j'
'bij ^ I £° y
£
j^iXJ OjL>^» y-^ J- 5 *- y^ y»- tlJi^A
*♦ r*
JaJU U 4
*•
.ol^Lvww^Jl^ 5 oj-?xJl ^9 o*wJ«aJl jj^xJ p-JtaJoj
5 yflJl O^-P t ^j-L*J! ( Jy>tJl aJL~J ^L~Jl As >- ^Jl Jj^i
( j-r 0 ciJJ^ ^jjp ^jAlj Laj ; 5 JjJl!L) ^JuJl 4 J^\-Pj ^JsJLmJL)
J$— >«_Jl i_Jj^j i>-\ j-Jlj 4 __ : ^P j -JlJ 1 j ojLwwwvwJl
LjI
( * •— l — > 4
. £JI . . . jjjUJlj
y*Jl 4J j jj ^JLvfljt si jJI : (l’etat de droit) Jp*)! aJ
jlsj a! y>-lj ^-«Jl yji jxJI *1 y>-l y
ikLJl oUjlai Lfi3j-» y (J- Russ) ^ jj ( /jJ5’L>- a^-J y]l s
** “ ^
(*l yp-^ O^Vjd o^J ^r 9 '-f’^ (90 cr p)
o* (>»— ®-i t ( yj-''-* j'-H 0^ “j'-y - c#^- 9
W VI 4*
ikJL. j^jyj .ilJLi^Vlj s-L*}\ JliLil JS xj> <bLby\ ol J&\
: yj jr* l3^'
«*
,aI yVl oLyJ yUJl jylill -
. ( jJsl^Jl (^1 ( j^a>t-ij! <»ly>-'y yUiiJI y*«JI -
yjJl oUsJLmJI J-sai -
.A^LsOdilj Aj Jufl^Jlj
319
^ - *♦ *9
.p-^Jj JlS" Aj jtaV 1 J A^a pi L.LH Lg-3 ^iJl A^o^J j-y>\j
t-jij^-l ^a IliUJuJ! oUUil 4. il^l 4 fw 1 ( US'
UilJuJl 4 jj 5 ^Jl aLL.^JI ojL2^j ^yjujl ^oJL>c^Jl uuL> ULlI 1^
C-
43^ji>- <oLwj j! ji\ Jp^Ji IAAj ,taL%>"^Jl (jj! jJl
.AA>cJl AllJpl^o^
^ ^1 ^JLJ : (Tiers - etat) i^U- iiJ*
H **
C3" * * <_^i O^—jUj IjJLS jjUI
A-^JLpI LU-JlJj-jCJl ul<wU>- A-o-L^J| .4*J^I j*iH J A-«^Jv^Jl
If
ij^Jl (^1 J—J La L__J^AJ jliwJl
a>J! ^ UvJl uu-Sii j jisUj Ijitf
*♦ ♦*
(jjU jlS Xai j *MJI ^jJlUw 4jjli«
^ <uUpV| ( _ r U (*-fi L" J-*J
JLxj t 4JL_gJl o Jjk (J jj-lJb* j*-xJLyuj 4_^J j-iil oj jjJl ^Lj3
jjJli Jlp 1 1789 t _ r Ja.. M p! /Ul 11 <> UU>jJl I Cj^Ai
**
^Ai!Li!l AjtJaJU ^ j^JSj* JJp t tllta ^oj .^^UaaNl ^UiJl
P ✓
Jj ^jL^j! J ‘ ^ iaa ll jLx^mJI 4aP La# - ^,, * * ■- 1 ^ l^^i^a#
i«U iiJ? ^ L# : UJjpo Ja (E. J. Sieyes) y^ ^Jujyr
~+ **
Uj J 5 t*Jl iLkJl ^h Lo)) (1789 U* jj LaJl)
jl y> ?L*Jik# ^ Uj N ?j^l ^ l^U-l ^1 ^liUil
I* •* ♦♦
a ®L« U«a» O^iSl)
US>lo*^l : (Commune de Paris) -jjL 4jy>j£
■XJ? JUaJI Ujli (^Jlj 1872 U*- »-jj ^ ^ c-ali
vT w *• ^ •*
A_)^)l^ wO A^* ! 1 >,i i iii jJj .^L2Jl (^g ^Uaj
1^ 4^3 LaJ 1 ) OtAjhA^*
320
SljU^JI LS Lf- jl jA \ j-A L$JJ_A uLSj (oIjLjJI
^j^Jb>s o j-1? c aJL^-Lp oijl jJ |JLS\jb
l g AJLs-Jl /jl^l 26
oJjfe ^j**j «4 L j s il <jJ\ j j-*S\ j J Lo—stJ 1 ^jA L-L-l
ijjjJl f yC' 4^A$sJ! Jw^a3j j^>-\ ^J-Pj toljljill
J^_*Ji *lk}\j Jl <jjL~rj. jl ^ijj
^jL*>Jl ^LJJ -L*j 4^»L$ /jL4 28 ^Jj d-w^l^^ .^IJJI
LtL>r «,rg Jl PJ-P jjj 4 UfcjL^2jl <J^>- ^flliajjl
<M» **
^-pjj 1 4_S* j^-Jl oJ-ft oi 4-*3 cil-Ji L^wo j .Jl-jls cJJl 25 jJL^Lj
fcX3^ C ‘ " *J ^ ^ l Lh^J l jLw) W ^ t ^ 3 J » |%5* L»J^J I 4 L^J%X*£ J ■»,/? ^
j^J •^>>^>*-5' o»jVl ^ ajjLJj^j oj^i Jj! (j-^jL» JjlS” Ia^xp!
**
P P
^yjji ^i j »/g ii j ^UJI L^Jj5 Js
«* w 1
jl I oL»-s ^ ^J-p aJj jJS j (^j^^LaJI^ oLa-J^
<u^L_*Jl AuL^ol J \ j
*
,4Jb*VI ^ j>t}\ Ji? ^ Ij
jljjVl jLx]| ULa iaJjl : (liberalisme) 3Jl^*J
pJ jiij • ( ^J^fl jpJl ^^Ip ^Jliil jAJaJI j* 5JJI ^Uij Ij-s^jIp ^iJl
^Ijpi^AJ a^L^VI J j-jL>JIj ijj^>fcJl ^Lp jl^LJI ojll?l
— •♦
i/ *J <>V
^\ iJlj^JJl .Ajilva^Vlj A^P-Ul^-'yij i^-LwJl *£ jls-
pSli
O j^LaJi J ^yPwAJL*.^ La 4
H
<— i J ^J^ aJI okI Jj-i jLW^Il I j-A ^3 .(_3 jJl>sJl
aJ I aawv^La J I ^ ^ ^ -~^ ^ »x31
321
iLaJLp'y I j oUaJLwJl -<3 «j a . « . . U ll (3 ** 1 j ^ *
*^i ’• • L^ 1 ^' jLsA»J! <y J>Jlj iJjjJl (jP J~2*j
*
L/? j) «/3>- 4 j^L^ 2_L9 < V I 5J| j-^JLJi 4 j jia; <, ciiJ^ Sljl J
* * J “ f '
yp (^JJI (A. Smith) ^ol ^
Ajlij y> ^1 Lpb c AjjL,/g;?^n c*>^b»L>cJij c^^^LJl Ajy>-
.y^Lva^'Vl jUJl ^jJG ^Lp aJ jjJ(
£ ^
. ^r*^ L^^vk J I ^L-<#w-^Jl ^ ^ SCJI o^-oLj I_a_^_1 L^-J^
** •*
b* JjlJLjb t eJ jk\] ^^Lvais'yij
A^Jaj^l aj >-\ ^yJl «4j| ^*JJl jJl^ _j b'bfl j * j
,aJL153I 4
«« H V
^ jbbJ A«£>-y$Jl C^’bLio'y 1 Ol t jSjIL yJL>-j
«•
.<wJ ^*JJ cjL&I^oVI ^jA j! ^yS"l j^Jj\ aj *- jj ol.s oljlJ i \j&
322
A
machine administrative
iijbl «JT
ethique
UJl
procedural
to*
consensus
unilateral
univoque
monopole reciproque
coordonnees
djLo 1
- t-
reduction critique
AAj (Jl U>-1
*4 ^
moeurs
morale terrestre
morale celeste
moralite
volonte generate
S^IjI
incertitude
/ ♦ *•
mythes
preseance
- - \
*
anticipation
despotisme
despotisme eclaire
interiorisation
problematisation
<JlSLL— »l
alienation
4
perennite
deduction lineaire
deduction rationnelle
4*
episcopal
* ** t
*4
substantif
socialisme associationiste
socialisme liberal
Ul IS\ juii
M ♦ +* **
proto socialistes
conditionnement materiel
restauration
etiolement
ciU^I
p
redondance
i—i List
« p
reproduction
S^IpI
repolitiser
arbitraire
croyance
jUipI
hypostases
324
economie dirigee
y a
minorites nationales
j cjULst
heuristique
«* w
contrainte
cl/l
equivocite
obligation
appropriation monopolistique
prerogatives
oljLial
injonction
internationale
internationalisme - socialiste
jj,\
delegation
iUl
moi pur
<W2JL>- Ul
appartenance multiple
perversion
J>sj\
deviations opportunistes
olil
humanisme moral
u^\ 5
v ~ t-
humanisme civique
*• *•
dissidence
fusionnel
^jL^I
ideologues actifs
a fortiori
en puissance
o ji!L)
stricto sensu
325
apatride
Oj-b /j^j Oj-b
par soi
AjI Jj
paradigme
exteriorite
+• -J *
rendre raison
bureaucratisation
^Jji
proletariat
apres-coup
oIjNl ol jh jl*j
conceptualisation
filiation genealogique
A * ** •
+* * ♦
banques sectorielles
structure segmentaire
i^oLwljl 4.JJ
**■ •* ♦
structurel
iSyy.
entre deux
Cxi ~ Cxi
ecologique
s-
**
effets populaciers
cj) j-JIj
interpretation
heteronomie
Ou)
♦
radicalisation
abstraction contingente
-b^N
atomisation
alliance de classes
oliLlall
¥
essentialisation
liberation nationale
326
H
t
reticences
ui
effectivite
**
avatar/ mutation
particularisaton
*
intrication
gestion centralisee
correlations sociales
ollajl J
« * * y
quadrature du cercle
i j\j}\ y
ordonnances de police
4j j-o Jj oLj jj
concentration
compromis
dispersion atomistique
f- * *• •*■&**
•*
diagnostic
* & -
formation sociale
4*pLis-1 iLSCi;
** * »♦
reification
& **
4*
typologie
4 4 **
♦+
conception regalienne
solidarity organique
solidariste
excroissance aberrante
developpement inegal
catechisme
cooperation
jjU:
heureuse expression
327
pluralisme parlementaire
•* ^
arbitraire du prince
inanite
4jbUj
explication
♦ ^
pauperisation
4* * **
mandat
mandat imperatif
f
vissicitudes historiques
j Lj OjLJjJj
*1 4
technique assurantielle
t-
** * l» ** .
L>
technique transactionnelle
•* 4*
recurrent
receptivite universelle
' o'
identification
oLqJ
iO
representations religieuses
1* **
representations pratiques
M
contradictions immanentes
theorisation originate
auto organisation
reglementaire
L> -
uniformisation
-Jfr, ^ ^
communication
tripartition
prevision
rabougrissement
328
bildung (ger)
(ajufti) x-iua
*
triadique
bipolarite
** * *•
revolutionnaires professionnels
corpuscules
commune
4
collectiviste
—
socialisation
**
*
association/ congregation
4*
*4 *
socialisation primaire
<LJ $1
44 S 44 *
massification
'oj^r
republique sociale
republique parlementaire
republique solidariste
“ ♦ 1 • « ~
organe gouvernement
44
fonctionnariat
interiorite
aJ|_^
substantialiste
geo-politique
44
etat de nature
4juJall iJU-
affectivite
terme
JL_^
modernite
£|jb-
guerre d’aneantissement
eJ iy\ «-»
329
guerre limitee
mobilite
(lil j>-) j?-
denaturalisation
{^\a
liberte subjective
partie de masse
parti - etat
^ J * -
foule
J*L>-
exclusif
omni presence
droit de conquete
droit divin
<_^i
♦*
droit politique
droit naturel
droit civil
M-
droit de regard
U\jJ\
droit tutelaire
droit positif
J 5 -
**
droits formels
(j ^Js>-
arbitre transcendant
tJijcu
gouvernement spirituel
4* >jj 4-4 ^>o-
sainte alliance
C_jLL>-
cercle vicieux
♦♦ 1 • m* 4* 1
4^_P 4AX&-
nostalgie passeiste
exogene
330
ethicite
1 \s>-
~ ~ e- «
naturalite
♦*
particularismes collectifs
petition de principe
^ Ua>-
syn these
litiges
cellule autarcique
*• ** 1 * ^ I •
4jUaJU
particulars
intrinseque
•f
constitution
la convention
socle doctrinal
ialPO
♦
propagande
Ajlco
•+
democratisation
it jjlo
circuit econoraique
i^Ladil S jj$
etats multi nationaux
etat social
etat suicidaire
jL>d)l iJj^
etat historique
jlj i!_^
etat parti
etat de droit
(J>Jl Ajji
etat autoritaire
3 jjLi ob a]
etat total
s aJ aJ^J.5
etat rationnel
aJ*>Iap aJ ji
331
etat territorial
ijjai
etat totalitaire
<J O
44 *4
etat nation
j
etatisation
religion positive
democratic plebiscitaire
dette sociale
sujet collectif
4^c-Uj>- oIS
44 4
sujet politique
•4 44
sujet transcendantal
<U [jCj* oli
4*
libre subjectivity
44 " 4 *( *
0 j>- OD
emblematique
L Sj*-*
ligue des communistes
capital variable
capitalisme concurrents
Lj I. 1 )
4* *• ^
capitalisme d’etat
levier politique
JL-U. iUil,
** 4* ^
clerge
retrograde
44
vouloir universel
** 4 •* *
V i 5 VO
esprit objectif
mystique de l’etat
clientelisme
VvJ
causalite circulaire
** **
44^/ *44 ♦
332
polemique
JUt-X
sophistique
lo ...
pouvoir princier
4j 1 AlaJLxO
pouvoir gouvemementai
pedantocratie
contre pouvoir
o^Ls^o a la 1 . *i
pouvoir monarchique
ISXo ikL-
♦*
autoritaire
sociologie de domination
souverainete
++
domination variable
A£* ^*<*>*A 0^Ji2xw^A>
quasi politique
L. j *• t
m
pseudo-critique
<uJ>
legitimation
legitime
legalite
universalisation Active
AytJbJ <UJ yt^jt
chose publique/ respublica
lyy**
#* **
conflictualite
ipiyj
validite
formules lapidaires
** * *♦ *
formules topiques
A, * *■■/? ^yo
regulation
Jg-y?
; •
necessite transcendante
4-JLjCU o jj jsJ?
333
oxymore
i A
strates
oULl?
♦
classe sociale
*• • ♦
classe en soi
classe pour soi
cM
nature morale
* *• ♦
nature spirituelle
<U>- 9 >
nature relationnelle
4 * •**
tyrannie
intrusif
*4
utopiste
cAA
phenomene
o jJ&Ua
contingent
L5®>
phenomenes organiques
4j
transnational
jUsjbu
transhistorique
omniscient
*A A
cosmopolitisme
4 Jlp
«•
populace
,1 j 4^olp
servitude generalisee
4 * 4 *
<tp j^P
imperitie
dispositif conceptuel
4^0 0 AP
dispositif theorique
SJp
ex nihilo
*JIp
334
race ethnique
petition
dereliction
organique
ratio
J4P
rationalite calculatrice
«• ♦ +*
rationalite intrinseque
rationalite politique
4* M 4*
rationalite liberate
SJl _J
44 4*
rationalite immanente
rationalisation
idle-
a contrario
rapport de force
0 jiJl
raison suffisante
<Lil5 5 JLp
**
science de la police
science pratique
sciences cameralistes
*LoL*Jl iJUl j-o ^ jJLp
universality
io / iJ / A a4^^P
hybris
♦
mondialisation
teleologique
4*
anomie
0 u-jLp
irreductible
JiU ^
anomale
^p
335
differentiel
double ecart
individualisme
libre individuality
o y>- ji
separation des pouvoirs
ollaJLJl
juristes
0 jjISJI
ideel
philosophic solidariste
**
philosophie de l’analogie
iliUJl *LJU
art de gouverner
entendement
supra - politique
(jji
**
supra-individuel
<j*j iiy
en devenir
**
referable
JuU
viable
capitaines d’industrie
ibli
omnipotent
droit prive
jjili
loi souveraine
juridico politique
** 4*
pre-politique
ijv
4*
arrete
fraction
'^ nrLJ
336
puissance souveraine
o J
forces productives
valeurs transcendantes
valeurs criteriologiques
chari smatique
*+
etre collectif
monolithique
tout social
J5
«*
totalite
IaJS
clerical
<Jjr£
planetaire
**
commune de Paris
bj*j$
entites abstraites
etre generique
** ♦ H • X
anhistorique
**
depolitisation
asymetrie radicale
J5U: N
irreversible
<U3 4*>-j V
impersonnel
**
decentralisation
moment constructiviste
*
post-imperial
post-romantique
institutionnalisation
*
337
essentialiste
essence
ijbLo
+*
ex abrupto
principe de legalite
principe a priori
i-v
contraste
homogene
correlatif
synonymique
continuum
multilateral
<. J .SJjCXa
contradictoire
auto genere/ sui generis
L_Jli jJ jX*
idealisme fervent
5JtLo
«•
ideaux transcendants
societes elementaires
aJ jl
conseil des lumieres
sous ensemble
anonyme
argumentation
conservateur
immanence
itj L>t^o
*4
bienfaiteur patriarcal
collecteur central
338
publisciste
pistil j jiUJl ^
doctrines philosophiques
** *
doctrinal
L f***
plaidoirie
jA
rentabilite
Ajiji jA
centralisation
amphibologique
adjuvant/ subsidiaire
egalite
oljLww*
usufruitier
*♦
postulats substantialistes
postulat
participation civique
ij J l« jLZ*a
legislateur
tr*
legitimite
faux probleme
terminologique
jo^oa
prejudiciable
jJxa
absolus
oULUa*
savoir de soi
Ollil 43 yu>
intelligible
(J jAjia
critere devaluation
normativisme juridique
ajl3 Aj
S «* _/ *• > M
paradoxe
«•(* | *
AS j\Aa
339
concept
notion
approche empirique
entrepreneur
(J oULa
presuppose
presuppose abstrait
presupposes normatifs
Aj jLjco pi •
categories conceptuelles
categorie
SJ ym
lieu de juridiction
lieu de veridiction
lieu de verification et de falsification
enonces juridiques
io y U ya\j*
monarchic constitutionnelle
4j J
propriete privee
aSIa
V*
monarchie pure
4vaJl>- A^JLo
monarchic absolue
4^JLLu a^5sJLj
tangible
objective
♦
pour soi
cli >1
anti teleologique
spore
1 1 ,^,^
attendus
ol ^]a^4
naturalisation
/L~^\ y
340
raison de l’etat
professionnalisation
trade-unioniste
♦♦
citoyennete
citoyennete sociale
citoyennete politique
thematisation conceptuelle
institutions civiles
JLa
institution policiere
institution de bienfaisance
* * ** ^
&i+**i*A ^A
journalier
metaphysique simplificatrice
t liAj
#• M * -
pacte social
^U^-l Jlij*
charte constitutionnelle
<3^*
herault
JiU
noblesse
sju
carrierisme
trf*
denationalisation
iJ? jjl iivall
deracialiser
^Lk3i
parlemenentarisme
iJlJjj AS-J
naturalisme
AP b
liberalisme
essentialisme
4j aJbL» AP b
maturation
341
regime protecteur
1
theorie de justice
theorie critique
4jJUsj Aj jllj
utilitariste
• ♦
••
deportation
• *
incompletude
idealisation
uniformite gregaire
Aj wLa**^^* A.h.Ij? ^ i)
+* **
ideal-type
destructuration
A
identitaire
M
identite
hy b
identite nationale
#+ t H
AXJ^j A jj A
corps administratif
Aj )bl AX*A
Tiers - etat
corps intermediate
■4 la — >/ a 4jt«A
imperatif politique
realite spirituelle
LS^JJ £f l J
fait historique
is>tJ jlj 4*9lj
fait democratique
Lkl i*S ! J
pai'en
tt
etre-la
La
union sacree
mediatique
342
moyens de communication
positivite
conscience collective
conscience de soi
allegeance personnelle
fiction du consensus
iJuwsj
**
olU!
**
343
l
1 153 1 126 <. 124 4 89
4 172 _ 171 1 168 i 162 4 159
t221 1 219 4213 1 197 4 182
t 276 . 275 4 264 4 250 <.221
299.296 4 290
171 rijLi^JI 1L5I jiiVl
4 153 4 126 :3 J.iJl i-5lyLiVl
159
4 102 426 49 : (S -I i! •sUa^l
L-> **
•4
4 141 . 138 4 135 4 126 4 105
4 153 4 149 . 147 4 145 . 144
4 171 4 169 _ 168 4 166 4 161
292 4187 4183 4176
490 488 479 474.73 :
312 4293 4156 4 108
4 290.289 4 228 4 89
312 4298
4 124 4 118 : dU j J_, j-i 4>1_>^JI
4281 . 280 4 168 4 131 _ 127
300 4293 4289
168
276 .269 iff
4 100. 97 4 15 lUMl
H ♦ •* P
110 . 109 4 103 _ 102
4238 4 19 : 4—lgl ^i Jj - : II ijb)fl
241 . 240
239 : SjbVl
220 4yjjjf
1 36 t33 c21 c 12 ! ojljNi
474 470 456 450 _ 49 t 40
4228 4147 4115 . 114 4 11 1
286
. 49 4 36 4 33 4 12 :
4 1 14 4 1 11 474 470 t 56 450
286 4259 4228
458 . 57 431 4 13 :
109
422 .21 4 14 4 10 :LL>- 4oJlJjI
4263 . 260 494 _ 89 458 <.27
276 4 267 . 265
100 .jUajc-Vl
345
42 t37 1 12 !
183 i 109 t50
60 : ji -ULo ji JjLi t
47 _ 39 (.37 (.12
50
20.18 til t 9 :
241 _ 237 4 235 . 217 <. 1 16
299 i293 i285 4 256
177 :j.Uj
87 * Q«.<J a^A
«4 »»*
124 * t
80 ! Oj& c
48 til ! ^j.01
154 1 104 1 102 1 17 :^LsAjJ!
197 i 195 . 194 t 162 t 155
215.207 t203 1 199
195 _ 191 :
** •
262 t 198
54 1 12 1 10 ji
222.221 t218 4 109 (.58
141 jLJl
141 . jLjJI
282 : JUA)I jUl
160 1 126
ft
126 : * i <uJ
282 1 169 : (1917) UJJLlI
32 vJVl
t43 1 39 _ 38 t 22 t 15 I
4 160 4102 484 t78 4 73
222
167 . 163 : jlo j! ijljL
158 il57 1 4 Lvw«\j
4289 4282 :Jl
290
. 295 4291 48 I 4.1 1L
302 4296
122 .119 -jjjji ‘jjL
126 jL 4 j jijy _
4 232 4 127 4 107 : Ljjl : ■
. 287 4285 4283 4281 _ 280
296 4294 4290
212 4 79 1 Oj & j j j ^ 4 <4 ... >
4 152 . 150
167
91 ! a »xJl
**• _y *
4208 4190 :
JJ—i
214
301 . 298
305 . 303
231 jj— J- jU .„jjJ 4 OjjLijj
298
48 O 4 78 4 74 ‘ 0j_JLjL) 4
t 233 4 232 i 230 (.218 4 87
286 4283
346
102 _ 101 : iJlJJl
_ 51 1 48 1 12 11
226 _ 225 1 221 <56 . 55 <.53
101 <.51 :i**Ja)1
<51 _ 48 <38 <12 ! “Lo^aJI 4jjO<Jl
<143 <101 <59 <55 <53
222 <211 <208 <203 <150
48 <11
<283 <228
292
298 <227 I
<291 _ 290 <288
296 _ 295
264 <262 ; <- jjp* J l
221 <171
253 _ 252 < 243
207 <177 J*J1
38 : < 3 ^'
_ 255 <100 Jl (J — ^ — 51
256
44 : d)LJ^! <3 y&-
<161 <55 <12 ’ i-iij— 4-ll I
<214 <211 <203 . 202 <200
250 <225 <222 <219
♦
-c-
<191 <17 31 <^>l— « 11
209 <207 <196
<35 <15 <11_10 ; jj3Jl
<54 <48 _ 47 <40 <38 . 37
<86 <84 <78 <73 <71 <69
283 <230 <117 <99
1 57 _ 56 4 17 1 13 i ^ ? x_ !l
207 c 162 1 115
_ 289 ! I
290
222 !
73 * a-J
_ 144 c 139 ’ 0 t
145
73 : o
-c-
73 *ill i—>
- 1954) Oj-Slj^Jl
88 : (1962
: (1648 - 1618) ^
143 <141
_ 272 <270 - 268 : iL.LJl ^1
275
<91 - 90 <L— «JL*Jl Jl
262 <252 <243 <215 <169
<91 :i^JLiJl Jl
<252 <221 <177 <170 <94
297 <274 <257
178 :ioU»^1 h^\
347
299 (.297 4 295 4 290 4 286
313 . 312 4309 4305
214 :^L^I jjjJI
_ J _
225 _ 223 * I
- J -
60 : J_jj jL 4 <uljj
73 . 71 . cj La 4 jLmwsU^J
77
171
260 : <■
43 ^36 4 33 :ilbr oL>-
111 4100 478 470 451 . 49
160 cl20 4114
220 c 57 * jJ jjj c ^5
124 I «XjLI^
10 -j*(£ j * j ^ 4 (1)^0 ■ ■ d (1 )Lmw
171 4169 . 159 4153 4126
227 4218 4200 4187 4 181
153 4 124 :c jJLi iLc 4^L-
** * ¥>
155
_ i .
190 : £jyr
160 468 ; d)l>- 4
73 -71 . 4
458 4 17 4 10 4j^_,Lf-5jji
4 195 _ 189 4 183 _ 182 4 162
211 4 208 . 204 4202 - 197
211 - 209 4 190 :<JjJ 4 J>ji
_ 36 420 4 14 4 10 : U ji
494 492 478 472 469 t 37
4 191 4 171 4 149 4 146 4 141
312 4255 4252 4 244
4244 420 4 11 iJjjJ!
4 258 . 256 4 253 _ 251 4 249
268 4260
222 4 57 I a— a ^Jl iJjjdl
4 14 . 13 4 11 _ 10 iJjAJl
473 _ 72 470 . 69 467 <.27
. 91 489 487 _ 86 483 . 82
. 310 4297 4275 4 135 4 94
312
427 421 4 10 - 9 ; 4jj-JjJ
276 - 268
_ 214 4211 _210 :2JL>- 4jJjJji
215
199 4 159 :c.
169 421 4 11 -.sJujyr
293 4 261 4 250 - 249 4 228
299
68
_ 21 4
,12-11 t 9 :
4 • . i^hiJ Jl
457 .
. 54 448 437 433 422
4 159
4126 488
461 . 59
4 257
4254 4224
4222 4170
(
348
171 I oJUJL>*Jl Ae
** <
-ip-
<228 <31 I A^J jl J J . ]i ^ a . la ll
232 <230
<231 <165 <88 :<_LaL*Jl iiUaJl
<294 <286 . 285 <281 <233
302
<229 <131 . 129 UJaJI
298 <290 <283 <232.231
91 : J yJI
32 : AJlk-Vl i^Jl ^
<41 <38 <36 JubJl
<101 <69 <51 _ 50 <46 <43
183 <104
147 <145 : Jlj-Ul Ji*Jl
<16 ! io 1 *^a ~ i 1 . ll
130 <124
<142 <139 ^Jdl Up
148
*
-t-
<21 <10.9 : < j— iLUi c^jULp
276 . 268
117 ; <,j~11p
295 :j4jla;t <<^>1^
H
143 > '* • ‘‘jj < L jfi
222 . o ji& ajUju js oLa < <u
. 249 <228 <169 <11 : LjUU-J1
299 <250
148 <124 <102 :«ol <^
<58 <38 <26 <9 :
_ 188 <184 <182 . 181 <135
<208 . 207 <197 <192 <190
220 <217
.212 vUijJl
213
<69 <60 <56 : i. ■ *-JLjI ii\ 11
*» * m
73
124
. 142 ! Oj-i JjJ <i«jjjJLi
143
145 . 142 : JLLv* <j}L— . i
77 . 75 <13 : <>
62 .
21 .
- u - -
37 • <0“^<jI-4
59 <37 <13 : iLJLJl ip ^
70
20 <10 <<i^
260.251 <244.243
165 ■ <j L— » < ku4
- J*-
<127 . 126 <9 r^.lall f^a . Jl
<286, <231 . 230 <228 <165
302 <298 <291
349
82
126
*•
- <3 -
*
- O -
40 ! ^
t#
^6 240 t n '2 ■ *1 i U
275
- 4-
153 c^l>
c 188 _ 187 cl 83 ! ji c
153 :jjJ t^gii
197 _ 196 c 191
89 _ 88 ! jjl g c Ojjli
t22 : cr’^trW-OJ-^ 1
c. 57 c55 . 54 c39 cl2 : i-JbjjJl
221
_ 197 c 162 c 102 . 101 c63
77 c74 _ 73 c^-jK
c 207 _ 205 c 203 . 201 cl99
c. 271 _ 269 :<Jji JjL£
262 c 21 3
274 . 273
80 * o j~> jb gxii ol~j gjj
c 145 c78 c53 iJ-.jJLwl ccJ-S"
218 ! Ail c
222 c218 c 199
117 :^gi
157 1 i,QJjjS
c 35 c 12
37
c 136 c78 c51 c 44 _ 43 c38
228 I IjJL^wwSvJl
201 cl99 c 183 c 147
243 <. 241 :^\S t^L" jJ/
c 99 _97 c 16 _ 15 : J^J! U — Li
t284 t234 t230 iJj^oj-5
125 d22 c 117
290
d39 c 27 c 10 :JL2 »
1 159 1 153 1 10 ! tCu^S*
c 151 c 149 . 146 c 142 _ 141
200 c 190 . 181 c 161
c 190 c 178 . 177 c 172 c 156
183 ! ji ^Ij^J c
305 . 303
c 55 _ 48 c 12 '. c
190 * t
100
.124 1 122 1 118 * jJ
125
- J-
83
350
i 172 1 19 _ 18 1 10 •.y-S'U
253 1 244 _ 234 1 221 . 220
221 _ 220 OA> U
183 1 108 t39 : ,Lo tL 5-iU
1 1 ! jJl l-V*
<.122 t32 L. — 11 J^»JI Ll~«
229 4 125
4 16 • £a!^wJ1
145 t 123 - 122 i 103
169 ^ iJl j~S I iwJj-Wl!
172 1 169 :LJ
157 : j, tiU i^jXa
_ 170 : ^JUI
171
. 48 4 43 t38 1 13 - 12 :Sljl Jl
t 130 « 121 t58 t56 _ 54 t 49
185 i 164
37 :jJ
156 : (1648) UUi»»j o>IJU»U»
156 1 88 \ jL^aX^VI aj^aa
294 ; jjhzi\ aj^aa
1 36 . 35 ! cjIlJI
43
4 74 4 71 _ 70 4 13 : ^j]o jJl ^
82 4 77
80 ! ji j£~j 4 t _ # lLiL£»
- 22 1 4 1 82 . CUjI j* J* -*ai o 4
473 470.69 432 4 13
4309 4198 494 _ 93 491
313 _ 312
4 113 4 59 : ja JjLi 4
162 4 126 :^L 4 jjJ
5 1 4
295 4 228 . 1 jjij 4 ^ j ^ J
436 420 4 17 4 11 49 :O^Jl]I
4116 462 460 _ 58 449 . 47
_ 140 4 138 _ 137 4 130 4 126
4151 4149 4146 . 145 4 141
4167 4162 4159 4156 _ 155
4 182 4 176 _ 175 4 172 _ 169
_ 206 4 203 _ 201 4 199 4 197
4 222 _ 221 4 219 . 218 4 207
4 256 _ 254 4 252 4 250 4 227
260
. 137 4 17 iJl. L!l
** ** y 4 4*
4 199 4 171 4 159 4 151 4 138
202
. 48 436 4 11 : 4. II iJl^JLH
4146 _ 145 4138 _ 137 4 49
4250 4221 4 171 4 159 4 149
260
190 :J;.j1LjI 4 t# iJ
«*
4288.287 4285 4283 :
297 4295 4293 4 291
-f-
4 17.16 4 10 rJjl—S' tu
4 168 4165 4131 . 116 4107
4 235 . 227 4 221 4 219 4 208
4 290 , 288 4 286 . 279 4 239
305 . 304 4 300 4 298 . 295
351
167 <. 152 1 150
- -fc -
37 * (j jp t jJIa
172 <. 1 69 :dji dLjJbji tdLL*
178
259 1 257 c 2 1 :4_i_Jj:>l ljr Lu»
276 4267
84 : t
53 * * p— L— ^<5 c 1 ■ ^ ^
222
182 4 43 4 35 l
220 !
209 4 190 '. l jijjJ*
139 :oji 4 J hi* jA
81 - 80 477 4 13 4^1
302 4130 485
iS-tjMj* ^J-^-Li
99.97 417 - 16 414 4 10
127 4 125 _ 122 4 120 . 101
226 4218 4 195 4 130 4 128
229
13 :2Jli)l IL 4 JI
- J -
194 - 192 4 105 I
218 4183 _ 182
83 . JL pp 4 y
87 - 83 ’ 4 J 4 A— LJL-a
4 171 _ 169 490 421 4 11 lojLJl
274 4260 4253 4249 4 178
168 : AjjUa:S^?l ipjjl
215 . 214 :S;j>Udl Sp^J 1
218 4 164 iSjpU^JI ip;dl
4 35 4 33 Sp^JI
210 4 188 474 448
37 : iJ&pl jJI SpjJI
158 . 157 riU^Jl i*-j
101 . 100 441 Sp>)!
161 L*y!\ ipjJl
73 1 Si apjjJI
62 t 48 _ 47 <e-yS\
24 : AjykUil JpjJI
37 : SiaiUwJl SpjJI
109 4 89 Sp)i!I
164 \Jc Jl
.' ^bj*>U ^UajJl
107
115 *tja>
226 * 4»L*Jl iliJaJl Aj jiaJ'
36 ; juSaJI L 2 j
352
^LuxfLuail aiiuJLnjt
>^£. Jaulajl ^jJall (5
cj Lj-LlJ 1 1 c_jlr<£LIl 1 jufc
jJLc. £-lu ini I I 4 j I Ju ^yA * 4_jj jj Li 4 L^aoX I
JlcTuu * ((^Mjj Juc» c-iLl^ jJbj . iju4> LLc^j
j^LlJ ^-^..riJ I (Jj Lxo^ C. cL. I
JjLJLI J.j 1 ^r< I 4 -j-^LJU! ^jucLLII
,j..i*rr> LkJ> 1 i tm y- Lju Lx-tu! I jiLaJL I
1_Lq V 4JLlxu I C. 4_>L>J L-jLSJI £—
«■ IX
4u-m Lt-taJi CjLjJoJLII Cj lC./<n (.. a : L^-->- jJo
4_l^JlJl Lt~ LJL jC> 9 j-x-O L*j, I ^cJjLlil cL-
S 4_ic. L< vj->- ' 4J^J 4_uio o 4_ljJ jl JSjj) n~v. 4_1^ J
4_jj jJ I ditjl^Js 4-aiLtxaJ!
SL^JLt^l j
,11 1 JL. < c_-JLIaJlj cilo. LxJl
<s
JlC. LuJ Lo i 4 J 4 -d.^r.iX 1 £-^>.!^Jj
iSjjiaj *4l^LuJI ^1^1 4jjLLa
H yj
4- :o^ - •
1
jS I cL_ ^ m uT\.C..$ 4_J_uj Lj..<.uJ 1 4 _j2_lu_1_4_] I
.3j-u-oLaJL I 4-J-aiJ j-4J I 4-<LuLLaJl 4_4 uIjJlI
*
Deleuze et «Vanti - Oedipe»: :4JL^ ! ^
La production du desir, Paris, PUF, 2010.
L^^JjJuVI JL. :^ 7 jILx?cJI j •
i 4 _j L^..^ j — i (2) —<s * L^xi-J J-3 i u-j . > 4 _jl_x 3 l_>» (L~ A
^l j U ; v JLx-iJl f»Ua_4 jl ij-5eJl^ cL^vj^Jl
. 4^ <Lu^jlJ I 4..<j. 1 o.jlX I (2)^ Li^i.l I
4 J 4LS J Juol •
DjJ^lx 4 4 j„g.lc 4 ^ 12 lj •
4juLoj| ^ #
2 j 7 ij >Lcj CaUJuQj •
^-^La-dj ujLulaJ •
ask2pdf,blogspotcom